Unit MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE

Course: Nursing
Study-unit Code: GP001702
Curriculum: In all curricula
CFU: 5
Course Regulation: Coorte 2022
Offered: 2022/23
Type of study-unit: Obbligatorio (Required)
Type of learning activities: Attività formativa integrata

BIOCHEMISTRY

Code	GP001713
CFU	2
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/10
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

Canale A

CFU

Teacher

Barbara Cellini

Teachers

Barbara Cellini

Hours

30 ore - Barbara Cellini

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

Chemical bonds. Solutions. Functional groups of organic molecules. Molecules of biological interest. Metabolic pathways. Krebs cycle. Respiratory chain. Oxidative phosphorylation. Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and aminoacids.

Reference texts

Biochimica e Biologia per le professioni sanitarie - Roberti, Alunni-Bistocchi, Antognelli, Talesa - McGraw-Hill
Le basi della biochimica-Champe-Ferrier-Zanichelli
Chimica e biochimica-Samaja-Paroni-Piccin
Chimica e Biochimica- Bertoldi- Colombo-Magni-Marin-Palestini-EdiSES
Nelson-Cox Introduzione alla Biochimica di Lehninger-Zanichelli

Educational objectives

The main aim of this course is to provide students with the knowledge of basic properties of biological systems and of the mechanisms controlling cellular homeostasis.

Main knowledge acquired will be:
- properties of water and is importance as cell solvent;
- chemical components of cell;
- properties of solutions, physiological solutions, buffers;
-thermodynamics and kinetics
- functional groups of organic molecules and their reactivity;
- energy transfer in biochemical transformations;
- structure and function of molecules involved in cell metabolism;
-main metabolic transformations;
- hormonal regulation of metabolism in feeding and fasting.

The main competence will be:
- to evaluate the nature and properties of reagents and solutions usually employed in professional practice;
- to understand the general metabolic behavior in physiopathological conditions

Prerequisites

For an effective understanding of the topics of Biochemistry, the basic knowledge at high school level of Chemistry and Biology is required. In particular, general knowledge of cell structure, atomic structure, simple inorganic and organic molecules structure, are mandatory.

Teaching methods

The course is organized in lectures on all the subjects. Students are stimulated to interact with the teacher during the lectures.

Other information

Seat: Polo didattico S. Andrea delle fratte-Centro didattico
Consulting: Studio, edificio D 4° piano, via Gambuli, S. Andrea delle Fratte

Learning verification modality

The exam consists of a written test possibly followed by an oral examination relative to the three modules of the integrated course.

The written test, comprising basic questions covering all the topics, aims to assess the minimum basic preparation to face the oral examination.

The oral exam aims to assess the level of knowledge of the subjects of the integrated course, and the ability to make connections and to integrate knowledge, also in relation to the nursing professional activity. The oral exam will also test the student communication skills.

Extended program

PRINCIPLES OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Hints on tomic structure and periodic table of the elements. The chemical bond: omopolar and eteropolar covalent bond, donor-acceptor bond, electrostatic bonds, hydrogen bond. Hints on the states of the matter. Properties of liquids, vapour pressure. Solutions: concentration units. Osmotic pressure and osmolarity. Physiologic solution. Stechiometry and equilibrium. Strong and weak electrolytes. Acids and bases. The ionic product of water, pH. pH of acid, base, and salt solutions; buffer solutions. Thermodynamics. Chemical kinetics, catalysis.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Oxidation state of carbon in the organic compounds. Hybridization of carbon and functional groups of organic molecules.

Hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehyds and ketons, amines, carboxylic acids, esters, amides.

ELEMENTS OF GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY. Carbohydrates. Structure and properties of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. The glycosidic bond. Carbohydrates of physiologic significance: glucose, fructose, ribose, saccharose, lactose, starch, cellulose, glycogen.

Lipids. Structure and properties of fatty acids, acylglycerols, phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol.

Aminoacids. Peptidic bond. Proteins: structural organization, classification, functions. Denaturation of proteins. Fibrous proteins: keratin and collagen. Structure and functions of hemoglobin and myoglobin, oxygen transport, allosteric modulators. Physiologic and pathologic hemoglobins.

Reaction rate. Enzymes as biological catalysts. Effect of substrate concentration, pH, and temperature. Hints on enzyme activity regulation. Clinical importance of enzymes in serum. Hints on vitamins and coenzymes (NAD, FAD).

ELEMENTS OF DYNAMIC BIOCHEMISTRY.
Overview of metabolic pathways: anabolism, catabolism, linear and cyclic pathways. ATP: structure and role in the metabolism.

The metabolism of carbohydrates. Digestion and absorption of sugars. Glycolysis, metabolism of glycogen, and gluconeogenesis. The hormonal control of blood glucose (insulin and glucagon).

The Krebs cycle. The respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation.

The metabolism of fats. Digestion, absorption, and storage of dietary lipids. Lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. Biosynthesis of fatty acids and triacylglycerols. Hormonal control of lipolysis and lipogenesis (insulin and glucagon). Lipid transport and plasma lipoproteins. The ketone bodies.

The metabolism of proteins and aminoacids. Protein digestion and aminoacid absorption. Transamination and deamination reactions. Ureogenesis. The metabolic fate of aminoacid carbon skeleton.

Canale B

CFU

Teacher

Davide Chiasserini

Teachers

Davide Chiasserini

Hours

30 ore - Davide Chiasserini

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

Reference texts

Educational objectives

Prerequisites

Teaching methods

The course is organized in lectures on all the subjects. Students are stimulated to interact with the teacher during the lectures.

Other information

Location: Polo didattico S. Andrea delle fratte-Centro didattico
Consulting: Room U41, edificio D, 2° floor, Piazzale L. Severi 1, 06132, S. Andrea delle Fratte, Perugia

Learning verification modality

Extended program

PRINCIPLES OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Hints on atomic structure and periodic table of the elements. The chemical bond: homopolar and heteropolar covalent bond, donor-acceptor bond, electrostatic bonds, hydrogen bond. Hints on the states of the matter. Properties of liquids, vapor pressure. Solutions: concentration units. Osmotic pressure and osmolarity. Physiologic solution. Stoichiometry and equilibrium. Strong and weak electrolytes. Acids and bases. The ionic product of water, pH. pH of acid, base, and salt solutions; buffer solutions. Thermodynamics. Chemical kinetics, catalysis.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Oxidation state of carbon in the organic compounds. Hybridization of carbon and functional groups of organic molecules.

Hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, amines, carboxylic acids, esters, amides.

ELEMENTS OF GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY. Carbohydrates. Structure and properties of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. The glycosidic bond. Carbohydrates of physiological significance: glucose, fructose, ribose, sucrose, lactose, starch, cellulose, glycogen.

Lipids. Structure and properties of fatty acids, acylglycerols, phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol.

Amino acids. Peptide bond. Proteins: structural organization, classification, functions. Denaturation of proteins. Fibrous proteins: keratin and collagen. Structure and functions of hemoglobin and myoglobin, oxygen transport, allosteric modulators. Physiological and pathologic hemoglobins.

Reaction rate. Enzymes as biological catalysts. Effect of substrate concentration, pH, and temperature. Hints on enzyme activity regulation. Clinical importance of enzymes in serum. Notes on vitamins and coenzymes (NAD, FAD).

ELEMENTS OF METABOLIC BIOCHEMISTRY.
Overview of metabolic pathways: anabolism, catabolism, linear and cyclic pathways. ATP: structure and role in the metabolism.

The metabolism of carbohydrates. Digestion and absorption of sugars. Glycolysis, metabolism of glycogen, and gluconeogenesis. The hormonal control of blood glucose (insulin and glucagon).

The Krebs cycle. The respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation.

The metabolism of fats. Digestion, absorption, and storage of dietary lipids. Lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. Biosynthesis of fatty acids and triacylglycerols. Hormonal control of lipolysis and lipogenesis (insulin and glucagon). Lipid transport and plasma lipoproteins. The ketone bodies.

The metabolism of proteins and amino acids. Protein digestion and amino acid absorption. Transamination and deamination reactions. Ureagenesis. The metabolic fate of amino acid carbon skeleton.

APPLIED BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

Code	GP001715
CFU	2
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/13
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

Canale A

CFU

Teacher

Cinzia Antognelli

Teachers

Cinzia Antognelli

Hours

30 ore - Cinzia Antognelli

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Flow of genetic information within a biological system and its regulation. Cell cycle and its control. Mutations: types and causes. Reproduction of multicellular living organisms: meiosis and gametogenesis. Basic concepts of formal genetics. Basic concepts of medical genetics. Blood types.

Reference texts

R. Roberti, G. Alunni Bistocchi, C. Antognelli, VN Talesa - Biochimica e Biologia per le professioni sanitarie – McGrawHill

P. Bonaldo, S. Suga, R. Pierantoni, P. Riva, M.G, Romanelli- Biologia e Genetica – EdiSES

Educational objectives

The aim of the course is the integrated study of the cell and living organisms, with emphasis on the mechanisms involved in: organelles biogenesis and cellular structures, cell-cell interactions, cell-extracellular matrix interactions, DNA duplication, transmission of the genetic information, gene expression, cell proliferation, general and human genetics. The ability to learn, relate and integrate one concept to another will be considered fundamental issues in order to facilitate the understanding of the disciplines provided in the subsequent years of the Degree Course.

Prerequisites

Basic elements of chemistry

Teaching methods

Face-to-face

Other information

Site of the teacher:
Department of Medicine and Surgery - Building B, 4° floor - P.le L. Severi 1 - Sant'Andrea delle Fratte - Perugia

Learning verification modality

Integrated examination with Biochemistry and Physics. Written examination with single-choice questions.

Extended program

The characteristics of living organisms. Biological macromolecules: proteins, lipids and glucids (general characteristics). Models of cellular organization: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Viruses: general characteristics. Animal eukaryotic cell. Plasma membrane: structure and functions. The main mechanisms of membrane transport and cellular communication; cytoplasm; ribosomes; rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus; lysosomes; peroxisomes; mitochondria and the energy problem; cytoskeleton (general characteristics), nucleus and nucleolus. DNA and RNA: structure and function. Organization of chromatin, chromosomes. The eukaryotic gene. Gene expression: transcription, maturation of primary transcripts, genetic code, translation. Regulation of gene expression: general characteristics. Cell cycle: interphase, DNA replication, mitosis. Cell cycle control: check-point and CdK-cyclines. Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes and tumor suppressor. Gene mutations (point mutations, missense, nonsense, neutral mutations), genomic mutations (aneuploidy and polyploidy mutations) and chromosomal mutations (deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation). Human normal and pathological karyotype. Heterochromatinization of the X chromosome. Reproduction of multicellular organisms; meiosis and its biological meaning, gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis). Basic concepts of formal genetics: allele, haploid and diploid organisms, genotype, phenotype, homozygous and heterozygous organisms, dominance, recessiveness, Mendel's laws and extensions to Mendelian analysis (incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles). Basic concepts of medical genetics: family trees, dominant and recessive autosomal inheritance, sex-linked inheritance (X-linked and Y-linked). Multifactorial and polygenic inheritance. Mitochondrial inheritance. Blood types.

Canale B

CFU

Teacher

Letizia Mezzasoma

Teachers

Letizia Mezzasoma

Hours

30 ore - Letizia Mezzasoma

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

Characteristics of living organisms. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Structure and function of cell membrane and cellular organelles. Genome organization. Gene expression and its regulation. DNA duplication and reparation. Mutations. Cell cycle and its control. General genetics.

Reference texts

Roberti, GA. Bistocchi, C. Antognelli, VN. Talesa: "Biochimica e Bilogia pr le professioni santarie". McGrawHill. G.
Sadava D. Hills DM, Craig Heller H, Berembaum MR. Elementi di biologia e Genetica. Zanichelli.

Educational objectives

Objective of the course is the integrated study of the cell and living organisms, with particular reference to the mechanisms involved in the biogenesis of membranes, organelles and cellular structures, interactions among cells and interactions between cells and extracellular environment, duplication and transmission of genetic information, cell cycle and its control. Human genetics

Prerequisites

In order to understand the contents of the teaching course, it is fundamental to have acquired the basic knowledge of chemistry and biology according to the programs carried out at the High Schools. In particular, for the understanding of the language used in Biology, the student must have a general knowledge of the cellular structure , the structure of atoms, chemical bonds and of simple inorganic and organic molecules.

Teaching methods

Face to face

Other information

The teaching activities, as well as the schedule of lessons and exams will be published on the web site of the Degree Course.

Learning verification modality

The exam will be integrated with the other modules. It will be a written test with multiple choice questions.

Extended program

The biological organization. Characteristics of living organisms. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Virus.Biological macromolecules: proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates. The cell membrane: structure and function with particular reference to transport mechanisms and cellular communication. The nucleus and nucleolus: structure and function. Organization of chromatin, chromosomes. Characteristics of the eukaryotic gene. Gene expression: transcription and its regulation. Editing of primary transcripts. Gene expression: Characteristics of the genetic code and its operation. Translation and its control. Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and peroxisomes. Vesicle trafficking and sorting of proteins. The mitochondria and cellular respiration. Cell cycle and its control. Interphase, DNA replication, mitosis. Mutations. Neoplastic cell characteristics. Reproduction of multicellular organisms: Meiosis and gametogenesis. Definitions and meaning of a gene locus, allele, haploid, diploid genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant and recessive. Mendel's laws and their interpretation. Extensions to Mendelian analysis. Normal and pathological human karyotype. ABO and Rh blood type.

PHYSICS

Code	GP001714
CFU	1
Teacher	Andrea Biscarini
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze propedeutiche
Academic discipline	FIS/07
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

Canale A

CFU

Teacher

Andrea Biscarini

Teachers

Andrea Biscarini

Hours

15 ore - Andrea Biscarini

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

Physical quantities and vector algebra.
Point mass and rigid body mechanics.
Musculo-skeletal biomechanics.
Fluid mechanics, blood circulation.
Elatic waves, human ear, ultrasounds in medicine.
Thermology, thermoregulation of human body.
Electromagnetism, radiations in medicine.

Reference texts

D. Scannicchio. "Fisica biomedica". Edises (2013).
Slides projected and downloadable from the UniStudium platform.

Educational objectives

Knowledge and understanding of the fundamental laws and principles of mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism.
Ability to use the acquired theoretical knowledge for handling with methodological rigor the physical problems that arise in the biomedical fields.

Prerequisites

Necessary prerequisites: basic knowledge of algebra.

Teaching methods

Face-to-face lectures on all subjects of the course.

Other information

None.

Learning verification modality

The exam consists of a unique written test.

The examination is aimed at assessing: a) the degree of knowledge and understanding; b) the ability to apply the acquired competences to the biomedical field; c) the quality of presentation (clarity, coherence, scientific accuracy, completeness, ability to synthesize).

The written test has a duration of 1 hours and consist of 3 open-answer questions. For each topic, students are asked to discuss the possible biomedical applications. A score from 0 to 10 points is assigned to each answer.

For information on support services for students with disabilities and/or SLD, visit the page http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa

Extended program

1 - INTRODUCTION
1.1 - Physics, physical quantities, systems of units of measurement.
1.2 - Elementary vector algebra.

2 - POINT MASS AND RIGID BODY MECHANICS
2.1 - Point mass kinematics.
2.2 - Point mass dynamics.
2.3 - Work and energy.
2.4 - Mechanics of point mass systems and rigid bodies.
2.5 - Levers and anatomical levers.
2.5 - Biomechanics of the musculo-skeletal system.

3 - FLUID MECHANICS
3.1 - States of matter. Elasiticy. Fluids.
3.2 - Fluid statics.
3.3 - Fluid dynamics and blood circulation.

4 - ELASIC WAVES
4.1 - Waves in elastic media.
4.2 - Sound and human ear.
4.3 - Ultrasounds in medicine.

5 - THERMOLOGY
5.1 - Elements of calorimetry and thermodynamics.
5.2 - Thermoregulation of human body.

6 - ELECTROMAGNETISM
6.1 - Electic and magnetic interactions.
6.2 - Electromagnetic waves.
6.3 - Radiations in medicine.

Canale B

CFU

Teacher

Andrea Biscarini

Teachers

Andrea Biscarini

Hours

15 ore - Andrea Biscarini

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

Reference texts

D. Scannicchio. "Fisica biomedica". Edises (2013).
Slides projected and downloadable from the UniStudium platform.

Educational objectives

Prerequisites

Necessary prerequisites: basic knowledge of algebra.

Teaching methods

Face-to-face lectures on all subjects of the course.

Other information

None.

Learning verification modality

Extended program