Unit PHISIO-PATHOLOGICAL BASIS OF DISEASES

PHYSIOLOGY II

Code	GP001727
CFU	2
Teacher	Teresa Zelante
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/09
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

Canale A

CFU

2

Teacher

Roberto Panichi

Teachers

• Roberto Panichi

Hours

• 30 ore - Roberto Panichi

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

function of the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, digestive and endocrine systems

Reference texts

Principi di Fisiologia - L. Zocchi – Ed. EdiSES

Edi-Ermes Fisiologia dell'uomo. AAVV ISBN-13: 978-8870512519

R. Poltronieri Elementi di Fisiologia
EdiSES

Educational objectives

knowledge and understanding of the functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, digestive and endocrine systems

Prerequisites

the student should possess the fundamental knowledge in:
Physics
Chemistry
Biochemistry
Human anatomy

Teaching methods

frontal lessons

Other information

-

Learning verification modality

progress evaluation with multiple choice questions and a final oral test

Extended program

Physiology of the cardiovascular system
Heart: Cardiac automatism: pace-maker cells of the nodal tissue, rhythmism and conduction of cardiac action potential. Mechanisms of atrio-ventricular delay.
Cardiac mechanics: Action potential of cardiomyocyte due to electro-mechanical coupling in cardiac fiber. Factors that determine the contractile strength of the heart. Isometric and isotonic contraction and the length-tension relationship in the cardiac fiber. The meaning of Laplace's law applied to the heart. Cardiac cycle: cardiac, arterial and venous pressure changes. Heart valves and heart sounds. Cardiac output. Regulation of cardiac activity:. Intrinsic Mechanisms and Frank-Starling Law. Effects of the autonomic nervous system. Electrocardiogram.
Principles of hemodynamics: Physical factors that regulate blood flow in the circulatory system. Relationship between pressure, flow and resistance, the Hagen-Poiseuille law. Laminar and turbulent flow. Blood viscosity and hematocrit. Compliance. Factors determining blood pressure and the creation of pressure gradient in the circulatory system. Functions of the arteries: elastic and resistance vessels Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure. Blood pressure measurement.
Physiology of the microcirculation. Mechanisms underlying blood - interstitium exchanges. Role of the lymphatic system Factors determining interstitial edema.Physiology of the venous system: mechanisms of venous return . Regional Control of blood flow: Metabolic, humoral and nervous mechanisms. Circulation control in special districts: coronary, cutaneous, muscular and cerebral circulation.
Short medium and long term Regulation of arterial pressure Baroceptive and chemoceptive reflexes. The renin-angiotensin system. Renal factors.
Physiology of the respiratory system
Respiratory mechanics. Lung volumes and capacities. Lung and alveolar ventilation. Spirometric examination Respiratory muscles. Elastic properties of the lung, intrapleural pressure, pressure-volume curve, role of the surfactant. Elastic properties of the rib cage. Dynamic resistance to gas flow . Gas exchange - Partial gas pressure in the ambient, inhaled and alveolar air. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood. Ventilation / perfusion relationship. Nervous control of breathing.
Physiology of the urinary system
The nephron. Glomerular filtration and its regulation. Tubular functions - Resorption and secretion. Resorption of water and solutes. Action of antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone. Excretion. Urination. Renal clearance: meaning, utility. Short-medium and long-term mechanisms of pH control
physiology of the digestive system
Smooth muscle: functional organization, and excitation-contraction coupling. Regulation of electrical activity and contraction of smooth muscle fibers. Functions and processes. regulation of intestinal motility. Secretion. Phases of digestion: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal. Digestion and absorption.
Physiology of endocrine systems:
function and organization, types of hormones, general control mechanisms. Hypothalamic-pituitary axis: structure and controlled hormones. GH: functions and control of secretion. Thyroid hormones: functions, control of secretion, related pathologies.
Integrated blood glucose control: hormones involved, mechanisms of action of insulin and glucagon. Control of serum calcium: parathormone, calciferol and calcitonin, action and integration mechanisms. Integrated stress response: phases of stress according to Selye, nervous and chemical factors. Effects on theme tabolism and on the nervous system

