Unit CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY I
- Course
- Medicine and surgery
- Study-unit Code
- GP001247
- Curriculum
- In all curricula
- CFU
- 11
- Course Regulation
- Coorte 2023
- Offered
- 2023/24
- Type of study-unit
- Obbligatorio (Required)
- Type of learning activities
- Attività formativa integrata
BIOCHEMISTRY I - MOD. 1
| Code | GP001280 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 3 |
| Teacher | Ilaria Bellezza |
| Learning activities | Base |
| Area | Struttura, funzione e metabolismo delle molecole d'interesse biologico |
| Academic discipline | BIO/10 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
Cognomi A-L
- CFU
- 3
- Teacher
- Ilaria Bellezza
- Teachers
- Ilaria Bellezza
- Hours
- 37.5 ore - Ilaria Bellezza
- Language of instruction
- Italian
- Contents
- Structural biochemistry: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino acids, proteins. Hemoglobin and myoglobin
- Reference texts
- I principi di Biochimica del Lehninger - Nelson, Cox, Zanichelli
Biochimica
Berg, Tymoczko, Stryer
Zanichelli
Biochimica Medica
Siliprandi, Tettamanti
Piccin - Educational objectives
- The main competence will be to have a general knowledge necessary to address the lessons of Module 2.
- Prerequisites
- The student must have acquired basic knowledge of the main topics of General Chemistry and Organic Chemistry
- Teaching methods
- The course is organized in frontal lessons and theoretical practical lessons
- Other information
- The attendance is compulsory at least 70% of lessons. Perugia –School of Medicine – Educational and Scientific Center
- Learning verification modality
- The final examination consists of a written test and an oral exam. The written test consists of 30 multiple-choice questions relating to any topic covered in the program. For each question 4 possible answers are available of which only one is always correct. Each question is awarded 1 mark if answered correctly and 0 marks if answered incorrectly. The minimum mark for passing the written test is 18/30.
Passing the written test is compulsory for access to the oral exam but its evaluation does not contribute to the definition of the final mark.
The oral examination, lasting an average of 30 minutes, will cover all the topics discussed during the course. Knowledge of the chemical formulae of the metabolites, enzymatic reactions and their regulation are required.
During the oral examination, the student's ability to critically link different topics and the ability to express themselves in precise and clear technical language will be assessed. - Extended program
- Monosaccharides, monosaccharide cyclization, monosaccharide reactions, glycosidic bonding, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose, inulin), glycosaminoglycans (ac. hyaluronan, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate), Glycoconjugates (glycoproteins, proteoglycans, glycolipids).
Nucleotides, Nucleosides, phosphodiester binding, DNA-RNA stability, DNA structure, RNA structure, DNA-RNA differences, ATP functions.
Fatty acids (nomenclature, structure and properties), triacylglycerols (structure and properties), glycerophospholipids (structure and properties), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, cardiolipin, glycerophosphatidylinositol, sphingolipids (sphingomyelins, gangliosides), sterols, isoprenoid derivatives, arachidonic acid derivatives. Amino acids (structure and properties), amino acid titration curves, peptide bonding (structure and properties), secondary structures: alpha-helix, sheet-beta, beta turn (structure and properties), three-dimensional structure of proteins and bonds that stabilize it. Fibrous proteins. Collagen: structure, function, post-translational modifications, hydroxylation of Pro and Lys, cross-links, collagen-associated diseases, role of vitamin C. Alpha-keratin (structure and function), myosin (structure and function). Structural motifs (helix-loop-helix, leucine zipper, zinc finger), structural domains (TIM barrel, head-tail barrel, beta sandwich), quaternary structure. Folding: thermodynamics, kinetics, protein aggregation, HSP (60, 70, 90), protein disulfide isomerase, peptidyl-prolyl isomerase.
Hemoglobin and myoglobin. Heme group (structure hints, polypeptide chain binding, function), myoglobin structure, saturation curve, myoglobin structure, conformational states, saturation curve, allosteric modulators (O2, CO2, H+, 2,3, BPG). CO2 transport. HbF, HbS, methemoglobinemia.
