Unit PHYSIOLOGY
- Course
- School of dental medicine
- Study-unit Code
- 50130509
- Curriculum
- In all curricula
- Teacher
- Alessandro Tozzi
- Teachers
-
- Alessandro Tozzi
- Hours
- 54 ore - Alessandro Tozzi
- CFU
- 9
- Course Regulation
- Coorte 2023
- Offered
- 2023/24
- Type of study-unit
- Obbligatorio (Required)
- Type of learning activities
- Attività formativa monodisciplinare
- Language of instruction
- Italian
- Contents
- Biophysics of excitable tissues. -Diffusion and transport. Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, ion channels, primary active transport, secondary active transport. -Cellular potentials. Ion distribution and membrane permeability, membrane potential, action potential, refractory period. -Electrical and chemical synapses. -Neurotransmitters and receptors. Main neurotransmitters, ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. -Synaptic integration phenomena. -Synaptic learning: post-tetanic potentiation, habituation, sensitization. LTP, LTD. -Biochemistry of muscle contraction. Structure of striated muscle cell, thick and thin filaments, control mechanism, role of ATP. -Biomechanics of muscle contraction. Striated muscle: types of contraction, length/tension curve, load/velocity curve. Motor unit, fiber types, simple shock and muscle tetanus, force modulation. Characteristics of smooth muscle. Sensory system. -Organization of the sensory system. Receptor concept, sensory modalities, receptor classifications, receptor potential, intensity coding, adaptation, receptive fields, lateral inhibition.
-Tactile Sensitivity. Receptor types and their characteristics, discrimination, metameric organization, ascending pathways, somatotopic organization. -P proprioceptive sensitivity. Neuromuscular spindles: structure, transduction mechanism, innervation, role of gamma innervation. Golgi muscle-tendon organs: localization, mechanism of transduction. Ascending pathways. -Thermal sensitivity.
-Pain sensitivity. Types of pain, receptors, afferent pathways, referred pain, hyperalgesia, ascending pathways, peripheral and central control mechanisms. Motor system. -Spinal cord and reflexes. Morpho-functional characteristics, basic circuits, reflex concept, modulability, deep reflexes (myotatic), superficial reflexes (flexor). -Locomotion. -Chewing reflexes.
-Posture. Postural tone, vestibular, reticular and cerebellar contributions, postural stability, visual and somato-sensory contributions, integration, postural reactions, postural strategies and synergies. -Voluntary Movement. Organization of descending pathways, primary motor area, premotor areas, supplementary motor areas.
Vegetative controls. -Autonomic nervous system. Structure, similarities and differences of sympathetic and parasympathetic sections, neurotransmitters and receptors.
Cardiovascular system. -Anatomo-functional characteristics. Large and small circle, vessel wall structure, vessel compliance. -Principles of hemodynamics. Flow equation, pressure gradient, elasticity of vessels, flow and velocity, Bernulli's principle, laminar and turbulent motion, viscosity, Poisseuille's law, series and parallel resistances, Laplace's law, effects of gravity. -Cardiac conduction system. Nodal, conduction and working tissue functions, nodal tissue autorhythmicity, atrioventricular node and Purkinje network functions, refractory period and reentry. -Electrocardiogram. -Cardiac mechanics. Contraction control and role of calcium, inotropic effect, isometric and isotonic contraction, cardiac cycle, differences between Dx and Sn ventricle, length-voltage relationship, preload and afterload, Frank-Starling's law, pressure-volume relationships, cardiac work. -Cardiac Output. Measurement according to Fick's principle, determinants of GC, heart-lung preparation, homeometric regulation, heart rate/output relationship. -Arterial pressure. Determinants of BP, dichrota wave, time constant, sphygmic wave, pressure pulse and flow pulse, pulsatility, measurement by the Riva-Rocci method, BP oscillations. -Capillary circulation. Structure of capillaries and capillary circle, diffusion and filtration, Starling's model, filtration coefficient, lymphatic circle. -Local flow regulation. Vascular, neurogenic and basal tone, role of calcium, Bayliss myogenic response, effect of local metabolites, endothelial autacoid factors, functional and reactive hyperemia. -Short-term BP regulation. organization of regulatory mechanisms, baroreceptors and baroreceptor reflex, voloreceptors and Bainbridge reflex, chemoreceptors, central ischemic response. -Regulation of mid- and long-term BP. Relation blood pressure volemia, endocrine mechanisms (ADH, PNA, Angiotensin, Aldosterone), pressure diuresis, effects of Angiotensin on renal function curve. -Venous Return. Pressures and resistances in venous return, venous return curve, venous compliance, venous return and cardiac function curves, muscle pump, thoraco-abdominal pump, valvular plane mechanism.
