Unit PHYSIO-PATHOLOGICAL BASES OF DISEASE

PHYSIOLOGY II

Code	GP003951
CFU	2
Teacher	Aldo Ferraresi
Teachers	Aldo Ferraresi
Hours	30 ore - Aldo Ferraresi
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/09
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Physiology of the cardiocirculatory, respiratory, renal and digestive systems
Reference texts	Elementi di Fisiologia di Roberto Poltronieri Editore: Edises Anno di Pubblicazione: 2018 ISBN: 8833190072 Pagine: 500 Fisiologia dell'uomo di Autori Vari Editore: Edi. Ermes Anno di Pubblicazione: 2002 ISBN: 8870512517 Pagine: XVI-600 Principi di Fisiologia di Luciano Zocchi Editore: Edises Anno di Pubblicazione: 2012 ISBN: 8870512517 Pagine: 464 / 4 colori
Educational objectives	Knowledge and understanding of the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal and digestive systems
Prerequisites	Basic knowledge of chemistry and physics. Adequate knowledge of anatomy.
Teaching methods	Frontal lessons
Other information	None
Learning verification modality	Multiple choice written test
Extended program	Cardiovascular system. • Anatomical and functional characteristics. Large and small circle, vessel wall structure, vessel compliance. • Principles of hemodynamics. Flow equation, pressure gradient, vessel elasticity, flow and velocity, Bernulli's principle, laminar and turbulent motion, viscosity, Poisseuille's law, series and parallel resistances, Laplace's law, effects of gravity. • Cardiac conduction system. Functions of nodal, conduction and working tissues, nodal tissue self-regression, functions of the atrioventricular node and Purkinje network, refractory period and re-entry. Electrocardiogram. • Cardiac mechanics. Control of the contraction and role of calcium, inotropic effect, isometric and isotonic contraction, cardiac cycle, differences between Dx and Sn ventricles, length-tension, preload and afterload relation, Frank-Starling law. • Cardiac output. Measurement according to the Fick principle, determinants of GC, heart-lung preparation, homeometric regulation, heart rate / range relationship. • Blood pressure. Determinants of BP, dicrote wave, time constant, sphygmic wave, pulse pressure and flow pulse, pulsatility, measurement with the Riva-Rocci method, oscillations of the PA. • Capillary circle. Capillary and capillary circulation structure, diffusion and filtration, Starling model, filtration coefficient, lymphatic circulation. • PA regulation. Organization of regulatory mechanisms, baroreceptors and baroceptive reflexes, voloceptors and Bainbridge reflex, chemoreceptors, central ischemic response. Relationship volemia pressure, endocrine mechanisms (ADH, PNA, Angiotensin, Aldosterone), pressure diuresis, effects of Angiotensin on the renal function curve. • Venous return. Pressures and resistance in venous return, venous return curve, venous compliance, venous return and cardiac function curves, muscle pump, thoraco-abdominal pump, valve plane mechanism. Renal system. • Glomerular filtration. Functional anatomy of the kidney, urine formation mechanisms, glomerulus filtering structure, Starling model applied to the glomerulus, afferent and efferent arterioles, VFG and filtration fraction. • VFG control. Myogenic autoregulation, tubulo-glomerular feedback (juxta-glomerular apparatus, role of Sodium). • Tubular reabsorption. Transport mechanisms involved, reabsorption of sodium, water, cotransport and against transport, maximum transport, glomerulo-tubular balance. • Renal clearance. Definition of clearance, inulin clearance, creatinine clearance, PAI clearance, osmolar clearance and free water. • Regulation of osmolarity. Water reabsorption in the various segments of the nephron, hyperosmolarity of the interstitium, multiplication mechanism against the current, the role of ADH, control of ADH secretion. • Regulation of Sodium and Potassium. Control of Sodium reabsorption, Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone system, PNA; balance of potassium, mechanisms of elimination of potassium. • Urine elimination. Bladder, detrusor muscle and internal and external sphincters, urination reflex, pontine and cortical control, urination disorders. Respiratory system. • Respiratory mechanics. Events involved in respiration, functional anatomy of the respiratory system, lung volumes and capacities, anatomical and functional dead space, pulmonary and alveolar ventilation, role of pleurae, residual functional capacity, inspiratory and expiratory muscles. • Elastic resistances. Thoraco-pulmonary, pulmonary and thoracic relaxation (compliance) curve, surface tension and surfactant, alveolar stability. • Flow resistance. Resistance distribution, lung strength / volume relationship, resistance to forced expiration, flow-volume diagram and FEV1, restrictive and obstructive pathologies, pressure-volume relationship and respiratory work. • Ventilation and perfusion. Characteristics of the pulmonary circulation, vessel-alveoli ratios, effects of pressure variation in pulmonary vessels, Starling model, hypoxic vasoconstriction, regional distribution of ventilation and blood, areas of West, ventilation-perfusion ratio. • Honeycomb exchanges. Dalton's law, composition of atmospheric, inspired and alveolar air, alveolar air equation, solubilization and diffusion, Fick's law, diffusion of oxygen in particular conditions. • O2 and CO2 transport. O2 transport mode, hemoglobin and relative saturation curve, Bohr effect, determinants of O2 transport and hypoxia; CO2 transport mode, role of bicarbonate, Haldane effect. • Nervous control of ventilation. Requirements to be met, bulbar and pontine control centers, discharge characteristics of respiratory neurons, pulmonary receptors, anticipatory responses. • Chemical control of ventilation. Central chemoreceptors, peripheral chemoreceptors, sensitivity to O2 and CO2. and pH, adaptation to altitude. • Acid-base balance. Blood buffer systems, effects of ventilation on bicarbonate swab, renal bicarbonate reabsorption, elimination of H + ions, urinary swabs. • Alterations in the acid-base balance. Respiratory and metabolic acidosis, respiratory and metabolic alkalosis, alkaline and bicarbonate reserve, anion gap, acid-base nomogram, diagnostic criteria. Digestive system • Control of the digestive system. Structure of the digestive canal (muscle layers, nerve plexuses), characteristics of smooth muscles, control of smooth muscles, organization of innervation, hormonal controls. • Motility and secretions of the mouth. teeth, masticatory muscles, swallowing, saliva, control of salivary secretion. • Motility of the digestive system. Motility of the esophagus, upper and lower esophageal sphincters, stomach motility, control of gastric motility, bowel motility, defecation. • Gastric secretion. Oximation glands, components of gastric secretion, HCl production mechanism, gastric mucosal barrier, control of gastric secretion. • Pancreatic secretions. Components of exocrine pancreatic secretion, bicarbonate production, control of bicarbonate secretion, control of enzymatic secretion. • Bile. Bile components, bile acids, bilirubin, cholangiocyte secretions, control of bile secretion. • Digestion and absorption. Starch digestion, digestion and absorption of oligosaccharides, protein digestion, absorption of amino acids and oligopeptides, lipid digestion, absorption of fatty acids and monoglycerides, lipid management, calcium, iron, vitamin B12. • Feeding control. Mechanisms of control of hunger and satiety, factors that alter physiological controls, control of long-term nutrition.

MICROBIOLOGY

Code	GP003952
CFU	2
Teacher	Claudia Monari
Teachers	Claudia Monari
Hours	30 ore - Claudia Monari
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	MED/07
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Reference texts	Microbiologia Clinica (Lanciotti) Microbiologia Medica (La Placa)
Educational objectives	Provide the students of the Degree Course in Nursing with the knowledge of Microbiology capable of guaranteeing the skills required to achieve the essential levels of professional performance.
Teaching methods	Lectures
Learning verification modality	Oral examination For information on support services for students with disabilities and/ or DSA visit the page http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa
Extended program	Bacterial cell structures (Gram+ e Gram- cell wall, nucleic aid, cytoplasm, cytoplasmatic membrrane, mesosomes). Facultative bacterial cell structures (capsule, pili, flagella, spore). Bacterial virulence factors (toxins, capsule, adhesins, exoenzymes). Metabolism, Nutrition. Colture mediums. Bacterial genetics. General features of Fungi, Viruses, Protozoa. Bacterial microbiota. Routes of transmission of infections. Antibiotic susceptibility tests. Sterilization /Disinfection. Bacteriology: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterobatteri, Neisseria, Legionella, Mycobacterium. Virology: orthomyxovirus, hepatitis A, B, C, HIV, HPV, Herpesvirus, Coronavirus Micology: cutaneous mycoses, opportunistic mycoses (Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus). Parasitology: Plasmodium, Giardia, Toxoplasma.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Code	GP003950
CFU	3
Teacher	Stefano Brancorsini
Teachers	Stefano Brancorsini
Hours	45 ore - Stefano Brancorsini
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	MED/04
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)