Actin and myosin, structure, mechanism of muscle contraction.
Cognomi M-Z
- CFU
- 3
- Teacher
- Ilaria Bellezza
- Teachers
- Ilaria Bellezza
- Hours
- 37.5 ore - Ilaria Bellezza
- Language of instruction
- Italian
- Contents
- Structural biochemistry: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino acids, proteins. Hemoglobin and myoglobin
- Reference texts
- I principi di Biochimica del Lehninger - Nelson, Cox, Zanichelli
Biochimica
Berg, Tymoczko, Stryer
Zanichelli
Biochimica Medica
Siliprandi, Tettamanti
Piccin - Educational objectives
- The main competence will be to have a general knowledge necessary to address the lessons of Module 2.
- Prerequisites
- The student must have acquired basic knowledge of the main topics of General Chemistry and Organic Chemistry
- Teaching methods
- The course is organized in frontal lessons and theoretical practical lessons
- Other information
- The attendance is compulsory at least 70% of lessons. Perugia –School of Medicine – Educational and Scientific Center
- Learning verification modality
- The final examination consists of a written test and an oral exam. The written test consists of 30 multiple-choice questions relating to any topic covered in the program. For each question 4 possible answers are available of which only one is always correct. Each question is awarded 1 mark if answered correctly and 0 marks if answered incorrectly. The minimum mark for passing the written test is 18/30.
Passing the written test is compulsory for access to the oral exam but its evaluation does not contribute to the definition of the final mark.
The oral examination, lasting an average of 30 minutes, will cover all the topics discussed during the course. Knowledge of the chemical formulae of the metabolites, enzymatic reactions and their regulation are required.
During the oral examination, the student's ability to critically link different topics and the ability to express themselves in precise and clear technical language will be assessed. - Extended program
- Monosaccharides, monosaccharide cyclization, monosaccharide reactions, glycosidic bonding, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose, inulin), glycosaminoglycans (ac. hyaluronan, heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate), Glycoconjugates (glycoproteins, proteoglycans, glycolipids).
Nucleotides, Nucleosides, phosphodiester binding, DNA-RNA stability, DNA structure, RNA structure, DNA-RNA differences, ATP functions.
Fatty acids (nomenclature, structure and properties), triacylglycerols (structure and properties), glycerophospholipids (structure and properties), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, cardiolipin, glycerophosphatidylinositol, sphingolipids (sphingomyelins, gangliosides), sterols, isoprenoid derivatives, arachidonic acid derivatives. Amino acids (structure and properties), amino acid titration curves, peptide bonding (structure and properties), secondary structures: alpha-helix, sheet-beta, beta turn (structure and properties), three-dimensional structure of proteins and bonds that stabilize it. Fibrous proteins. Collagen: structure, function, post-translational modifications, hydroxylation of Pro and Lys, cross-links, collagen-associated diseases, role of vitamin C. Alpha-keratin (structure and function), myosin (structure and function). Structural motifs (helix-loop-helix, leucine zipper, zinc finger), structural domains (TIM barrel, head-tail barrel, beta sandwich), quaternary structure. Folding: thermodynamics, kinetics, protein aggregation, HSP (60, 70, 90), protein disulfide isomerase, peptidyl-prolyl isomerase.
Hemoglobin and myoglobin. Heme group (structure hints, polypeptide chain binding, function), myoglobin structure, saturation curve, myoglobin structure, conformational states, saturation curve, allosteric modulators (O2, CO2, H+, 2,3, BPG). CO2 transport. HbF, HbS, methemoglobinemia.
Actin and myosin, structure, mechanism of muscle contraction.
BIOCHEMISTRY I - MOD. 2
| Code | GP001282 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 3 |
| Teacher | Davide Chiasserini |
| Learning activities | Base |
| Area | Struttura, funzione e metabolismo delle molecole d'interesse biologico |
| Academic discipline | BIO/10 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
Cognomi A-L
- CFU
- 3
- Teacher
- Davide Chiasserini
- Teachers
- Davide Chiasserini
- Hours
- 37.5 ore - Davide Chiasserini
- Language of instruction
- Italian
- Contents
- The Module 2 program covers the following topics: Enzymes. Enzyme kinetics, regulation, and inhibition. Coenzyme structures, enzyme mechanisms of action. Catabolism and Anabolism. Bioenergetics. High-energy compounds. ATP. Respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Biosignaling.
