Unit BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLIED PHYSICS

HUMAN ANATOMY

Code	GP005087
CFU	3
Teacher	Alessandra Pistilli
Teachers	Alessandra Pistilli Anna Maria Stabile (Codocenza)
Hours	25 ore - Alessandra Pistilli 20 ore (Codocenza) - Anna Maria Stabile
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/16
Type of study-unit
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Understanding 3 fundamental aspects of the anatomical systems: 1. systems meet specific functional requirements; 2. systems consist of various organs functionally interconnected; 3. The cardiovascular system, the nervous system and the endocrine system functionally interconnect different organs and anatomical systems. On this basis it will require understanding of the key concepts relating to: · normal macroscopic structure of the major organs and systems with particular reference to a topographic setting of the same · Histological structure correlated with the function · Functional considerations and Medical applications for the understanding of the structures
Reference texts	-ARichard L. Drake, A. Wayne Vogl, e al.: Anatomia del Gray. I fondamenti Edra -A. M. Gilroy, B. R. MacPherson: Atlante di Anatomia-Prometheus EdiSES
Educational objectives	The course in human anatomy aims to present the anatomo-clinical characterization of the human body at the macroscopic, microscopic, and ultrastructural levels, including the time dimension from embryonic development, organogenesis, somatic growth, and aging. At the end of the course, the student should know the essential morphological and biomechanical characteristics, modalities of functioning and general control mechanisms of anatomical systems, organs, tissues and cells of the human body, as well as their main morpho-functional correlates under normal conditions. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 1) Knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course, the student knows and understands the structural and functional organization of the human body; knows and understands the main anatomo-clinical applications of structural organization at each structural level of the human body. 2) Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course, the student possesses the ability to be able to connect the macroscopic, structural and ultrastructural organization of systems and organs with the corresponding functions. The student is able to recognize the macroscopic structure of systems and organs, knowing how to connect it to notions of surface anatomy, topographical, radiological and clinical anatomy so as to be able to identify and interpret anatomical regions and structures. He/she is also able to apply anatomical knowledge in solving problems related to understanding physiology, pathology, instrumental physical semeiotics and clinical correlates. 3) Communication skills: at the end of the course, the student will have the ability to be able to describe and explain (both in oral and written form) the normal morphology and structure of the human body also knowing how to effectively use the communicative tools proper to scientific publications and communications. 4) Learning skills: by the end of the course, the student will have acquired the cross-curricular learning skills common to the logic of scientific inquiry in the biomedical field.
Prerequisites	Basic concepts in biology, embriology and histology are required Basic concepts of learning methodology
Teaching methods	At the beginning of the course, the lecturer explains the main learning methodologies based on modern pedagogical principles for learning. Frontal lectures, clinical anatomy tutorials and practical tests are organized to set up for anatomy students, including plastic models and bone material All the didactical material (slide, videos from dissections) is available on the website Unistudium. The student can download in his/her device the slides of the daily lecture before the beginning of the lecture.
Other information	The course of Human Anatomy is topographically and clinically oriented
Learning verification modality	Oral examination
Extended program	Main elements of anatomical terminology (positions, planes, axes, etc..) Cardiovascular System: Large and small circulation, the heart, the serous pericardium, conduction system, blood vessels and their structure, the main branches of the aorta and vena cava. Lymphatic system: lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thoracic duct). Hematopoietic and lymphoid organs (bone marrow, thymus, spleen Respiratory System: Nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs (pulmonary lobule structure), pleura. Muscles of respiration. Digestive System: buccal cavity, teeth, tongue, organ of taste, the major salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (intestinal villus structure), large intestine, liver (hepatic lobule structure), portal vein system, pancreas exocrine, peritoneum. Urinary System: Kidneys (structure of the nephron), urinary tract infection. Male Reproductive System: the testes, sperm ducts and glands. Female Reproductive System: ovary, fallopian tubes, uterus. Introduction to general embryology. Nervous System: Central nervous system: spinal cord, brain (bulb, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, diencephalon, telencephalon). Peripheral nervous system: origin and formation of the spinal nerves and cranial nerves, peripheral notes on their distribution. Sensory pathways and motor paths. Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic. Endocrine System: Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal gland, adrenal glands, endocrine pancreas, testis and ovary as endocrine glands.

