Unit MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL BASES

HUMAN ANATOMY

Code	GP003704
CFU	4
Teachers	Cataldo Arcuri (Codocenza)
Hours	48 ore (Codocenza) - Cataldo Arcuri
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/16
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Key elements of anatomical terminology (positions, planes, axes, etc.). The cell, tissues and apparatuses. The heart and great vessels. Respiratory apparatus. Diaphragm and muscles of the abdominal wall. Gastroenteric apparatus. Urinary apparatus. Endocrine glands. Upper and lower limbs. Joints: hip, knee, glenohumeral joint, elbow. Central nervous system.
Reference texts	Seeley, Stephens, Tate Anatomia, Idelson Gnocchi, Napoli (S) Lumley Anatomia di Superficie. CEA edizioni, Milano (O) C. Cael Anatomia Funzionale Piccin editore (O) J.C. Thompson, Atlante di Anatomia Ortopedica di Netter, Masson Elsevier, Milano (S) FitzGerald, Gruener, Mtui, Neuroanatomia (5° edizione) Elsevier, Milano (S)
Educational objectives	Knowledge of human anatomy
Prerequisites	To effectively follow and understand the topics covered in the course of morphological and functional bases is necessary for the student to have a basic knowledge biology, histology, chemistry, biochemistry and physics as it is normally acquired in high school.
Teaching methods	Face-to-face lectures with the use of powerpoint slides. Use of plastic models related to the topics developed at lessons. The education material presented during the lectures (with the exclusion of illustrations protected by copyright) will be made available to the students in electronic format (pdf files) and it does not replace the use of suggested books.
Other information	Slides of the lessons are available at www.unistudium.unipg.it
Learning verification modality	The level of learning achieved will be assessed through a single answer written test. In case of positive result, the written test will be followed by a oral test on the musculoskeletal system. Info on the support service for students with disability and/or DSA can be found at http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa
Extended program	key elements of anatomical terminology (positions, planes, axes, etc.). -upper and lower limbs: Joints: Hip, knee, glenohumeral joint, elbow General principles of epidemiology Lower limb: Skeleton, borders, muscle compartments, muscles of the gluteal region of the thigh and leg, femoral triangle, adductor canal, popliteal fossa, the vascular system and the nervous system. Upper limb: Skeleton, muscles and assioappendicolari scapoloomerali, muscles of the arm and forearm, axilla, cubital fossa, the vascular system and the nervous system. THORACIC CAGE: bone structure and musculature; - Mediastinal AND HEART: Main concepts of macroscopic and microscopic anatomy; - Pleural cavity and LUNGS: Main concepts of macroscopic and microscopic anatomy - HEAD AND NECK: Concepts on the neurocranium (scalp, Calvary) and on the skeleton of the face (bone structure and main muscle groups); Mouth, Jaw and submandibular region (notions of topographic anatomy); Lodges and Triangles of the neck; Pharynx and Larynx (Main elements of anatomical and functional). - Abdominal wall and inguinal canal: the main concepts of gross anatomy; - Digestive System: Main concepts of macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, large intestine. Main concepts of macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the salivary glands (salivary glands, liver and pancreas). - URINARY SYSTEM: Main concepts of macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the kidney, ureters, bladder and urethra. - UPPER AND LOWER LIMB: bony structures, the main movements possible and corresponding muscle groups. Notions and topography of the major arteries and veins and peripheral nerves. - PELVIS and perineum: Main concepts of topographic anatomy and functional - Nervous System: General functional; microscopic and functional anatomy of the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum and brain. Understanding pyramidal tract, the extrapyramidal and cerebellar; Understanding cerebral lobes, the basal ganglia, the reticular system and the Diencephalon.