- Reference texts
- Biochimica Medica
Siliprandi, Tettamanti - Piccin
I principi di Biochimica del Lehninger - Nelson, Cox, Zanichelli
Harper's Biochimica Illustrata - Murray et al - EMSI
Biochimica Umana
Salvatore -Idelson Gnocchi
Biochimica
Devlin- EdiSES
Biochimica
Berg, Tymoczko, Stryer- Zanichelli - Educational objectives
- At the end of the course the student should be in possession of the main knowledge related to Structural Biochemistry, Catabolism and Anabolism and Energy Biochemistry
- Prerequisites
- The student must have acquired basic knowledge of General Chemistry and Organic Chemistry and Structural Biochemistry
- Teaching methods
- The course is organized in: face-to-face and theoretical-practical lessons
- Other information
- The attendance is compulsory for at least 75% of classes. Perugia –School of Medicine – Educational and Scientific Center
- Learning verification modality
- The final exam consists of a written test and an oral exam. The written test consists of 30 multiple-choice questions related to all of the topics covered in the course. For each question 4 possible answers are available of which only one is correct. Each question is awarded 1 point if answered correctly and 0 point if answered incorrectly. The minimum mark for passing the written test is 18/30.
Passing the written test is compulsory for access to the oral exam but its evaluation does not contribute to the definition of the final mark.
The oral examination, lasting approximately 30 minutes, will cover all the topics discussed during the course. Knowledge of the chemical formulae of the metabolites, enzymatic reactions and their regulation are required.
During the oral examination, the student's ability to critically link different topics and the ability to express themselves in precise and clear technical language will be assessed. - Extended program
- Enzymes: enzyme catalysis. Active site. Specificity of enzymes. Nature of the enzymes and their classification. Constitutive and inducible enzymes. Kinetics of enzymatic reactions. Michaelis-Menten constant and its meaning. Factors affecting the activity of enzymes. Enzyme inhibition. Mechanisms of enzyme inhibition. Regulation of enzyme activity. Notes on clinical enzymology. Vitamins and coenzymes: food sources of vitamins. Vitamin and nutrition. Water-soluble vitamins (C, biotin, niacin, thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, pyridoxine, folate, B12). Fat-soluble vitamins (A, E, K, D). Choline, carnitine, taurine. Coenzymes. Structure and function of biological membranes: membrane composition. Structure and properties of membrane lipids. Transport systems through the membrane. Structure and function of the Na + / K + ATPase. General aspects of metabolism: catabolism and anabolism. Bioenergetics: the general principles of chemical thermodynamics. Redox potential. High-energy bonds. ATP: structure and role in the transfer of energy. Organization of metabolic pathways. Respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibitors of the respiratory chain and uncoupling agents. Biosignaling, features of signal transduction, ligand –receptor interaction, G proteins, protein kinase A, regulation of glycogen phosphorylase. Second messengers: cyclic nucleotides, calcium, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
- Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile
- 3, 15
Cognomi M-Z
- CFU
- 3
- Teacher
- Davide Chiasserini
- Teachers
- Davide Chiasserini
- Hours
- 37.5 ore - Davide Chiasserini
- Language of instruction
- Italian
- Contents
- The Module 2 program covers the following topics: Enzymes. Enzyme kinetics, regulation, and inhibition. Coenzyme structures, enzyme mechanisms of action. Catabolism and Anabolism. Bioenergetics. High-energy compounds. ATP. Respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Biosignaling.
