Unit CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
- Course
- Animal science
- Study-unit Code
- GP004360
- Curriculum
- In all curricula
- Teacher
- Luca Avellini
- CFU
- 12
- Course Regulation
- Coorte 2022
- Offered
- 2022/23
- Type of study-unit
- Obbligatorio (Required)
- Type of learning activities
- Attività formativa integrata
BIOCHEMISTRY
| Code | GP004369 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 6 |
| Teacher | Luca Avellini |
| Teachers |
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| Hours |
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| Learning activities | Caratterizzante |
| Area | Discipline della sanità animale |
| Academic discipline | BIO/10 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | Structure and chemical properties, of functional groups present in Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and nucleic acids. Basic enzymology. Function and metabolism of the main biomolecules in relation to the features of organs and different animal species. Basic concept and design of metabolism of the Rumen flora. Bioenergetics and interrelationships between different metabolisms, their respective regulatory processes with particular reference to farm animals. |
| Reference texts | F.A. Bettelheim, W.H. Brown, M.K. Campbell, S.O. Farrell, O.J. Torres. Chimica e propedeutica biochimica - II Edizione Edises, 2014; M.L. Nelson, M.M. Cox "Principi di Biochimica di Lehninger" Zanichelli |
| Educational objectives | KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING The student must have knowledge of: - the chemical-physical properties and the reactivity of functional groups present in biological molecules; - structural classification and metabolic properties of carbohydrates, lipids, aminoacids and nucleotides; - the metabolic pathways, their integrations and regulations; APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING At the end of the course the student must have developed the following skills: - recognise functional chemical groups in biological macromolecules and predict their chemical reactivity: - understanding the function of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, enzyme kinetics, the enzymatic kinetic and bioenergetics; - competence to discuss on the individual reactions of metabolic pathways in a reasoned way. - appropriate know how for understanding the metabolic specificity of organs and tissues, and the differences between species; - understand, recognize and provide for the different metabolic adaptations consequent to feeding or environmental changes as well as animal physiological and welfare needs; AUTONOMY OF JUDGMENT The student must be able to argue critically and independently the connections between chemistry and biology and the expected homeostatic adaptations following changes, both normal and pathological, on metabolism or diet. COMMUNICATION SKILLS At the end of the training, the student must be able to organize and expose the acquired knowledge supporting them with argumentative rigor, completeness, language properties and connection skills into other contexts both in written and oral form. LIFELONG LEARNING SKILLS At the end of the course the student will be able to: - integrate autonomously the acquired knowledge by consulting and understanding scientific texts, bibliographic updates, so as to employ them in different contexts, including research; - use the acquired know-how to understand the contents of the subsequent teachings such as molecular biochemistry, physiology and nutrition. |
| Prerequisites | |
| Teaching methods | 40 hours: theoretical face-to-face lectures on topics referred in the program; 14 hours: lectures as seminar, practical training and written or oral revision of the topics covered in the lectures. |
| Learning verification modality | |
| Extended program | PROPAEDEUTIC BIOCHEMISTRY The biological molecules: Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides and steric series: aldoses and ketoses, cyclic structures and hemiacetals, aldol condensation, keto-enol tautomerism and interconversion between aldoses and ketoses; glycosidic bond and formation of acetals, di- and poly-saccharides. Lipids - Fatty acids and esterification, glycerolipids, amphipathic molecules, micelles and bilayers. Sterols. Biological membrane model, mesomorfism. thermotropic and concept of membrane fluidity. Poteins - Amino acids and their reactions: zwitterion, decarboxylation, deamination, alpha-beta elimination, hemiamminal and Shiff bases, the role of pyridoxal phosphate. The peptide bond, the 4 levels of protein structure, conformational changes, denaturation and renaturation. Nucleotides. Introduction to metabolism: Membrane transports (simple and facilitated diffusion, transporters and channels, primary and secondary active transport, affinity, specificity and Vmax). Cell compartmentalization. Enzymes: classification, kinetics and control; coenzymes and cofactors, Michaelis–Menten kinetics:V0, Vmax and Km. Stationary state. pH and temperature effect. Regulation of enzyme activity: homotropic and heterotropic allosteric regulation (cooperativity, hemoglobin); reversible covalent modification, the second messenger, signal amplification. Automatic regulation: thermodynamic and kinetic. Principles of hormonal regulation. Organization of metabolism, high free -energy of hydrolysis bonds, ATP cycle (4 use procedures and 4 ways for the synthesis of ATP). GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY Carbohydrate metabolism - Source and fate of glucose, hesokinaseand glucokinase role; Glycolysis: reactions of the two phases, metabolism of other monosaccharides. Fate of pyruvate (lactate dehydrogenase and the complex of decarboxylation of pyruvate); Gluconeogenesis: origin of precursors, specific reactions; reciprocal regulation of Gluconeogenesis and Glycolysis, bifunctional enzyme and fructose-6,2-bisphosphate. Synthesis and degradation of glycogen, the role of UDP-glucose, allosteric and covalent regulation of glycogen metabolism. Cori cycle. Last stage of metabolism - Source of acetyl-CoA, Krebs cycle: reactions, amphibolic role, role of oxaloacetate, anaplerotic reactions; reciprocal regulation of pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase. Respiratory chain: electron transporters and potential redox, cycle of ubiquinone, the proton pumps, the proton gradient as a form of energy storage (translocase