Renal system. -Hydro-electrolyte balance. Body fluid compartments, water balance, determination of compartment volumes, osmolarity and tonicity, fluid redistribution. -Glomerular filtration. Functional anatomy of the kidney, mechanisms of urine formation, filtering structure of the glomerulus, Starling's model applied to the glomerulus, afferent and efferent arterioles, VFG and filtration fraction.
-VFG control. Myogenic autoregulation, tubulo-glomerular feedback (iuxta-glomerular apparatus, role of Sodium). -Tubular reabsorption. Transport mechanisms involved, reabsorption of Sodium, water, cotransports and counter transports, maximal transport, glomerulo-tubular balance. -Renal clearance. Definition of clearance, clearance of inulin, creatinine, PAI, osmolar and free water clearance. -Regulation of osmolarity. Water reabsorption in the various segments of the nephron, hyperosmolarity of the interstitium, mechanism of multiplication against current, role of ADH, control of ADH secretion. -Sodium and Potassium Regulation. Control of Sodium reabsorption, Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone system, PNA; Potassium balance, mechanisms of Potassium elimination. -Urine elimination. Bladder, detrusor muscle and internal and external sphincters, micturition reflex, pontine and cortical control, micturition disorders.
Respiratory system. -Respiratory mechanics. Events involved in respiration, functional anatomy of the respiratory system, lung volumes and capacities, anatomical and functional dead space, lung and alveolar ventilation, role of pleurae, functional residual capacity, inspiratory and expiratory muscles. -Elastic resistance. Thoracic, pulmonary and thoracic relaxation (compliance) curve, surface tension and surfactant, alveolar stability. -Resistances to flow. Resistance distribution, resistance/pulmonary volume relationship, resistances in forced exhalation, flow-volume diagram and FEV1, restrictive and obstructive pathologies, pressure-volume relationship and respiratory work. -Ventilation and perfusion. Characteristics of the pulmonary circulation, vessel-alveolar relationships, effects of pressure variation in pulmonary vessels, Starling's model, hypoxic vasoconstriction, regional distribution of ventilation and blood, West zones, ventilation-perfusion relationship. -Alveolar exchanges. Dalton's law, composition of atmospheric, inspired and alveolar air, alveolar air equation, solubilization and diffusion, Fick's law, oxygen diffusion under special conditions. -O2 and CO2 transport. O2 transport modes, hemoglobin and its saturation curve, Bohr effect, determinants of O2 transport and hypoxia; CO2 transport modes, role of bicarbonate, Haldane effect.
-Nervous control of ventilation. Requirements to be met, bulbar and pontine control centers, discharge characteristics of respiratory neurons, pulmonary receptors, anticipatory responses. -Chemical control of ventilation. Central chemoreceptors, peripheral chemoreceptors, sensitivity to O2 and CO2. and pH, adaptation to altitude. -Acid-base balance. Blood buffer systems, effects of ventilation on bicarbonate buffer, renal reabsorption of bicarbonate, elimination of H+ ions, urinary buffers. -Alterations of acid-base balance. Respiratory and metabolic acidosis, respiratory and metabolic alkalosis. - Reference texts
- Fisiologia medica - F. Conti Edi Ermes
Alternative texts will be suggested during the course. - Prerequisites
- Compliance with propaedeuticities established by the course of study.