Canale B

CFU

2

Teacher

Roberto Panichi

Teachers

• Roberto Panichi

Hours

• 30 ore - Roberto Panichi

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

function of the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, digestive and endocrine systems

Reference texts

Principi di Fisiologia - L. Zocchi – Ed. EdiSES

Edi-Ermes Fisiologia dell'uomo. AAVV ISBN-13: 978-8870512519

R. Poltronieri Elementi di Fisiologia
EdiSES

Educational objectives

knowledge and understanding of the functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, digestive and endocrine systems

Prerequisites

the student should possess the fundamental knowledge in:
Physics
Chemistry
Biochemistry
Human anatomy

Teaching methods

frontal lessons

Other information

-

Learning verification modality

progress evaluation with multiple choice questions and a final oral test

Extended program

Physiology of the cardiovascular system
Heart: Cardiac automatism: pace-maker cells of the nodal tissue, rhythmism and conduction of cardiac action potential. Mechanisms of atrio-ventricular delay.
Cardiac mechanics: Action potential of cardiomyocyte due to electro-mechanical coupling in cardiac fiber. Factors that determine the contractile strength of the heart. Isometric and isotonic contraction and the length-tension relationship in the cardiac fiber. The meaning of Laplace's law applied to the heart. Cardiac cycle: cardiac, arterial and venous pressure changes. Heart valves and heart sounds. Cardiac output. Regulation of cardiac activity:. Intrinsic Mechanisms and Frank-Starling Law. Effects of the autonomic nervous system. Electrocardiogram.
Principles of hemodynamics: Physical factors that regulate blood flow in the circulatory system. Relationship between pressure, flow and resistance, the Hagen-Poiseuille law. Laminar and turbulent flow. Blood viscosity and hematocrit. Compliance. Factors determining blood pressure and the creation of pressure gradient in the circulatory system. Functions of the arteries: elastic and resistance vessels Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure. Blood pressure measurement.
Physiology of the microcirculation. Mechanisms underlying blood - interstitium exchanges. Role of the lymphatic system Factors determining interstitial edema.Physiology of the venous system: mechanisms of venous return . Regional Control of blood flow: Metabolic, humoral and nervous mechanisms. Circulation control in special districts: coronary, cutaneous, muscular and cerebral circulation.
Short medium and long term Regulation of arterial pressure Baroceptive and chemoceptive reflexes. The renin-angiotensin system. Renal factors.
Physiology of the respiratory system
Respiratory mechanics. Lung volumes and capacities. Lung and alveolar ventilation. Spirometric examination Respiratory muscles. Elastic properties of the lung, intrapleural pressure, pressure-volume curve, role of the surfactant. Elastic properties of the rib cage. Dynamic resistance to gas flow . Gas exchange - Partial gas pressure in the ambient, inhaled and alveolar air. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood. Ventilation / perfusion relationship. Nervous control of breathing.
Physiology of the urinary system
The nephron. Glomerular filtration and its regulation. Tubular functions - Resorption and secretion. Resorption of water and solutes. Action of antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone. Excretion. Urination. Renal clearance: meaning, utility. Short-medium and long-term mechanisms of pH control
physiology of the digestive system
Smooth muscle: functional organization, and excitation-contraction coupling. Regulation of electrical activity and contraction of smooth muscle fibers. Functions and processes. regulation of intestinal motility. Secretion. Phases of digestion: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal. Digestion and absorption.
Physiology of endocrine systems:
function and organization, types of hormones, general control mechanisms. Hypothalamic-pituitary axis: structure and controlled hormones. GH: functions and control of secretion. Thyroid hormones: functions, control of secretion, related pathologies.
Integrated blood glucose control: hormones involved, mechanisms of action of insulin and glucagon. Control of serum calcium: parathormone, calciferol and calcitonin, action and integration mechanisms. Integrated stress response: phases of stress according to Selye, nervous and chemical factors. Effects on theme tabolism and on the nervous system

MICROBIOLOGY

Code	GP001728
CFU	2
Teacher	Teresa Zelante
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	MED/07
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

Canale A

CFU

2

Teacher

Claudia Monari

Teachers

• Claudia Monari
• Alicia Yoke Wei Wong (Codocenza)

Hours

• 30 ore - Claudia Monari
• 7.5 ore (Codocenza) - Alicia Yoke Wei Wong

Language of instruction

Italian

Reference texts

Microbiologia Clinica (Lanciotti)
Microbiologia Medica (La Placa)

Educational objectives

Provide the students of the Degree Course in Nursing with the knowledge of Microbiology capable of guaranteeing the skills and competences required to achieve the essential levels of professional performance.

