Unit MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY
- Course
- Pharmaceutical biotechnologies
- Study-unit Code
- GP003553
- Location
- PERUGIA
- Curriculum
- In all curricula
- Teacher
- Giuseppe Servillo
- Teachers
-
- Giuseppe Servillo
- Hours
- 52 ore - Giuseppe Servillo
- CFU
- 6
- Course Regulation
- Coorte 2022
- Offered
- 2022/23
- Learning activities
- Caratterizzante
- Area
- Discipline biotecnologiche comuni
- Academic discipline
- MED/04
- Type of study-unit
- Obbligatorio (Required)
- Type of learning activities
- Attività formativa monodisciplinare
- Language of instruction
- Italian
- Contents
- Intrinsic and Extrinsic Causes of Disease. Regressive and Progressive processes. Oncology. Classification of the tumors. Carcinogenesis. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes. Invasive cancer and metastasis. Acute and Chronic inflammation.
- Reference texts
- Patologia Generale Fisiopatologia Generale; PONTIERI-RUSSO-FRATI: Ed. PICCIN
Istituzioni di Patologia Generale; DIANZANI: Ed. UTET
ROBBINS & COTRAN Le Basi Patologiche delle Malattie 8a EDIZIONE. Elsevier Italia. - Educational objectives
- The teaching of Molecular Pathology is a teaching of the Degree in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, which studies the causes (etiology) and pathological phenomena of the disease level, cellular and molecular biology and physiology compared to the cell. This course intends to acquire knowledge about the basic mechanisms underlying the most common diseases in humans and the cell response to changes in the external environment. The main objective of the course is to acquire knowledge about:
• pathologies inherent molecular and cellular
• physical, chemical and biological causes of disease
• molecular and cellular mechanisms of death
• carcinogenesis, molecular oncology
• cellular and molecular processes of inflammation
The practical lessons concerning the acquisition of technologies to explain the molecular mechanisms related to cellular and molecular phenomena of diseases with particular reference to cell proliferation and the control mechanisms of the same. The scientific education obtained during the study of Molecular Pathology can capture a wide overview about the correlation between the human genome, the environment and the development of diseases. The oral examination and optional seminars are tools to assess the degree of learning and the ability to communicate and explain, in a simple, yet rigorous, immediate and thorough knowledge gained. - Prerequisites
- The acquisition of relevant knowledge in the course of Molecular Pathology, provide for the achievement of knowledge in Genetics, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry. The basic knowledge of these materials are essential to the student to understand the concepts etiopathogenetic of molecular and cellular pathology. The student so prepared will draw from the course a substantial profit.
- Teaching methods
- Students are given lectures and practical classes conducted in the laboratory. The lectures deal with the whole program of the course of study, the practical lessons provide knowledge and practice of innovative methodologies to be applied for each of etiopathology disease. Each lecture lasts for two hours, while the practical lesson in the laboratory has a duration of three hours. The type educational choice allows the student to have a broad view of the theoretical and practical topics. Students are also proposed to conduct, at its option, seminars about the topics covered during the lectures. The seminars were held in groups of two or three students in the presence of the other students in the course. To this end, the teacher provides students with bibliographical material in English concerning the subject, the subject of the seminar will be presented using computer media (Power-Point and / or similar program).
- Learning verification modality
- The evaluation of the student uses an oral exam at the end of the lecture course. The oral examination lasts an average of thirty minutes depending on the degree of knowledge of the topics covered and the presentation skills of the student. The test consists of three questions regarding matters relating to: intrinsic and extrinsic causes of disease; mechanisms of cellular stress, molecular and cell death; alterations of the cell to the state of oncology and inflammation. The oral examination is essential for the assessment of the knowledge acquired by the students, its exhibition capacity and mastery of the subject with particular reference to the ability to link between different topics.
- Extended program
- Intrinsic Causes of Disease
Genetic Pathology
-Instrumental genetical analysis in diagnostic human diseases.
-Experimental model of genetic diseases.
-Monogenic autosomic and heterochromosomic diseases. Heterogenetic interaction between genes and their products, interaction genes-environment, dynamic and somatic mutations, epigenetic modification.
-DNA mutation, mechanisms of DNA repair.
-Mitochondrial DNA mutations.
-Genetic susceptibility of human diseases. Concept of genetic penetrance.
-Blood genetic diseases: Thalassemia, Spherocytosis, Depranocytosis, Hemophilia.
-Muscular Dystrophya.
-Chromosomal Alteration. Numerical and structural alteration of the chromosomes (Down, Turner and Klinefelter syndromes).
Extrinsic Causes of Disease
-Physical agents. Non ionizing and ionizing radiation. Low and high temperature: freezing and burn. Electric and electromagnetic energy.
-Chemical and Environmental agents. Environment pollution, Drugs.
-Alimentary causes. Vitamins: A, D, E, K, B and C group.
-Free Radical: Oxidative stress.
-Causes of Embryopathy and Fetopathy: physical, infective, endocrine and toxic.
Cellular Pathology
-The cell: structure and principal functions. Phases and proteins regulating cell cycle. Membrane receptors and principal pathways in mitogenic signalling.
-Elementary injury of the cell. Pathology of nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, cytoskeleton, peroxisome, Golgi apparatus and cell membrane.
Regressive processes
-Physiological and pathological Atrophy.
-Vacuolar, hydropic and turbid degeneration. Hyaline and Mucoid degenerations. Steatosis.
-Extracellular Regressive processes. Amiloidosis, Hyaline, Mucoid and Fibrinoid degenerations.
-Pathology of extracellular matrix, fibrosis, cirrhosis and sclerosis.
-Cell death. Necrosis. Gangrene. Outcome of necrotic process. Autolysis post-mortem. Apoptosis.
-Ageing. Theory of senescence. Molecular analysis of senescence. Ageing of organism, cell and subcellular fractions. Pathology of ageing.
Concept of Immunopathology and autoimmune diseases.
Progressive processes.
-Physiological and pathological hypertrophy and hyperplasia, regenerative process in labile, stable and perennial cells. Liver regeneration, reconstitution process.
Molecular Oncology
-Classification of the tumors. Characteristics of normal and transformed cell. Metaplasia, Dysplasia, Anaplasia. Benignant and Malignant tumors. Histological classification and morphological features of human tumors.
-In situ carcinoma.
-Carcinogenesis. Epidemiology of tumor. Carcinogenesis: chemical, physical (U.V. and ionizing radiations), viral, environmental.
-Co-carcinogenesis, mechanism of transformation.
-Molecular basis of the transformed cell. Pathogenetic mechanisms. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes. Control of DNA replication. Mutations. Hereditary tumor diseases. Karyotype and chromosomal alteration in tumor.
-Role of the apoptosis control in the tumor growth..
-Molecular pathology in DNA repair. Mismatch repair. Lynch syndrome and hereditary colon-recto carcinoma. Excision repair. Xeroderma Pigmetosum and Ataxia-telangiectasia.
-Angiogenesis in cancer.
-Concept of invasive cancer. Metastasis and stage of the cancer. Molecular mechanisms of the metastasis. Metastasis routes.
Inflammation
-General characteristic and definition of inflammation. Recognition mechanisms of pathogens. Distinctive characters between acute and chronic phlogosis.
-Acute exudative phlogosis (Angiophlogosis) The inflammation phases. Plasmatic and tissutal mediators of inflammation. The exudation: different types of exudate. Acute phase proteins. Acute phase cells. The diapedesis, the chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. Different types of acute inflammation: serous, serous-fibrinous, fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, hemorrhagic, necrotic- hemorrhagic and allergic.
-Chronic phlogosis. The cells of chronic inflammation.
-Chronic inflammation: granulomatosis and interstitial. Structure of granuloma: tuberculoma, syphiloma, rheumatic nodule, leprous, viral granuloma and foreign body granuloma.
-Outcome of inflammatory process. The repair processes and granulation tissue.