Unit BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES

Course
Imaging and radiotherapy techniques
Study-unit Code
A001185
Curriculum
In all curricula
CFU
6
Course Regulation
Coorte 2022
Offered
2022/23
Type of study-unit
Type of learning activities
Attività formativa integrata

BIOLOGY

Code 50A00166
CFU 2
Teacher Cinzia Antognelli
Teachers
  • Cinzia Antognelli
Hours
  • 24 ore - Cinzia Antognelli
Learning activities Base
Area Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline BIO/13
Type of study-unit
Language of instruction Italian
Contents Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Flow of genetic information within a biological system and its regulation. Cell cycle and its control. Mutations: types and causes. Reproduction of multicellular living organisms: meiosis and gametogenesis.
Reference texts R. Roberti, G. Alunni Bistocchi, C: Antognelli, VN Talesa. - Biochimica e Biologia per le professioni sanitarie McGrawHill

P. Bonaldo, S. Suga, R. Pierantoni, P. Riva, M.G Romanelli- Biology and Genetics – EdiSES
Educational objectives The aim of the course is the integrated study of the cell and living organisms, with emphasis on the mechanisms involved in: organelles biogenesis and cellular structures, cell-cell interactions, cell-extracellular matrix interactions, DNA duplication, transmission of the genetic information, gene expression, cell proliferation. The ability to learn, relate and integrate one concept to another will be considered fundamental issues in order to facilitate the understanding of the disciplines provided in the subsequent years of the Degree Course.
Prerequisites Basic elements of chemistry
Teaching methods Face-to-face
Other information Site of the teacher:
Nuova sede dei Dipartimenti di Medicina, Edificio B, 4° piano, P.le L Severi 1, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Perugia
Learning verification modality Written and oral examination
Extended program The characteristics of living organisms. Biomolecules: proteins, lipids and glucids (general characteristics). Models of cellular organization: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Viruses: general characteristics. Animal eukaryotic cell. Plasma membrane: structure and functions. The main mechanisms of membrane transport and cellular communication; cytoplasm; ribosomes; rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus; lysosomes; peroxisomes; mitochondria and the energy problem; cytoskeleton (general characteristics), nucleus and nucleolus. DNA and RNA: structure and function. Organization of chromatin, chromosomes. The eukaryotic gene. Gene expression: transcription, maturation of primary transcripts, genetic code, translation. Regulation of gene expression: general characteristics. Cell cycle: interphase, DNA replication, mitosis. Cell cycle control: check-point and CdK-cyclines. Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes and tumor suppressor. Gene mutations (point mutations, missense, nonsense, neutral mutations), genomic mutations (aneuploidy and polyploidy mutations) and chromosomal mutations (deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation). Human normal and pathological karyotype. Heterochromatinization of the X chromosome. Reproduction of multicellular organisms; meiosis and its biological meaning, gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis).

PHYSIOLOGY

Code GP003732
CFU 2
Teacher Aldo Ferraresi
Teachers
  • Fabio Massimo Botti (Codocenza)
  • Aldo Ferraresi
Hours
  • 4 ore (Codocenza) - Fabio Massimo Botti
  • 20 ore - Aldo Ferraresi
Learning activities Base
Area Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline BIO/09
Type of study-unit
Language of instruction Italian
Contents Physiology of the cardiovascular system.
Physiology of the respiratory system.
Reference texts Fisiologia dell'uomo
di Autori Vari