BIOCHEMISTRY

Code	GP003724
CFU	2
Teacher	Davide Chiasserini
Teachers	Davide Chiasserini
Hours	30 ore - Davide Chiasserini
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/10
Type of study-unit
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Chemical bonds. Solutions. Functional groups of organic molecules. Molecules of biological interest. Metabolic pathways. Krebs cycle. Respiratory chain. Oxidative phosphorylation. Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids.
Reference texts	Biochimica e Biologia per le professioni sanitarie - Roberti, Alunni-Bistocchi, Antognelli, Talesa - McGraw-Hill Le basi della biochimica-Champe-Ferrier-Zanichelli Chimica e biochimica-Samaja-Paroni-Piccin Chimica e Biochimica- Bertoldi- Colombo-Magni-Marin-Palestini-EdiSES Nelson-Cox Introduzione alla Biochimica di Lehninger-Zanichelli
Educational objectives	The aim of this course is to provide students with the knowledge of basic properties of biological systems and of the mechanisms controlling cellular homeostasis. Main knowledge acquired will be: - properties of water and its importance as cell solvent; - chemical components of cell; - properties of solutions, physiological solutions, buffers; - functional groups of organic molecules and their reactivity; - energy transfer in biochemical transformations; - structure and function of molecules involved in cell metabolism; -main metabolic transformations; - hormonal regulation of metabolism in feeding and fasting. The main competence will be: - to evaluate the nature and properties of reagents and solutions usually employed in professional practice; - to understand the general metabolic behaviour in physio-pathological conditions
Prerequisites	For an effective understanding of the topics of Biochemistry, basic knowledge of Chemistry and Biology is required. In particular, general knowledge of cell structure, atomic structure, simple inorganic and organic molecules structure, are mandatory.
Teaching methods	The course is organized in lectures on all the subjects. Students are stimulated to interact with the teacher during the lectures.
Other information	Location: Polo didattico S. Andrea delle fratte-Centro didattico Office: D Building, Second floor, room U41, via Gambuli, S. Andrea delle Fratte
Learning verification modality	The exam is structured as a multiple choice written test with question relative to the topics of the course. The written test aims at assessing the level of knowledge in the topics of the course, the ability to make integrate knowledge, also in relation to the midwife professional activity. Information on support services for students with physical or learning disability are available on http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa
Extended program	PRINCIPLES OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Basics of atomic structure and periodic table of the elements. The chemical bond: homopolar and heteropolar covalent bonds, donor-acceptor bond, electrostatic bonds, hydrogen bond. Biologically relevant inorganic compounds. Notes on the states of the matter. Properties of liquids, vapor pressure. Solutions: concentration units. Osmotic pressure and osmotic concentration. Physiological solution. Strong and weak electrolytes, the chemical equilibrium. Acids and bases. The ionic product of water, pH, pH of acid, base, and salt solutions; buffer solutions. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Oxidation state of carbon in the organic compounds. Hybridization of carbon and functional groups of organic molecules. Hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, amines, carboxylic acids, esters, amides. ELEMENTS OF GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY. Carbohydrates. Structure and properties of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. The glyosidic bond. Carbohydrates of physiologic significance: glucose, fructose, ribose, sucrose, lactose, starch, cellulose, glycogen. Lipids. Structure and properties of fatty acids, acylglycerols, phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol. Amino acids. Proteins: structural organization, classification, functions. Denaturation of proteins. Fibrous proteins: keratin and collagen. Structure and functions of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Oxygen transport. Physiologic and pathologic hemoglobin. Reaction rate. Enzymes as biological catalysts. Effect of substrate concentration, pH, and temperature. Notes on enzyme activity regulation. Clinical importance of enzymes in serum. Notes on vitamins and coenzymes (NAD, FAD). ELEMENTS OF METABOLIC BIOCHEMISTRY. Overview of metabolic pathways: anabolism, catabolism, linear and cyclic pathways. ATP: structure and role in the metabolism. Notes on bioenergetics. The metabolism of carbohydrates. Digestion and absorption of sugars. Glycolysis, metabolism of glycogen, and gluconeogenesis. The hormonal control of blood glucose (insulin, glucagon, epinephrine). The Krebs cycle. The respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. The metabolism of fats. Digestion, absorption, and storage of dietary lipids. Lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. Biosynthesis of fatty acids and triacylglycerols. Hormonal control of lipolysis and lipogenesis (insulin and glucagon). Lipid transport and plasma lipoproteins. Ketone bodies. The metabolism of proteins and amino acids. Protein digestion and amino acid absorption. Transamination and deamination reactions. Ureagenesis. The metabolic fate of amino acid carbon skeleton.