- Teaching methods
- Lectures and presentation of topics with PowerPoint; distribution of teaching materials on Unistudium platform.
- Learning verification modality
- Written tests and oral assessments in progress. Oral final examination.
- Extended program
- Biophysics of excitable tissues. -Diffusion and transport. Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, ion channels, primary active transport, secondary active transport. -Cellular potentials. Ion distribution and membrane permeability, membrane potential, action potential, refractory period. -Electrical and chemical synapses. -Neurotransmitters and receptors. Main neurotransmitters, ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. -Synaptic integration phenomena. -Synaptic learning: post-tetanic potentiation, habituation, sensitization. LTP, LTD. -Biochemistry of muscle contraction. Structure of striated muscle cell, thick and thin filaments, control mechanism, role of ATP. -Biomechanics of muscle contraction. Striated muscle: types of contraction, length/tension curve, load/velocity curve. Motor unit, fiber types, simple shock and muscle tetanus, force modulation. Characteristics of smooth muscle. Sensory system. -Organization of the sensory system. Receptor concept, sensory modalities, receptor classifications, receptor potential, intensity coding, adaptation, receptive fields, lateral inhibition.
-Tactile Sensitivity. Receptor types and their characteristics, discrimination, metameric organization, ascending pathways, somatotopic organization. -P proprioceptive sensitivity. Neuromuscular spindles: structure, transduction mechanism, innervation, role of gamma innervation. Golgi muscle-tendon organs: localization, mechanism of transduction. Ascending pathways. -Thermal sensitivity.
-Pain sensitivity. Types of pain, receptors, afferent pathways, referred pain, hyperalgesia, ascending pathways, peripheral and central control mechanisms. Motor system. -Spinal cord and reflexes. Morpho-functional characteristics, basic circuits, reflex concept, modulability, deep reflexes (myotatic), superficial reflexes (flexor). -Locomotion. -Chewing reflexes.
-Posture. Postural tone, vestibular, reticular and cerebellar contributions, postural stability, visual and somato-sensory contributions, integration, postural reactions, postural strategies and synergies. -Voluntary Movement. Organization of descending pathways, primary motor area, premotor areas, supplementary motor areas.
Vegetative controls. -Autonomic nervous system. Structure, similarities and differences of sympathetic and parasympathetic sections, neurotransmitters and receptors.
Cardiovascular system. -Anatomo-functional characteristics. Large and small circle, vessel wall structure, vessel compliance. -Principles of hemodynamics. Flow equation, pressure gradient, elasticity of vessels, flow and velocity, Bernulli's principle, laminar and turbulent motion, viscosity, Poisseuille's law, series and parallel resistances, Laplace's law, effects of gravity. -Cardiac conduction system. Nodal, conduction and working tissue functions, nodal tissue autorhythmicity, atrioventricular node and Purkinje network functions, refractory period and reentry. -Electrocardiogram. -Cardiac mechanics. Contraction control and role of calcium, inotropic effect, isometric and isotonic contraction, cardiac cycle, differences between Dx and Sn ventricle, length-voltage relationship, preload and afterload, Frank-Starling's law, pressure-volume relationships, cardiac work. -Cardiac Output. Measurement according to Fick's principle, determinants of GC, heart-lung preparation, homeometric regulation, heart rate/output relationship. -Arterial pressure. Determinants of BP, dichrota wave, time constant, sphygmic wave, pressure pulse and flow pulse, pulsatility, measurement by the Riva-Rocci method, BP oscillations. -Capillary circulation. Structure of capillaries and capillary circle, diffusion and filtration, Starling's model, filtration coefficient, lymphatic circle. -Local flow regulation. Vascular, neurogenic and basal tone, role of calcium, Bayliss myogenic response, effect of local metabolites, endothelial autacoid factors, functional and reactive hyperemia. -Short-term BP regulation. organization of regulatory mechanisms, baroreceptors and baroreceptor reflex, voloreceptors and Bainbridge reflex, chemoreceptors, central ischemic response. -Regulation of mid- and long-term BP. Relation blood pressure volemia, endocrine mechanisms (ADH, PNA, Angiotensin, Aldosterone), pressure diuresis, effects of Angiotensin on renal function curve. -Venous Return. Pressures and resistances in venous return, venous return curve, venous compliance, venous return and cardiac function curves, muscle pump, thoraco-abdominal pump, valvular plane mechanism.