of adenylic nucleotides and Thermogenin); Oxidative phosphorylation. Regulation by energy charge. Energy yield. The shuttle systems (malate-aspartate and glycerol-phosphate). Lipid, Amino acid and Rumen metabolism, metabolic relationships -Transport of blood lipids. Acyl-CoA synthetase, role of of carnitine and transport regulation, beta-oxidation of saturated, unsaturated and odd number of C fatty acids: reactions and energy efficiency; synthesis and meaning of ketone bodies. Synthesis of palmitate, elongation and desaturation reactions, transport of citrate and role of malic enzyme. Amino acids glucogenic and lipogenic, trans-deaminations, role of alanine and glutamine. Role and importance of glutamate DH. Transport and disposal of amino nitrogen (ureogenesis). Rumen metabolism (carbohydrate, lipid and protein methabolism) and relationships with the host organism. The three stages of glucose metabolism, Pentose-phosphate pathway, the fates of pyruvate, volatile fatty acids. Biohydrogenation and methanogenesis. Metabolic interrelationships. Practical Lessons Course: Collegial discussion, practical exercises with molecular models and written or oral review of the topics covered in the theoretical lessons (14 hours) |
CHEMISTRY
| Code | GP004370 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 6 |
| Teacher | Giovanni Bistoni |
| Teachers |
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| Hours |
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| Learning activities | Base |
| Area | Discipline chimiche |
| Academic discipline | CHIM/03 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | Stoichiometry bases. Atomic structure and chemical bond. Redox reactions. Thermodinamic and chemical equilibrium. Equilibria in aqueous solutions. Chemical kinetic. Fundamentals of organic chemistry. |
| Reference texts | F.A. Bettelheim, W.H. Brown, M.K. Campbell, S.O. Farrell, O.J. Torres. Chimica e propedeutica biochimica - II Edition Edises, 2014 |
| Educational objectives | The principal aim of the course is that to supply to the students the basic concepts of the main principles of the general and inorganic chemistry. Reaching this objective the students will gain an adequate scientific language and a critical and reasoned mode to study the treated arguments. The main knowledge aquired will be: - Atomic theory and electronic structure of the atoms. - Chemical bond and molecular geometry. - Intermolecolar strenghts. - Chemical reactions. - Chemical equilibrium in aqueous solution. - Principles of organic chemistry. The main skills (ability to apply the knowledge acquired): - Identify and be able to write formulas of inorganic compounds; - Represent inorganic molecules or molecular ions highlighting the orientation of the atoms and the bonds between them; - Predict the polarity and the physical state of molecules; - Predict the reactivity of inorganic and organic compounds. |
| Prerequisites | Basic matematical and physical knolewdges arising from previously courses. |
| Teaching methods | Theoretical lessons and practical training Didactic material (slides, exercises) will be inserted on UNISTUDIUM platform. |
| Learning verification modality | 2 hours written proof followed by oral test. |
| Extended program | Introduction and stoichiometry bases: Chemical compounds and elements. Fondamental laws of the chemistry and Dalton atomic theory. Mass number, atomic number, isotope, ion. The mole concept, atomic and molecular mass. Chemical formulae. Reactions: Reagents and products, balancement of chemical equations, limiting reagents, stoichiometric calcolations. Atoms e molecules: atomic structure, The quantum numbers and energy levels, atomic orbitals, the periodic system of the elements, electronegativity, valence, oxidation number, octet rule, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond polarity. Nomenclature and binary and ternary compound structures: oxides and anhydrides, hydroxides and oxoacids, hydrides and hydracids, inorganic salts. Redox: balancement of redox equations with the ionic-electronic method. States of the matter: the gaseous state, laws of the ideal gas. Solids and liquids: vapour pressure. Solutions and their properties: Solution formation, Dissociation of solutes, solvent and solute, aqueous solutions. Measure unit of theconcentration. Raoult’s law. Dilutions. Colligative properties: Osmotic pressure. Chemical thermodinamic: heat and work, convention, Internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics. Enthalpy, thermochemistry. Reversible reactions and spontaneous reactions. Entropy. Second law of thermodynamic. Free energy of Gibbs. Spontaneity of the processes at constant pressure and temperature. Equilibrium constant. Reazioni ed equilibri chimici in soluzione: Sali poco solubili e prodotto di solubilità, effetto dello ione a comune. Reazioni acido-base. Acidi e basi secondo Brønsted e Lowry, coppie coniugate, prodotto ionico dell’acqua, il pH, costante di dissociazione di acidi e basi deboli, calcolo del pH di soluzioni di acidi e basi deboli e loro sali, Soluzioni tampone, Potere tampone, Indicatori acido-base. Acidi poliprotici. Reactions and equilibrium chemistry in aqueous solution: Solubility of salts and solubility product. Effect of an ion in common. Acid-base reactions. Definition of acid and base according to Bronsted-Lowry. Ampholytes. Water autoprotolysis. pH. Strong and weak acids and bases. Relative strength of acids and bases. Dissociation constants Ka and Kb. Polyprotic acids. Buffer solutions. Calculations for the determination of the equilibrium concentration in the buffers. Acid-base Indicators. Chemical kinetic: The rate of reaction, Kinetic order, Kinetic laws. Effect of temperature. Reaction mechanisms, activation energy, Arrhenius equativo, catalysts. Organic Chemistry: ibridation of the carbon, s e pbonds. Hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. Benzene and aromatic compounds, resonance and coniugated bonds. Functional groups and nomenclature: Alcools, Thioalcools, Ethers, Amines; Aldehydes and ketones; carboxylic acids, Amides, Esters, Alogenures, heterocyclic Compounds. Structural Isomerie and conformations, position isomers and geometric isomers, chirality. Organic Reactions: Sostitution, addition and elimination; radicals, nucleophilics ed electrophilics; carboanions, carbocations and their stability. Reactivity of the principal functional groups. |