Editore: Edi. Ermes
Anno di Pubblicazione: 2002
ISBN: 8870512517
Pagine: XVI-600
Educational objectives Knowledge and understanding of the functioning of the heart, the vascular system and the respiratory system
Prerequisites Basic knowledge of physics and chemistry, adequate knowledge of anatomy.
Teaching methods Frontal lessons
Other information None
Learning verification modality Oral examination
Extended program Biophysics of muscle tissue.
• Diffusion and transport. Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, ionic channels, primary active transport, secondary active transport.
• Cellular potentials. Ion distribution and membrane permeability, membrane potential, action potential, refractory period.
• Biochemistry of muscle contraction. Striated muscle cell structure, thick filaments and fine filaments, control mechanism, ATP role.
• Biomechanics of muscle contraction. Striated muscle: types of contraction, length / voltage curve, load / speed curve. Motor units, fiber types, simple shock and muscle tetanus, force modulation. Smooth muscle characteristics.
Cardiovascular system.
• Anatomical and functional characteristics. Large and small circle, vessel wall structure, vessel compliance.
• Principles of hemodynamics. Flow equation, pressure gradient, vessel elasticity, flow and velocity, Bernulli's principle, laminar and turbulent motion, viscosity, Poisseuille's law, series and parallel resistances, Laplace's law, effects of gravity.
• Cardiac conduction system. Functions of nodal, conduction and working tissues, nodal tissue self-regression, functions of the atrioventricular node and Purkinje network, refractory period and re-entry.
• Cardiac mechanics. Control of contraction and the role of calcium, inotropic effect, isometric and isotonic contraction, cardiac cycle, length-tension, preload and post-load relationship, Frank-Starling law.
• Cardiac output. Determinants of GC, prepared heart-lung, homeometric regulation, heart rate / range relationship.
• Blood pressure. Determinants of BP, dicrote wave, time constant, sphygmic wave, pulse pressure and flow pulse, measurement with the Riva-Rocci method.
• Capillary circle. Capillary and capillary circulation structure, diffusion and filtration, Starling model, lymphatic circulation.
• Local flow regulation. Vessel tone, role of calcium, Bayliss myogenic response, effect of local metabolites.
• Regulation of short-term PA. organization of regulatory mechanisms, baroreceptors and baroceptive reflex, voloceptors and Bainbridge reflex, chemoreceptors, central ischemic response.
• Regulation of the PA in the medium and long term. Relationship volemia pressure, endocrine mechanisms (ADH, PNA, Angiotensin, Aldosterone), pressure diuresis.
• Venous return. Pressures and resistance in venous return, venous return curve, venous compliance, venous return and cardiac function curves, muscle pump, thoraco-abdominal pump, valve plane mechanism.
Respiratory system.
• Respiratory mechanics. Events involved in respiration, functional anatomy of the respiratory system, lung volumes and capacities, anatomical and functional dead space, pulmonary and alveolar ventilation, role of pleurae, residual functional capacity, inspiratory and expiratory muscles.
• Elastic resistances. Thoraco-pulmonary, pulmonary and thoracic relaxation (compliance) curve, surface tension and surfactant, alveolar stability.
• Flow resistance. Resistance distribution, lung strength / volume relationship, resistance to forced expiration, flow-volume diagram and FEV1, restrictive and obstructive pathologies, pressure-volume relationship and respiratory work.
• Ventilation and perfusion. Characteristics of the pulmonary circulation, vessel-alveoli ratios, effects of the variation of pressure in the pulmonary vessels, Starling model, hypoxic vasoconstriction, areas of the West, ventilation-perfusion ratio.
• Honeycomb exchanges. Dalton's law, composition of atmospheric, inspired and alveolar air, alveolar air equation, solubilization and diffusion, Fick's law, diffusion of oxygen in particular conditions.
• O2 and CO2 transport. O2 transport mode, hemoglobin and relative saturation curve, Bohr effect, CO2 transport mode, role of bicarbonate, Haldane effect.
• Ventilation control. Bulbar and pontine control centers, discharge characteristics of respiratory neurons, pulmonary receptors, anticipatory responses. Central chemoreceptors, peripheral chemoreceptors, sensitivity to O2 and CO2. and pH, adaptation to altitude.
• Acid-base balance. Blood buffer systems, effects of ventilation on bicarbonate swab, renal bicarbonate reabsorption, elimination of H + ions, urinary swabs.

PHATOLOGY

Code 65011409
CFU 2
Teacher Maria Agnese Della Fazia
Teachers
  • Maria Agnese Della Fazia
Hours
  • 24 ore - Maria Agnese Della Fazia
Learning activities Base
Area Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline MED/04
Type of study-unit
Language of instruction
ITALIAN
Contents
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Causes of Disease. Regressive and Progressive processes. Oncology. Classification of the tumors. Carcinogenesis. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes. Invasive cancer and metastasis. Acute and Chronic inflammation
Reference texts
G.M. Pontieri
Elementi di Patologia generale e Fisiopatologia generale
Per i corsi di laurea in professioni sanitarie - Edizione IV 2018 - Editore: Piccin Nuova Libraria S.p.A
Educational objectives
The course of Pathology includes the study of the structural changes which come about in the organism and cause diseases and the changes at molecular, cellular, tissues and organs. In particular the teaching course is aimed at the comprehension by the student:

a) the causes (etiology) exogenic, endogenic which result in structural and functional alterations in the organs;