- Reference texts
- Biochimica Medica
Siliprandi, Tettamanti - Piccin
I principi di Biochimica del Lehninger - Nelson, Cox, Zanichelli
Harper's Biochimica Illustrata - Murray et al - EMSI
Biochimica Umana
Salvatore -Idelson Gnocchi
Biochimica
Devlin- EdiSES
Biochimica
Berg, Tymoczko, Stryer- Zanichelli - Educational objectives
- At the end of the course the student should be in possession of the main knowledge related to Structural Biochemistry, Catabolism and Anabolism and Energy Biochemistry
- Prerequisites
- The student must have acquired basic knowledge of General Chemistry and Organic Chemistry and Structural Biochemistry
- Teaching methods
- The course is organized in: face-to-face and theoretical-practical lessons
- Other information
- The attendance is compulsory for at least 75% of classes. Perugia –School of Medicine – Educational and Scientific Center
- Learning verification modality
- The final exam consists of a written test and an oral exam. The written test consists of 30 multiple-choice questions related to all of the topics covered in the course. For each question 4 possible answers are available of which only one is correct. Each question is awarded 1 point if answered correctly and 0 point if answered incorrectly. The minimum mark for passing the written test is 18/30.
Passing the written test is compulsory for access to the oral exam but its evaluation does not contribute to the definition of the final mark.
The oral examination, lasting approximately 30 minutes, will cover all the topics discussed during the course. Knowledge of the chemical formulae of the metabolites, enzymatic reactions and their regulation are required.
During the oral examination, the student's ability to critically link different topics and the ability to express themselves in precise and clear technical language will be assessed. - Extended program
- Enzymes: enzyme catalysis. Active site. Specificity of enzymes. Nature of the enzymes and their classification. Constitutive and inducible enzymes. Kinetics of enzymatic reactions. Michaelis-Menten constant and its meaning. Factors affecting the activity of enzymes. Enzyme inhibition. Mechanisms of enzyme inhibition. Regulation of enzyme activity. Notes on clinical enzymology. Vitamins and coenzymes: food sources of vitamins. Vitamin and nutrition. Water-soluble vitamins (C, biotin, niacin, thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, pyridoxine, folate, B12). Fat-soluble vitamins (A, E, K, D). Choline, carnitine, taurine. Coenzymes. Structure and function of biological membranes: membrane composition. Structure and properties of membrane lipids. Transport systems through the membrane. Structure and function of the Na + / K + ATPase. General aspects of metabolism: catabolism and anabolism. Bioenergetics: the general principles of chemical thermodynamics. Redox potential. High-energy bonds. ATP: structure and role in the transfer of energy. Organization of metabolic pathways. Respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibitors of the respiratory chain and uncoupling agents. Biosignaling, features of signal transduction, ligand –receptor interaction, G proteins, protein kinase A, regulation of glycogen phosphorylase. Second messengers: cyclic nucleotides, calcium, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
- Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile
- 3, 15
CHEMISTRY - MOD. 1
| Code | 50202503 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 3 |
| Learning activities | Base |
| Area | Struttura, funzione e metabolismo delle molecole d'interesse biologico |
| Academic discipline | BIO/10 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
Cognomi A-L
- CFU
- 3
- Teacher
- Pier Luigi Orvietani
- Teachers
- Pier Luigi Orvietani
- Hours
- 37.5 ore - Pier Luigi Orvietani
- Language of instruction
- Italian
- Contents
- The electronic structure and the properties of atoms: the quantum numbers, the atomic orbitals, the electronic configurations of the elementsPeriodic table of the elements and the properties of elements: ionization potential, electron affinity and electronegativityCovalent molecules: the combination of s orbitals, the combination of p orbitals, the formation of diatomic molecules; poliatomic molecules.Chemical bonds: covalent bonds, ionic bonds, idrogen bond, ibridization, Inorganic moleculesSolid state, liquid state and vapor stateSolution chemistryAcids and bases and chemical balancepH measurements of different solutionsPrinciples of thermodynamics, chemical kinetics and oxidation status
- Reference texts
- Chimica e Propedeutica Biochimica - Luciano Binaglia e Bruno Giardina
- Educational objectives
- The main competence will be to have a general knowledge of inorganic chemistry
- Prerequisites
- In order to be able to understand and apply the majority of the contents described within the course, the student must have acquired basic knowledge of chemistry and mathematics studied for access to the Degree Course in Medicine
- Teaching methods
- The course is organized with face to face lessons on all subjects of the course using slide projections.Students are stimulated to interact with the teacher during the lectures.Hours available to the students to be established during the course for clarification and insights.During the course you will have an ongoing learning test
- Other information
- The attendance is compulsory at least 75% of lessons Perugia - Degree Course in Medicine
- Learning verification modality
- The partial exam of Chemistry is a written test with 30 multiple choice and open questions on general and organic biomedical chemistry. The written exam will last 90 minutes. Marks obtained in the partial exam will be used for the calculation of the final mark of the course "Chimica e Biochimica I" through weighted mean based on the number of credits.
- Extended program
- The electronic structure and the properties of atoms: the quantum numbers, the atomic orbitals, the electronic configurations of the elementsPeriodic table of the elements and the properties of elements: ionization potential, electron affinity and electronegativityCovalent molecules: the combination of s orbitals, the combination of p orbitals, the formation of diatomic molecules; poliatomic molecules.Chemical bonds: covalent bonds, ionic bonds, idrogen bond, ibridization, Inorganic moleculesSolid state, liquid state and vapor stateSolution chemistryAcids and bases and chemical balancepH measurements of different solutionsPrinciples of thermodynamics, chemical kinetics and oxidation status
- Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile
- health and wellness
Clean water and hygiene
life on earth
Cognomi M-Z
- CFU
- 3
- Teacher
- Pier Luigi Orvietani
- Teachers
- Pier Luigi Orvietani
- Hours
- 37.5 ore - Pier Luigi Orvietani
- Language of instruction
- Italian
- Contents
- The electronic structure and the properties of atoms: the quantum numbers, the atomic orbitals, the electronic configurations of the elementsPeriodic table of the elements and the properties of elements: ionization potential, electron affinity and electronegativityCovalent molecules: the combination of s orbitals, the combination of p orbitals, the formation of diatomic molecules; poliatomic molecules.Chemical bonds: covalent bonds, ionic bonds, idrogen bond, ibridization, Inorganic moleculesSolid state, liquid state and vapor stateSolution chemistryAcids and bases and chemical balancepH measurements of different solutionsPrinciples of thermodynamics, chemical kinetics and oxidation status
- Reference texts
- Chimica e Propedeutica Biochimica - Luciano Binaglia e Bruno Giardina
- Educational objectives
- The main competence will be to have a general knowledge of inorganic chemistry
- Prerequisites
- In order to be able to understand and apply the majority of the contents described within the course, the student must have acquired basic knowledge of chemistry and mathematics studied for access to the Degree Course in Medicine
- Teaching methods
- The course is organized with face to face lessons on all subjects of the course using slide projections.Students are stimulated to interact with the teacher during the lectures.Hours available to the students to be established during the course for clarification and insights.During the course you will have an ongoing learning test
- Other information
- The attendance is compulsory at least 75% of lessons Perugia - Degree Course in Medicine
- Learning verification modality
- The partial exam of Chemistry is a written test with 30 multiple choice and open questions on general and organic biomedical chemistry. The written exam will last 90 minutes. Marks obtained in the partial exam will be used for the calculation of the final mark of the course "Chimica e Biochimica I" through weighted mean based on the number of credits.
- Extended program
- The electronic structure and the properties of atoms: the quantum numbers, the atomic orbitals, the electronic configurations of the elementsPeriodic table of the elements and the properties of elements: ionization potential, electron affinity and electronegativityCovalent molecules: the combination of s orbitals, the combination of p orbitals, the formation of diatomic molecules; poliatomic molecules.Chemical bonds: covalent bonds, ionic bonds, idrogen bond, ibridization, Inorganic moleculesSolid state, liquid state and vapor stateSolution chemistryAcids and bases and chemical balancepH measurements of different solutionsPrinciples of thermodynamics, chemical kinetics and oxidation status
- Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile
- health and wellness
Clean water and hygiene
life on earth
CHEMISTRY - MOD. 2
| Code | 50202002 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 2 |
| Learning activities | Affine/integrativa |
| Area | Attività formative affini o integrative |
| Academic discipline | BIO/10 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
Cognomi A-L
- CFU
- 2
- Teacher
- Pier Luigi Orvietani
- Teachers
- Pier Luigi Orvietani
- Hours
- 25 ore - Pier Luigi Orvietani
- Language of instruction
- Italian
- Contents
- Hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and their characteristic reactions. Aromatic compounds and their characteristic reactions Stereoisomery and enantiomers. Alcohols, phenols and their characteristic reactions. Alkyl halides, aldehydes and ketones and reactions. Aliphatic and aromatic amines, carboxylic acids and their reactions derivatives of carboxylic acids. Aromatic heterocycles
- Reference texts
- Chimica e Propedeutica Biochimica - Luciano Binaglia e Bruno Giardina
- Educational objectives
- The main competence will be to have a general knowledge of organic chemistry to approach the study of biochemistry
- Prerequisites
- In order to be able to understand and apply the majority of the contents described within the course, the student must have acquired basic knowledge of Inorganic chemistry
- Teaching methods
- The course is organized with face-to-face lessons on all subjects of the course using slide projections. Students are stimulated to interact with the teacher during the lectures. Some hours will be dedicated to preparation for the written test and to clarifications. During the course there will be a mid-term test.
- Other information
- The attendance is compulsory at least 75% of lessons. Perugia Degree Course in Medicine and Surgery
- Learning verification modality
- The partial exam of Chemistry is a written test with 30 multiple choice and open questions on general and organic biomedical chemistry. The written exam will last 90 minutes. Marks obtained in the partial exam will be used for the calculation of the final mark of the course "Chimica e Biochimica I" through weighted mean based on the number of credits.
- Extended program
- Hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and their characteristic reactions. Aromatic compounds and their characteristic reactions Stereoisomery and enantiomers. Alcohols, phenols and their characteristic reactions. Alkyl halides, aldehydes and ketones and reactions. Aliphatic and aromatic amines, carboxylic acids and their reactions derivatives of carboxylic acids. Aromatic heterocycles
- Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile
- 3,15
Cognomi M-Z
- CFU
- 2
- Teacher
- Pier Luigi Orvietani
- Teachers
- Pier Luigi Orvietani
- Hours
- 25 ore - Pier Luigi Orvietani
- Language of instruction
- Italian
- Contents
- Hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and their characteristic reactions. Aromatic compounds and their characteristic reactions Stereoisomery and enantiomers. Alcohols, phenols and their characteristic reactions. Alkyl halides, aldehydes and ketones and reactions. Aliphatic and aromatic amines, carboxylic acids and their reactions derivatives of carboxylic acids. Aromatic heterocycles
- Reference texts
- Chimica e Propedeutica Biochimica - Luciano Binaglia e Bruno Giardina
- Educational objectives
- The main competence will be to have a general knowledge of organic chemistry to approach the study of biochemistry
- Prerequisites
- In order to be able to understand and apply the majority of the contents described within the course, the student must have acquired basic knowledge of Inorganic chemistry
- Teaching methods
- The course is organized with face-to-face lessons on all subjects of the course using slide projections. Students are stimulated to interact with the teacher during the lectures. Some hours will be dedicated to preparation for the written test and to clarifications. During the course there will be a mid-term test.
- Other information
- The attendance is compulsory at least 75% of lessons. Perugia Degree Course in Medicine and Surgery
- Learning verification modality
- The partial exam of Chemistry is a written test with 30 multiple choice and open questions on general and organic biomedical chemistry. The written exam will last 90 minutes. Marks obtained in the partial exam will be used for the calculation of the final mark of the course "Chimica e Biochimica I" through weighted mean based on the number of credits.
- Extended program
- Hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and their characteristic reactions. Aromatic compounds and their characteristic reactions Stereoisomery and enantiomers. Alcohols, phenols and their characteristic reactions. Alkyl halides, aldehydes and ketones and reactions. Aliphatic and aromatic amines, carboxylic acids and their reactions derivatives of carboxylic acids. Aromatic heterocycles
- Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile
- 3,15