Teaching methods

Lectures

Learning verification modality

Written examination.

Extended program

Bacterial cell structures (Gram+ e Gram- cell wall, nucleic aid, cytoplasm, cytoplasmatic membrrane, mesosomes).
Facultative bacterial cell structures (capsule, pili, flagella, spore).
Bacterial virulence factors (toxins, capsule, adhesins, exoenzymes).
Metabolism, Nutrition. Colture mediums. Bacterial genetics.
General features of Fungi, Viruses, Protozoa.
Bacterial microbiota. Routes of transmission of infections.
Sterilization /Disinfection.
Bacteriology: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterobatteri, Neisseria, Legionella, Mycobacterium.
Virology: orthomyxovirus, measles virus, rubella virus, hepatitis A, B, C, HIV, HPV, Herpesvirus, Coronavirus.
Micology: cutaneous mycoses, opportunistic mycoses (Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus).
Parasitology: Plasmodium, Giardia, Toxoplasma.

Canale B

CFU

2

Teacher

Roberta Spaccapelo

Teachers

• Roberta Spaccapelo
• Alicia Yoke Wei Wong

Hours

• 30 ore - Roberta Spaccapelo
• 7.5 ore - Alicia Yoke Wei Wong

Language of instruction

ITALIAN

Contents

General microbiology, General bacteriology; General virology; Special bacteriology; Special virology; Mycosis; Parasites; Antibiotics antibiogram; Transmission and virulence; Vaccines and sera; Diagnosis of infectious diseases; Hospital infections.

Reference texts

The recommended reference text is "Microbiologia e microbiologia clinica. Per le professioni sanitarie e odontoiatria" di Simona De Grazia, Donatella Ferraro, Giovanni Giammanco. Publisher: Pearson.
In addition, students will be provided with the educational material used during lectures and scientific articles for the depth analysis of specific topics.

Educational objectives

At the end of the course the students will acquire knowledge about: general characteristics of the main microorganisms; characteristics of the main micro-organisms responsible for human diseases; methods to prevent and counter microbial infections.

Prerequisites

No prerequisites required.

Teaching methods

The course consists of interactive lectures.

Other information

Attendance is mandatory: each student's attendance is recorded. In order to access the exam, students must have attended at least 75% of the scheduled classes.
The lessons will be held at the Didactic Center of the Pole of Medicine and Surgery, P.za Lucio Severi 1.

Learning verification modality

The exam includes a final writtenl exam with questions on topics developed during the lessons.

Extended program

The main topics covered during the course are as follows:
General bacteriology: prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms, bacterial cell structure, bacterial genetics, metabolism, nutrition, virulence factors; General virology: virus structure, viral replication, viral infections, antiviral drugs; Fungi; Protozoa; Transmission pathways of infection; Overview of the immune system (innate and adaptive); Serums and vaccines; Antibiotics and antibiogram; Sterilization and disinfection; Special bacteriology: the main pathogenic bacteria for humans: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Neisseria, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, E. coli, Salmonella, Mycobacterium, Helicobacter, Clostridium tetani, C. botulinum, C. difficile, Treponema, Legionella.
Special bacteriology: the main pathogenic virus for humans: Ortomoxovirus: virus dell’influenza, Human papillomavirus; virus dell’epatite: HAV, HBV, HCV; HIV: virus dell’AIDS; Herpesvirus.
Fungal or MYCOSIS infections
PROTOZOAN infections

GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Code	GP001726
CFU	3
Teacher	Teresa Zelante
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	MED/04
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

Canale A

CFU

3

Teacher

Teresa Zelante

Teachers

• Teresa Zelante
• Maria Agnese Della Fazia

Hours

• 30 ore - Teresa Zelante
• 15 ore - Maria Agnese Della Fazia

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Causes of Disease. Regressive and Progressive processes. Oncology. Classification of the tumors. Carcinogenesis. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes. Invasive cancer and metastasis. Acute and Chronic inflammation. Physiopathology of: the blood; of the heart and the blood vessel; of respiratory apparatus; of the liver; of the kidney; of endocrine system; Alteration of the thermoregulation.

Reference texts

G.M. Pontieri -Elementi di Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia generale- Per i corsi di laurea in professioni sanitarie-(Casa Editrice Piccin, IV edizione)

M. PAROLA- Patologia generale ed elementi di fisiopatologia, EDISES, EDIZIONE 2020

Educational objectives

The course of General Pathology and Physiopathology includes the study of the structural changes which come about in the organism and cause diseases and the changes at molecular, cellular, tissues and organs. In particular the teaching course is aimed at the comprehension by the student:

a) the causes (etiology) exogenic, endogenic which result in structural and functional alterations in the organs;

b) the molecular and cellular mechanisms (pathogenesis) by which the etiologic agents induce the damage;

c) the processes by which the organism responds to the damage, in order to reestablish the previous integral conditions (or a new condition of equilibrium).

Prerequisites

In order to understand and know how to apply most of the knowledge provided by the teaching it is important to have successfully defended the exams of the first year of the degree course. The student must in fact possess the knowledge of the processes that take place within the cell and within and between the various organs and body systems. Students must know the basics of the profession of nursing.

Teaching methods

Lecture on subjects of the course.

Learning verification modality

Oral examination: is a discussion (of 30 minutes on average), aimed at ascertaining the level of knowledge, the property of language, the understanding reached by the student and the ability to integrate and connect the content of the course followed.

Extended program

Principles of immunology
-Immune cells and organs.
-Functions of immune system cells.
-Ipersensitivity diseases (I, II, III, IV type).

Intrinsic causes of disease
Genetic Pathology
-Monogenic autosomic and heterochromosomic diseases.
-DNA mutation, mechanisms of DNA repair.
-Blood genetic diseases: Thalassemia, Spherocytosis, Depranocytosis, Hemophilia.
-Muscular Dystrophya.
-Chromosomal
alteration.
Numerical and structural alteration of the chromosomes (Down, Turner and Klinefelter syndromes).


Extrinsic Causes of Disease
-Physical agents.
Non ionizing and ionizing radiation. Low and high temperature: freezing and burn.
Low and high pressure.
-Chemical and Environmental agents. Environment pollution. Drugs.

Regressive processes
-Physiological and pathological Atrophy.
-Intracellular regressive processes.Vacuolar, hydropic and turbid degenerations. Hyaline and Mucoid degenerations. Steatosis.
-Extracellular regressive processes.
Amiloidosis.
Hyaline, Fibrinoid and Mucoid degenerations.
-Cell death. Necrosis. Gangrene. Outcome of necrotic process. Autolysis post-mortem. Apoptosis.

Progressive processes.
-Physiological and pathological hypertrophy and hyperplasia. -
- Regenerative process in labile, stable and perennial cells. Liver regeneration. Reconstitution process.

Molecular Oncology
-Classification of the tumors. Characteristics of normal and transformed cell. Metaplasia, Dysplasia, Anaplasia. Benignant and Malignant tumors. Histological classification and morphological features of human tumors.
-In "situ" carcinoma.
- Epidemiology of tumor. Carcinogenesis: chemical, physical (U.V. and ionizing radiations), viral, environmental.
-Co-carcinogenesis, mechanism of transformation.
-Molecular basis of the transformed cell. Pathogenetic mechanisms. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes. Control of DNA replication. Mutations. Hereditary tumor diseases. Karyotype and chromosomal alteration in tumor.
-Role of the apoptosis control in the tumor growth..
-Molecular pathology in DNA repair. Mismatch repair. Excision repair. Xeroderma Pigmetosum.
-Angiogenesis in cancer.
-Concept of invasive cancer. Metastasis and stage of the cancer. Molecular mechanisms of the metastasis. Metastasis routes.


Inflammation
-General characteristic and definition of inflammation. Recognition mechanisms of pathogens. Distinctive characters between acute and chronic phlogosis.
-Acute exudative phlogosis (Angiophlogosis) The inflammation phases. Plasmatic and tissutal mediators of inflammation. The exudation: different types of exudate. Acute phase proteins. Acute phase cells. The diapedesis, the chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. Different types of acute inflammation: serous, serous-fibrinous, fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, hemorrhagic, necrotic- hemorrhagic and allergic.
-Chronic phlogosis. The cells of chronic inflammation.
-Chronic inflammation: granulomatosis and interstitial. Structure of granuloma: tuberculoma, syphiloma, rheumatic nodule and foreign body granuloma.
-Outcome of inflammatory process. The repair processes and granulation tissue.

PHISIOPATHOLOGY

Physiopathology of the blood
-Blood: composition, hemopoiesis.
-Alteration of the blood mass. The erytrocytes: Polycythemia and erythremia. Hemoglobinopathy. Anaemia.
-White blood cells and leukocytosis.
-The platelet, the hemostasis and coagulation. Haemorrhage. Thrombotic and embolic processes. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Physiopathology of the heart and the blood vessel
-Congenital and acquired heart defects. Endocarditis and valvulopathy. Ischemic heart disease. Heart attack. Myocardiopathy. Heart failure.
-Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its complications.
-Shock: cause of shock, evolution and phases, compensatory mechanisms. Edema.

Physiopathology of respiratory apparatus
-Pathogenesis of respiratory failure.
-Bronchial asthma.
-Obstructive pulmonary disease.

Physiopathology of the liver
-Liver primitive pathology. Inflammatory and degenerative processes. Hepatitis, Cirrhosis.
-Jaundice.
-Liver failure.

Physiopathology of endocrine system
-Endocrine pancreas. Diabetes Mellitus: etiopathogenetic and metabolic aspects, complications.

Alteration of the thermoregulation
-Fever, Hypothermia and Hyperthermia

Canale B

CFU

3

Teacher

Teresa Zelante

Teachers

• Teresa Zelante
• Maria Agnese Della Fazia

Hours

• 30 ore - Teresa Zelante
• 15 ore - Maria Agnese Della Fazia

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Causes of Disease. Regressive and Progressive processes. Oncology. Classification of the tumors. Carcinogenesis. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes. Invasive cancer and metastasis. Acute and Chronic inflammation. Physiopathology of: the blood; of the heart and the blood vessel; of respiratory apparatus; of the liver; of the kidney; of endocrine system; Alteration of the thermoregulation.

Reference texts

G.M. Pontieri -Elementi di Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia generale- Per i corsi di laurea in professioni sanitarie-(Casa Editrice Piccin, IV edizione)

M. PAROLA- Patologia generale ed elementi di fisiopatologia, EDISES, EDIZIONE 2020

Educational objectives

The course of General Pathology and Physiopathology includes the study of the structural changes which come about in the organism and cause diseases and the changes at molecular, cellular, tissues and organs. In particular the teaching course is aimed at the comprehension by the student:

a) the causes (etiology) exogenic, endogenic which result in structural and functional alterations in the organs;

b) the molecular and cellular mechanisms (pathogenesis) by which the etiologic agents induce the damage;

c) the processes by which the organism responds to the damage, in order to reestablish the previous integral conditions (or a new condition of equilibrium).

Prerequisites

In order to understand and know how to apply most of the knowledge provided by the teaching it is important to have successfully defended the exams of the first year of the degree course. The student must in fact possess the knowledge of the processes that take place within the cell and within and between the various organs and body systems. Students must know the basics of the profession of nursing.

Teaching methods

Lecture on subjects of the course.

Learning verification modality

Oral examination: is a discussion (of 30 minutes on average), aimed at ascertaining the level of knowledge, the property of language, the understanding reached by the student and the ability to integrate and connect the content of the course followed.

Extended program

Principles of immunology
-Immune cells and organs.
-Functions of immune system cells.
-Ipersensitivity diseases (I, II, III, IV type).

Intrinsic causes of disease
Genetic Pathology
-Monogenic autosomic and heterochromosomic diseases.
-DNA mutation, mechanisms of DNA repair.
-Blood genetic diseases: Thalassemia, Spherocytosis, Depranocytosis, Hemophilia.
-Muscular Dystrophya.
-Chromosomal
alteration.
Numerical and structural alteration of the chromosomes (Down, Turner and Klinefelter syndromes).


Extrinsic Causes of Disease
-Physical agents.
Non ionizing and ionizing radiation. Low and high temperature: freezing and burn.
Low and high pressure.
-Chemical and Environmental agents. Environment pollution. Drugs.

Regressive processes
-Physiological and pathological Atrophy.
-Intracellular regressive processes.Vacuolar, hydropic and turbid degenerations. Hyaline and Mucoid degenerations. Steatosis.
-Extracellular regressive processes.
Amiloidosis.
Hyaline, Fibrinoid and Mucoid degenerations.
-Cell death. Necrosis. Gangrene. Outcome of necrotic process. Autolysis post-mortem. Apoptosis.

Progressive processes.
-Physiological and pathological hypertrophy and hyperplasia. -
- Regenerative process in labile, stable and perennial cells. Liver regeneration. Reconstitution process.

Molecular Oncology
-Classification of the tumors. Characteristics of normal and transformed cell. Metaplasia, Dysplasia, Anaplasia. Benignant and Malignant tumors. Histological classification and morphological features of human tumors.
-In "situ" carcinoma.
- Epidemiology of tumor. Carcinogenesis: chemical, physical (U.V. and ionizing radiations), viral, environmental.
-Co-carcinogenesis, mechanism of transformation.
-Molecular basis of the transformed cell. Pathogenetic mechanisms. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes. Control of DNA replication. Mutations. Hereditary tumor diseases. Karyotype and chromosomal alteration in tumor.
-Role of the apoptosis control in the tumor growth..
-Molecular pathology in DNA repair. Mismatch repair. Excision repair. Xeroderma Pigmetosum.
-Angiogenesis in cancer.
-Concept of invasive cancer. Metastasis and stage of the cancer. Molecular mechanisms of the metastasis. Metastasis routes.


Inflammation
-General characteristic and definition of inflammation. Recognition mechanisms of pathogens. Distinctive characters between acute and chronic phlogosis.
-Acute exudative phlogosis (Angiophlogosis) The inflammation phases. Plasmatic and tissutal mediators of inflammation. The exudation: different types of exudate. Acute phase proteins. Acute phase cells. The diapedesis, the chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. Different types of acute inflammation: serous, serous-fibrinous, fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, hemorrhagic, necrotic- hemorrhagic and allergic.
-Chronic phlogosis. The cells of chronic inflammation.
-Chronic inflammation: granulomatosis and interstitial. Structure of granuloma: tuberculoma, syphiloma, rheumatic nodule and foreign body granuloma.
-Outcome of inflammatory process. The repair processes and granulation tissue.

PHISIOPATHOLOGY

Physiopathology of the blood
-Blood: composition, hemopoiesis.
-Alteration of the blood mass. The erytrocytes: Polycythemia and erythremia. Hemoglobinopathy. Anaemia.
-White blood cells and leukocytosis.
-The platelet, the hemostasis and coagulation. Haemorrhage. Thrombotic and embolic processes. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Physiopathology of the heart and the blood vessel
-Congenital and acquired heart defects. Endocarditis and valvulopathy. Ischemic heart disease. Heart attack. Myocardiopathy. Heart failure.
-Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its complications.
-Shock: cause of shock, evolution and phases, compensatory mechanisms. Edema.

Physiopathology of respiratory apparatus
-Pathogenesis of respiratory failure.
-Bronchial asthma.
-Obstructive pulmonary disease.

Physiopathology of the liver
-Liver primitive pathology. Inflammatory and degenerative processes. Hepatitis, Cirrhosis.
-Jaundice.
-Liver failure.

Physiopathology of endocrine system
-Endocrine pancreas. Diabetes Mellitus: etiopathogenetic and metabolic aspects, complications.

Alteration of the thermoregulation
-Fever, Hypothermia and Hyperthermia