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

Code	GP003705
CFU	2
Teachers	Fabio Massimo Botti (Codocenza)
Hours	24 ore (Codocenza) - Fabio Massimo Botti
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/09
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian language
Contents	function of blood and cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal systems
Reference texts	".pdf" from the slides shown during the lessons. Edi-Ermes Fisiologia dell'uomo. AAVV ISBN-13: 978-8870512519
Educational objectives	Knowledge of the role, function and regulation of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal
Prerequisites	Knowledge of physics, anatomy, chemistry and biochemistry
Teaching methods	frontal lessons
Other information	-
Learning verification modality	2 progress evaluations with multiple choice questions and a final oral test
Extended program	CARDIO-CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Principles of hemodynamics: Physical factors that regulate blood flow in the circulatory system. Relationship between pressure, flow and resistance, the Hagen-Poiseuille law. Laminar motion and turbulent motion. Parameters that determine vascular resistance. Viscosity and hematocrit. Vasal compliance. Factors that determine the blood pressure and the creation of the pressure difference in the circulatory system. The meaning of the hydrostatic pressure in the circulatory system and its effects in orthostatic position. The relationship between flow and velocity of blood flow in the system. Excitability and cardiac automatism: Mechanisms underlying automatism and conduction of cardiac action potential. Ionic bases of action potentials. Mechanisms of atrio-ventricular delay. Identification of the electrical activation timing sequence of the various heart regions and of the conduction velocity in the different parts of the conduction system. Electrocardiogram. Physiological bases of the ECG, relationship between electrical events of cardiac excitation and ECG waves. Description of the different components of the electrocardiographic trace Cardiac mechanics: Electro-mechanical coupling in cardiac fiber. Factors that determine the contractile force of the heart. Isometric and isotonic contraction and the length-tension relationship in cardiac fiber. The meaning of the Laplace law applied to the heart. Cardiac cycle: cardiac, arterial and venous pressure changes. V heart blisters and heart tones. Cardiac output. Mechanisms of regulation of cardiac activity. Mechanisms that allow the modification of cardiac output. Control of heart rate and stroke volume. The homeometric and heterometric control (Frank-Starling's law) Physiology of the arterial system: Factors that determine the average arterial pressure. Pulse arterial pressure. Sphygmic wave and changes in the arterial pulse and flow velocity along the arterial tree. Measurement of arterial pressure. Physiology of the microcirculation and lymphatic circulation: Functional properties of the systemic capillaries. Mechanisms at the base of the exchanges between blood and interstitial liquid. Role of the lymphatic system in the control of the concentration of proteins, volume and pressure of the interstitial liquid. Lymphatic flow. Factors determining interstitial edema. Blood flow control: Metabolic, humoral and nervous mechanisms that allow the regulation of blood flow in the various circulatory districts. Arterial pressure regulation: Short, medium and long-term mechanisms. Reflex, baroceptive and chemoceptive mechanisms. The renin-angiotensin system. The body's kidney-fluid system. Physiology of the venous system: pressure difference at the base of venous return (average circulatory pressure of filling and atrial pressure) Physiology of the district blood circulation: influencing factors and mechanisms that regulate the flow in the coronary, cutaneous, muscular and cerebral circulation. Cardio-circulatory adjustments during physical activity: Mechanisms underlying the modification of cardio-circulatory parameters during exercise. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Respiratory Mechanics: Mechanisms of lung volume modification, air movements and pressure that determine it. Thoraco-pulmonary coupling. Intrapleural pressure. Elastic retraction of the lung and thorax. Surface tension and surfactant. Alveolar interdependence. Changes in intrapleural, intrapulmonary, flow and respiratory volume during the respiratory cycle. The volume-pressure relationship under static conditions, release curves and compliance concept. Compliance changes in some restrictive pathologies. Resistance of the airways and neurohumoral regulation. Dynamic airway compression. Dynamic compliance and volume pressure diagram during the respiratory cycle, contribution of elastic and viscous resistances. Respiratory work. Modifications in the case of restrictive or obstructive pathologies. Volumes, capacity, pulmonary resistance and their determination. Breakdown of lung volumes. Measurement of lung volumes, spirometers and spirometry. C residual functional capacity, residual volume and total lung capacity. Anatomical and physiological dead space. Pulmonary ventilation, alveolar and dead space. Pulmonary circulation. Pulmonary hemodynamics. Flow, pressure and resistance. Passive and active regulation of pulmonary blood flow. Blood flow distribution and effects of gravity. The areas of West. Gaseous alveolar-capillary exchange: Composition and partial pressures in atmospheric, inspired and alveolar air. Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Law of diffusion and factors influencing the speed of diffusion. Gaseous transfer with diffusion and limited perfusion, Measurement of pulmonary diffusion capacity. Ventilation-perfusion relationship and its regional distribution. Gaseous exchanges and partial pressures with normal and altered perfusion ventilation ratio. Compensation of ventilation-perfusion imbalances. Transport of respiratory gases in the blood: Transport of O2. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, curve analysis and its physiological significance. Factors that influence the dissociation curve of oxyhemoglobin. Bohr effect and its physiological meaning. CO2 transport. CO2 dissociation curve. Haldane effect and its physiological meaning. Cellular metabolism and oxygen requirements: Respiratory quotient, O2 supply to tissues and oxygen utilization in different organs. Effects of ischemia, arterial hypoxia and anemia on the contribution of O2 to tissues. Breath neurogenesis: Organization and functioning of respiratory centers, bulbar respiratory center, apneustic and pneumotaxic. Bases of ritmogenesis. Mechanisms of chemical and other regulation of respiratory activity. Control of ventilation by central and peripheral chemoreceptors. Mechanisms that allow respiratory adaptations during exercise. URINARY SYSTEM Introduction to Renal Physiology: Renal functions of filtration, reabsorption and secretion. The mechanisms of urine formation: glomerular filtration. Composition of the glomerular ultrafiltrate, Characteristics of the glomerular filtration barrier. Factors that determine ultrafiltration. Definition of VFG and inulin clearance, creatinine clearance. Factors that determine renal blood flow, PAI clearance and renal plasma flow, filtration fraction. Physiological control of glomerular filtration and renal blood flow. Self-regulation of VFG and renal blood flow. Glomerulus-tubular balance. Resorption and tubular secretion: Measurement of resorption and tubular secretion based on renal clearance, filtered load, excreted load and resorbed or secreted load. Active and passive mechanisms, maximum transport concept. Reabsorption and secretion in the different sections of the nephron. Regulation of tubular reabsorption. Fate of the most important plasma components in the passage through the kidney: Glucose: glucose reabsorption, glucose renal threshold, glucose titration curve, glycosuria. Balance of urea, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Contribution of kidney to water-salt balance: Body fluids and renal function, intake and excretion of fluids. Determination of the volumes of body water compartments. Introduction of iso, ipo or hyperosmolar liquids. The transport of water and solutes along the nephron. Renal mechanisms for dilution and concentration of urine: the countercurrent multiplication mechanism. Quantification of renal capacity to dilute and concentrate urine: free water clearance and osmolar clearance. Actions of ADH on the kidney. Osmotic and hemodynamic control of ADH secretion. Mechanism of thirst. Control of extracellular fluid volume and regulation of renal excretion of NaCl. Signals controlling renal excretion of water and NaCl: renal sympathetic nerves, renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide. Control of sodium excretion under normal VCE conditions under conditions of expansion and volume reduction. Acid-base equilibrium and its regulation: Defenses against pH variations, buffer systems. The Henderson-Hasselbach equation. Respiratory regulation of acid-base balance. Renal control of acid-base balance. Quantification of the acidifying capacity of the kidney: bicarbonate reabsorption, elimination of titratable acidity, ammonium ion elimination. Determination of respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis and compensation mechanisms. Urination: Bladder filling and bladder tone. The reflection of urination. Control by the higher centers.

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

Code	GP003706
CFU	2
Teacher	Roberto Panichi
Teachers	Roberto Panichi
Hours	24 ore - Roberto Panichi
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/09
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	The program develops concepts regarding the functional organization of the the sensory and motor systems. In addition, it addresses the problem of plastic phenomena.
Reference texts	Reference book: Autori vari "Fisiologia dell'uomo", ed. edi-ermes. books depth (optional): Schmidt [ et. Al.], "Fisiologia Umana", ed. Idelson-Gnocchi; Kandel Eric R. [et. Al.], "Principi di neuroscienze", ed. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana.
Educational objectives	Knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie perceptual and motor responses and their functional meaning
Prerequisites	In order to attend the class is recommended a basic knowledge of the physiology of the neuron
Teaching methods	Face-to-face
Other information	Includes meetings with dates and times to be determined at the beginning of the course. For information on support services for students with disabilities or DSA visit the page http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa
Learning verification modality	Written test
Extended program	Introduction Nervous system: morpho-functional organization of central and peripheral nervous system. Outlines of Autonomic nervous system. Biophysics The movement of molecules. Diffusion process. Ion channels. Flux of ions through ion channels. Conformational changes of voltage-gated, ligand-gated and phosphorylation-gated ion channels. Ion channels: opening, closing and inactivation. Physiology of the neuron. Electrical signalsacross the cell membrane. Membrane potential recordings. Resting potential, hyper polarization, depolarization, action potential. Ion electrochemical equilibrium. Sodium-potassium(Na-K) pump. Action potential properties. Electrical signal propagation along excitable membranes. Electrotonic conduction. Membrane time and spatial constant. Correlation between membrane properties and excitability. Action potential propagation. Factors that increase the conduction velocity in electrical signals. Saltatory conduction. Classification of nerve fibers based on axonal diameter and conduction velocity. Synapses physiology Electrical and chemical synapses: description, mechanism and role. Central chemical synapses. Presynaptic mechanisms. Postsynaptic mechanisms: excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Chemical transmitters and receptors. Fast and slow postsynaptic responses. Synaptic functions: synaptic integration. Presynaptic modulation and long term potentiation. Neuromuscular synapses: correlation and differences with central synapses Skeletal muscle physiology Contraction properties of muscle cells: thick and thin filaments interaction. Calcium and troponin. Electromechanical coupling. Use and production of energy. Mechanic of the movement. Factors that influence the contraction force and the shortening velocity. Muscle fibers classification. Outlines of adaptive responses. Motor units. Recruitments, frequency, synchrony. EMG (outlines) Sensory physiology Sensory systems properties. Receptors and transmission pathways. Transduction mechanism. Signal codification. Organizational principles. Sensation and perception. Somatotopic system: touch, proprioception, nociception, thermoception, interoception (outline). “Special sense”: vision, vestibular system , auditory system. Outlines of chemical sense: smell and taste. Motor system physiology Hierarchical and parallel organization. Spinal cord. Neuronal network and reflexes in the spinal cord. Conditioned and unconditioned reflexes. Deep and superficial reflexes. Phasic and tonic stretch (myotatic) reflex, reverse starching reflex, crossed extension reflex. H reflex. Neuromuscular spindles and Golgi tendon organs, force and length control. Central and peripheral modulation of motoneurons activity. Posture.Equilibrium and orientation. Muscle tone (active and passive component). Postural control mechanisms. Role of the neuromuscular spindles and of the phasic and tonic stretch reflex. Tonogenics centers. Short and long loop of the postural reflexes. Adaptive postural responses. Anticipatory postural responses. Variable postural responses. Cervical, vestibular and visual reflexes. Locomotion. Oscillation phase, stance phase. Localized pathways in the spinal cord (CGP). Descending pathways influences on rhythmicity and cinematic. Sensitive afferents modulation. Voluntary movement. Pursuit and ballistic movements. Feedback and feed-forward control. Activation sequences of motor units. Gamma control. Renshaw interneurons, Ia and Ib. Postural implications. Central motor codification: motor cortex. Pyramidal and extra pyramidal actions. Grasping. Primary motor cortex. Pre-motor and supplementary cortices. Dorsal and ventral cortex (grasping and reaching way). F5 Area: codifications and properties. Canonical and mirror neurons. Basal ganglia and cerebellum: contribution to posture and movement. Injury effect. Different control mechanisms. Role in the motor learning. Voluntary movement: activation phases. Oculomotor system: optokinetic and vstibular reflexes, saccadic and pursuit movements. EEG (outlines).