APPLIED PHYSICS

Code	GP003717
CFU	2
Teacher	Marta Marcantonini
Teachers	Marta Marcantonini
Hours	30 ore - Marta Marcantonini
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze propedeutiche
Academic discipline	FIS/07
Type of study-unit

HISTOLOGY

Code	GP003945
CFU	1
Teacher	Giovanni Luca
Teachers	Giovanni Luca
Hours	15 ore - Giovanni Luca
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/17
Type of study-unit
Language of instruction	Italian
Reference texts	1) Istologia per le professioni sanitarie. Autori vari. Idelson-Gnocchi Ed., 2018 2) M. De Felici, C. Boitani, M. Bouché, R. Canipari, A. Dolfi, A. Filippini, A. Musarò, G. Popaccio, A. Salustri. Embriologia Umana Morfogenesi - Processi Molecolari - Aspetti Clinici, Eds: Piccin, Terza Edizione, 2020.
Educational objectives	To know the distribution of tissues, their main structural and functional characteristics and their cellular organization. To Know the main histological techniques. To Know how to correlate cellular activities and the structural and ultrastructural organization of cells and tissues to their main functional activities. Acquire and know how to use the hystological terminology as a basis for a definition and critical interpretation of morphological knowledge. Demonstrate the ability to recognize tissues, based on their organization through common microscopic observation techniques.
Teaching methods	Interactive frontal lessons
Learning verification modality	Oral Examination
Extended program	HISTOLOGY Methods to study the tissues 1) Definition and classification of tissues. 2) Epithelial tissue: - generality; - Lining epithelia: structure, functions and classification; examples of anatomical distribution. Differentiations of free surfaces (cilia, microvilli, stereocilia). Notes on joining systems. Epidermis; - Exocrine glandular epithelia: classification and examples according to the degree of duct branching, adenomere shape, the terms of issue of the secretion, the chemical composition of the secretion; - Endocrine glandular epithelia: secretion mode and nature of the hormones. Notes on cytologic and histologic and functional features of the endocrine glands. Testis and ovary hystology: spermatogenesis and folliculogenesis; 3) Connective tissue: - Structural organization; its own cells and the extracellular matrix components (collagen fibers, elastic and reticular substance and amorphous - proteoglycans and glycoproteins); - Connective tissue proper: the cell types, extracellular matrix, classification, function and anatomical distribution of different types. - Specialized connective tissues: a) cartilaginous tissue: cell types, the cartilaginous matrix, classification (hyaline, elastic, fibrous, and chondroid cordoide), functions and anatomical distribution of cartilage. The perichondrium. b) bone: macro and microscopic organization. Features and compact bone and spongy bone distribution; cell types; the bone matrix. The periosteum and endosteum. c) Blood: The figurative elements - erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets (morphology, function and life time ); serum and plasma. hematocrit value. Differential count. 4) Adipose tissue: histogenesis, structure and function. 5) Nervous tissue: structure, ultrastructure, function and location. morphological characteristics of the neuron. Structure and function of the myelin sheath. The cells of the neuroglia. The white matter and gray matter. nerve fibers and peripheral nerves; epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium. 6) Muscle tissue: a) the skeletal striated muscle tissue; integration with connective tissue (endomysium, perimysium and epimysium); Structural and ultrastructural characteristics of striated skeletal muscle fiber; triad; motor end plate; b) cardiac striated muscle tissue: ultrastructural characteristics of cardiac striated muscle fiber; intercalated discs; dyad; c) smooth muscle tissue: ultrastructural characters, functions and distribution of smooth muscle cells. d) The muscle contraction. EMBRIOLOGY: A) Medical Embryology 1)Spermatogenesis. 2) Folliculogenesis and oogenesis. ovarian and uterine cycle. 3) fertilization and segmentation. 4) The first and second week of development: segmentation system and its anomalies and bilaminar embryo. 5) Third week of development: gastrulation and trilaminar embryo. 6) Fourth week of development: growth, organzzazione of germ layers, defining the body of the embryo and early organogenesis. 7) Sex Differentiation; 7) Placenta and twins.