Renal system. -Hydro-electrolyte balance. Body fluid compartments, water balance, determination of compartment volumes, osmolarity and tonicity, fluid redistribution. -Glomerular filtration. Functional anatomy of the kidney, mechanisms of urine formation, filtering structure of the glomerulus, Starling's model applied to the glomerulus, afferent and efferent arterioles, VFG and filtration fraction.
-VFG control. Myogenic autoregulation, tubulo-glomerular feedback (iuxta-glomerular apparatus, role of Sodium). -Tubular reabsorption. Transport mechanisms involved, reabsorption of Sodium, water, cotransports and counter transports, maximal transport, glomerulo-tubular balance. -Renal clearance. Definition of clearance, clearance of inulin, creatinine, PAI, osmolar and free water clearance. -Regulation of osmolarity. Water reabsorption in the various segments of the nephron, hyperosmolarity of the interstitium, mechanism of multiplication against current, role of ADH, control of ADH secretion. -Sodium and Potassium Regulation. Control of Sodium reabsorption, Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone system, PNA; Potassium balance, mechanisms of Potassium elimination. -Urine elimination. Bladder, detrusor muscle and internal and external sphincters, micturition reflex, pontine and cortical control, micturition disorders.
Respiratory system. -Respiratory mechanics. Events involved in respiration, functional anatomy of the respiratory system, lung volumes and capacities, anatomical and functional dead space, lung and alveolar ventilation, role of pleurae, functional residual capacity, inspiratory and expiratory muscles. -Elastic resistance. Thoracic, pulmonary and thoracic relaxation (compliance) curve, surface tension and surfactant, alveolar stability. -Resistances to flow. Resistance distribution, resistance/pulmonary volume relationship, resistances in forced exhalation, flow-volume diagram and FEV1, restrictive and obstructive pathologies, pressure-volume relationship and respiratory work. -Ventilation and perfusion. Characteristics of the pulmonary circulation, vessel-alveolar relationships, effects of pressure variation in pulmonary vessels, Starling's model, hypoxic vasoconstriction, regional distribution of ventilation and blood, West zones, ventilation-perfusion relationship. -Alveolar exchanges. Dalton's law, composition of atmospheric, inspired and alveolar air, alveolar air equation, solubilization and diffusion, Fick's law, oxygen diffusion under special conditions. -O2 and CO2 transport. O2 transport modes, hemoglobin and its saturation curve, Bohr effect, determinants of O2 transport and hypoxia; CO2 transport modes, role of bicarbonate, Haldane effect.
-Nervous control of ventilation. Requirements to be met, bulbar and pontine control centers, discharge characteristics of respiratory neurons, pulmonary receptors, anticipatory responses. -Chemical control of ventilation. Central chemoreceptors, peripheral chemoreceptors, sensitivity to O2 and CO2. and pH, adaptation to altitude. -Acid-base balance. Blood buffer systems, effects of ventilation on bicarbonate buffer, renal reabsorption of bicarbonate, elimination of H+ ions, urinary buffers. -Alterations of acid-base balance. Respiratory and metabolic acidosis, respiratory and metabolic alkalosis.
PHYSIOLOGY
| Code | 50130509 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 4 |
| Teacher | Alessandro Tozzi |
| Learning activities | Base |
| Area | Morfologia umana, funzioni biologiche integrate degli organi ed apparati umani |
| Academic discipline | BIO/09 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
PHYSIOLOGY
| Code | 50130509 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 5 |
| Teacher | Alessandro Tozzi |
| Learning activities | Base |
| Area | Morfologia umana, funzioni biologiche integrate degli organi ed apparati umani |
| Academic discipline | BIO/09 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |