Unit GENETICS

MOLECULAR GENETICS

Code	55996506
CFU	6
Learning activities	Base
Area	Discipline biologiche
Academic discipline	BIO/18
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

Canale A

CFU

6

Teacher

Paolo Gorello

Teachers

• Paolo Gorello

Hours

• 42 ore - Paolo Gorello

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

Molecular Genetics

Reference texts

Brown TA – Genomi 4. Edises
Arthur M. Lesk. Introduzione alla genomica. Zanichelli

Educational objectives

Biotechnological skills - Knowledge and understanding of the structure and biological properties of viruses and bacteria, including genetically modified ones; of the general mechanisms of the transmission of hereditary characters; the molecular basis of transmission and expression of gene information; of molecular analysis methodologies; Ability to apply knowledge and consumption of mathematical, physical, statistical and computer models for analysis and biological processes; Knowledge and methodologies for the genetic modification of cells and animals.

Prerequisites

Principi di Genetica

Teaching methods

Frontal lessons

Other information

Learning verification modality

Final Exam

Extended program

Introduction to genomics. Genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes. Enzymes for DNA manipulation: DNA polymerases, nucleases, ligases. Origin and evolution of genomes. The acquisition of new genes. Gene families. Lateral gene transfer. Non-coding DNA and genome evolution. DNA markers. Classification of Molecular markers (based on hybridization, based on PCR and based on sequencing). The most important classes of Molecular Markers and their use. Biodiversity. Approaches based on molecular markers for studying population variabulity. Genetic mapping of genomes: thorough examination of genetic and physical linkage maps. Physical mapping (restriction maps, cytogenetic maps and linkage mapping using STS markers). CGH (Comparative Genomic Hybridization), Array-CGH e SNPs Arrays. Correlation between genetic and physical maps. DNA sequencing: automated classical method (Sanger) and new generation sequencing systems (Illumina platform, Roche 454, ). Sequencing entire genomes: contig assembling using the hierarchical and shotgun methods. Aalysis of genomic sequences. Looking for an Open Reading Frame (ORF). Assigning a function to a gene: Computer-based and experimental approaches. Forward and reverse genetics. Genomes anatomy. Genetic and molacular characteristics of eucariotic nuclear genomes. Repetitive and non-repetitive DNA. Extranuclear inheritance and the genetic/molecular characteristics of cytoplasmic genomes. The chloroplast genome (cpDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of plants: molecular differences and data analysis examples. The animal mitochondrial genome with particular reference to the human mtDNA. The application of molecular genetics approaches to the study of Human evolution: RFLP analysis and whole genome sequencing. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution. The reconstruction of DNA-based phylogenetic trees. The molecular clock: molecular divergence time estimates. Molecular phylogenetics as a tool in the study of human prehistory. Examples of phylogeographic analyses applied to the study of the origin and evolution of modern Humans. Application in medical genetics: hemoglobinopathies. Telomere structure, and telomere length alterations: analysis methods.

Canale B

CFU

6

Teacher

Hovirag Lancioni

Teachers

• Hovirag Lancioni

Hours

• 42 ore - Hovirag Lancioni

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

Molecular Genetics

Reference texts

Brown TA – Genomes 4
Arthur M. Lesk. Introduzione alla genomica. Zanichelli

Educational objectives

Biotechnological skills - Knowledge and understanding of the structure and biological properties of viruses and bacteria, including genetically modified ones; of the general mechanisms of the transmission of hereditary characters; the molecular basis of transmission and expression of gene information; of molecular analysis methodologies; Ability to apply knowledge and consumption of mathematical, physical, statistical and computer models for analysis and biological processes; Knowledge and methodologies for the genetic modification of cells and animals.

Prerequisites

Principi di Genetica

Teaching methods

Frontal lessons

Other information

Learning verification modality

Final Exam

Extended program

Introduction to genomics. Genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes. Enzymes for DNA manipulation: DNA polymerases, nucleases, ligases. Origin and evolution of genomes. The acquisition of new genes. Gene families. Lateral gene transfer. Non-coding DNA and genome evolution. DNA markers. Classification of Molecular markers (based on hybridization, based on PCR and based on sequencing). The most important classes of Molecular Markers and their use. Biodiversity. Approaches based on molecular markers for studying population variability. Genetic mapping of genomes: through examination of genetic and physical linkage maps. Physical mapping (restriction maps, cytogenetic maps and linkage mapping using STS markers). CGH (Comparative Genomic Hybridization), Array-CGH e SNPs Arrays. Correlation between genetic and physical maps. DNA sequencing: automated classical method (Sanger) and new generation sequencing systems (Illumina platform, Roche 454, ). Sequencing entire genomes: contig assembling using the hierarchical and shotgun methods. Analysis of genomic sequences. Genomes anatomy. Genetic and molecular characteristics of eukaryotic nuclear genomes. Repetitive and non-repetitive DNA. Extranuclear inheritance and the genetic/molecular characteristics of cytoplasmic genomes. The chloroplast genome (cpDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of plants: molecular differences and data analysis examples. The animal mitochondrial genome with particular reference to the human mtDNA. The application of molecular genetics approaches to the study of Human evolution: RFLP analysis and whole genome sequencing. Molecular phylogeny and evolution. The reconstruction of DNA-based phylogenetic trees. The molecular clock: molecular divergence time estimates. Molecular phylogeny as a tool in the study of human prehistory. Examples of phylogeographic analyses applied to the study of the origin and evolution of modern Humans. Application in medical genetics: hemoglobinopathies. Telomere structure, and telomere length alterations: analysis methods.

PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS

Code	55996406
CFU	6
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Discipline biotecnologiche comuni
Academic discipline	AGR/07
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

Canale A

CFU

6

Teacher

Emidio Albertini

Teachers

• Emidio Albertini

Hours

• 42 ore - Emidio Albertini

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

The intellectual framework of classical genetics, heredity and linkage maps. Population genetics: genetic composition of a population and forces that determine and change that composition. General concepts on mutagenesis, bacteria and phages genetics and gene expression will be also provided.

Reference texts

Russel Genetics - An integrated approach. Pearson

Educational objectives

Understanding classical genetics, heredity, linkage maps, population genetics, general concepts on mutagenesis, bacteria and phages genetics and gene expression.This course represent the first module of the integrated course in genetics. The progress test, at the end of the module, aim at verify thta the studentshave gained the basic knowledge that are required to follow the next module in molecular genetics as well as for other courses (i.e. molecular biology).In general the main goal of thei scourse is to help students in gaining the basis for the study of advanced genetics as well as its biotecnological applications.Le main knowledge that will be acquired are:- Classical genetics- Heredity and linkage maps- Population genetics: genetic composition of a population and forces that determine and change that composition- General concepts on mutagenesis, bacteria and phages genetics- Regulation of gene expression. Ability to apply mathematical, physical, statistical and computational models for the analysis and processing of experimental data obtained form biological systems and processes. Ability to apply his/her knowledge and understanding of methodologies to the genetic modification of animal and plant cells and models.

Prerequisites

none

Teaching methods

The course is organized as follows:- Lectures on all topics of the course (as reported in the program)- Classroom exercises focused on the solution of problems on meiosis and mitosis, two-point test, genetic maps and population genetics.

Other information

Teaching materials provided by the teacher.Classrom excercises on: meiosis, population genetics, two and three points test.

Learning verification modality

Oral examiniation. Report on the lab activities.

Extended program

Introduction to Genetics. Genotype and phenotype (definition). Chromosome structure, the genetic code, the genome in somatic cells and gametes (revision). The hereditary material: DNA. Meiosis and mitosis. Segregation and recombination. C-value. Mendel genetic principles. Extensions and deviations from Mendel’s genetic principles. Morgan’s experiment and the chromosomal theory of inheritance. X-linked inheritance in Humans. Co-dominance. Interactions among genes and genes? products. Penetrance and expressivity. Genealogy trees. multiple alleles. ABO and Rh blood groups. Linkage and linkage maps. Chi square test. Bateson & Punnet and linkage. Genetic mapping: two-point testcrosses. Complementation test. Point mutations: base exchanges, insertions and deletions. Mutation rates. Ames test. Repair of DNA damage. Chromosomal mutations: deletions and duplications, inversions and translocations. Genomic mutations: aneuploidy and polyploidy. Bacterial genetics (conjugation, transformation, transduction). Bacteriophage genetics (lytic and lysogenic cycles, crosses). Transcriptional control in bacteria: the Lac operon. Introduction to Population Genetics: allele and genotype frequencies. The Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) Law. Assumptions and Predictions of the H-W Law. Extensions of the H-W law to loci with more than two alleles. Extensions of the H-W law to X-linked alleles. Forces that change frequencies in populations: mutation, natural selection, migration, random mating, population size and genetic drift. Quantitative genetics (Johansenn, Nilson-Ehle e East).

Canale B

CFU

6

Teacher

Fabio Veronesi

Teachers

• Fabio Veronesi

Hours

• 42 ore - Fabio Veronesi

Language of instruction

Italian