b) the molecular and cellular mechanisms (pathogenesis) by which the etiologic agents induce the damage;

c) the processes by which the organism responds to the damage, in order to reestablish the previous integral conditions (or a new condition of equilibrium).
Prerequisites
In order to understand the course the student must have knowledge basics of cellular and molecular biology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry.
The student must in fact have knowledge of the processes that happen inside the cell.
Teaching methods
Lecture on subjects of the course.
Other information
Calendar of teaching activities: The calendar of lessons and lessons exams are published on the Degree Course website https://www.unipg.it/internazionale/ects/catalogo-dei-corsi-2022-23?idcorso=256
Student reception time and location: The teacher receives the students on appointment which will be agreed by email. The reception will have
place in Maria Agnese Della Fazia's studio located in Building C - third floor at the Medicine and Surgery Center, Piazzale Severi, 1, Perugia.
For information on support services for students with disabilities and/or DSA visit the page http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa
Learning verification modality
Oral examination: will consist of a discussion lasting an average of 30 minutes, aimed at ascertaining the level of knowledge and understanding achieved by the student as well as connection and integration of contents. The oral examination will also allow you to evaluate the expository ability and the student's language skills. For information on support services for students with disabilities and/or DSA visit the page http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa
Extended program
- Etiology and Pathogenesis. State of health, homeostasis and pathological manifestations - Causes of disease: physical, chemical and biological agents.

Intrinsic causes of disease
Genetic Pathology
-Monogenic autosomic and heterochromosomic diseases.
-DNA mutation, mechanisms of DNA repair.
-Blood genetic diseases: Thalassemia, Spherocytosis, Depranocytosis, Hemophilia.
-Muscular Dystrophya.
-Chromosomal
alteration.
Numerical and structural alteration of the chromosomes (Down, Turner and Klinefelter syndromes).


Extrinsic Causes of Disease
-Physical agents. Non ionizing and ionizing radiation. Low and high temperature: freezing and burn.
-Chemical and Environmental agents. Environment pollution. Drugs.

Cellular Pathology
-The cell: structure and principal functions.
-Elementary injury of the cell. Pathology of nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, cytoskeleton, peroxisome, Golgi apparatus and cell membrane.

Regressive processes
-Physiological and pathological Atrophy.
-Intracellular regressive processes. Vacuolar, hydropic and turbid degenerations. Hyaline and Mucoid degenerations. Steatosis.
-Extracellular regressive processes. Amiloidosis. Hyaline, Fibrinoid and Mucoid degenerations.
-Cell death. Necrosis. Gangrene. Outcome of necrotic process. Autolysis post-mortem. Apoptosis.

Progressive processes.
-Physiological and pathological hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Regenerative process in labile, stable and perennial cells. Liver regeneration, reconstitution process.

Molecular Oncology
-Classification of the tumors. Characteristics of normal and transformed cell. Metaplasia, Dysplasia, Anaplasia. Benignant and Malignant tumors. Histological classification and morphological features of human tumors.
-In "situ" carcinoma.
-Epidemiology of tumor. Carcinogenesis: chemical, physical (U.V. and ionizing radiations), viral, environmental.
-Co-carcinogenesis, mechanism of transformation.
-Molecular basis of the transformed cell. Pathogenetic mechanisms. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes. Control of DNA replication. Mutations. Hereditary tumor diseases. Karyotype and chromosomal alteration in tumor.
-Role of the apoptosis control in the tumor growth..
-Molecular pathology in DNA repair. Mismatch repair. Excision repair. Xeroderma Pigmetosum.
-Angiogenesis in cancer.
-Concept of invasive cancer. Metastasis and stage of the cancer. Molecular mechanisms of the metastasis. Metastasis routes.


Inflammation
-General characteristic and definition of inflammation. Recognition mechanisms of pathogens. Distinctive characters between acute and chronic phlogosis.
-Acute exudative phlogosis (Angiophlogosis). The inflammation phases. Plasmatic and tissutal mediators of inflammation. The exudation: different types of exudate. Acute phase proteins. Acute phase cells. The diapedesis, the chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. Different types of acute inflammation: serous, serous-fibrinous, fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, hemorrhagic, necrotic- hemorrhagic and allergic.
-Chronic phlogosis. The cells of chronic inflammation.
-Chronic inflammation: granulomatosis and interstitial. Structure of granuloma: tuberculoma and foreign body granuloma.
-Outcome of inflammatory process. The repair processes and granulation tissue.
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