Unit HUMAN ANATOMY 1

HUMAN ANATOMY - MOD. 1

Code	GP005556
CFU	8
Teacher	Mario Rende
Learning activities	Base
Area	Morfologia umana
Academic discipline	BIO/16
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

Cognomi A-L

CFU

8

Teacher

Mario Rende

Teachers

• Mario Rende
• Anna Maria Stabile
• Alessandra Pistilli

Hours

• 100 ore - Mario Rende
• 2 ore - Anna Maria Stabile
• 2 ore - Alessandra Pistilli

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

The integrated course in human and clinical anatomy aims to present the anatomo-clinical characterisation of the human body at both macroscopic and microscopic and ultrastructural levels, also in the time dimension ranging from
embryonic development, organogenesis, somatic growth and ageing.
At the end of the course, the student should know the essential morphological and biomechanical features, the modes of
of functioning and the general mechanisms of control of the systems, apparatuses, organs, tissues, cells of the human organism, as well as their main morpho-functional correlates under normal conditions. It will be relevant to understanding 3 fundamental aspects of the anatomical systems:
1. systems meet specific functional requirements;
2. systems consist of various organs functionally interconnected;
3. The cardiovascular system, the nervous system and the endocrine system functionally interconnect different organs and anatomical systems.

On this basis it will require understanding of the key concepts relating to:

¿ normal macroscopic structure of the major organs and systems with particular reference to a topographic setting of the same
¿ Histological structure correlated with the function
¿ Functional considerations and Medical applications for the understanding of the structures

Reference texts

TEXTBOOK
Gray's Anatomy, Elsevier

ATLAS
Atlas of Human Anatomy, Thieme (3 volumes)

MORE TEXTBOOKS
John S.P. Lumley, Anatomia di superficie. Le basi anatomiche dell’esame clinico. CEA Edizioni
M.J.T. FitzGerald, Neuroanatomia, Elsevier
J.B. Kerr, Istologia Funzionale, CEA edizioni
Istologia del Wheater

Educational objectives

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1) KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: at the end of the course, the student knows and understands the structural and functional organization of the human body; knows and understands the main anatomo-clinical applications of structural organization at each structural level of the human body.

2) ABILITY TO APPLY knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course, the student possesses the ability to be able to connect the macroscopic, structural and ultrastructural organization of systems and organs with the corresponding functions. The student is able to recognize the macroscopic structure of systems and organs, knowing how to connect it to notions of surface anatomy, topographical, radiological and clinical anatomy so as to be able to identify and interpret anatomical regions and structures. He/she is also able to apply anatomical knowledge in solving problems related to understanding physiology, pathology, instrumental physical semeiotics and clinical correlates.

3) AUTONOMY OF JUDGEMENT: upon completion of the course, the student will have the ability to appropriately evaluate macroscopic and microscopic anatomy data and relate them to data from physiology, pathophysiology, and physical and instrumental semeiotics. The student should acquire the ability to correlate anatomical changes and their implication in the main pathophysiological processes leading to the most common disease states; he/she should refer to knowledge of anatomy in performing physical semeiotics maneuvers and interpreting instrumental semeiotics data.

4) COMMUNICATION SKILLS: at the end of the course, the student will have the ability to be able to describe and explain (both in oral and written form) the normal morphology and structure of the human body also knowing how to effectively use the communicative tools proper to scientific publications and communications.

5) LEARNING SKILLS: by the end of the course, the student will have acquired the cross-curricular learning skills common to the logic of scientific inquiry in the biomedical field.

Prerequisites

Basic concepts in biology, embriology and histology are required

Basic concepts of learning methodology

Teaching methods

At the beginning of the course, the lecturer explains the main learning methodologies based on modern pedagogical principles for learning.

Frontal lectures, clinical anatomy tutorials and practical tests are organized in a dedicated calss-room set up for anatomy students, including plastic models and bone specimens.
All the didactical material (slide, videos from dissections) is always available on the website Unistudium. The student can download in his/her device the slides of the daily lecture before the beginning of the lecture.

Other information

The course of Human Anatomy is topographically and clinically oriented

Learning verification modality

Before starting the course, Students are completely informed about the evaluation method and the rules of the exam. The evaluation is based on 5 written tests with multiple-choice questions and figures to identify, for a total of over 700 indications of human anatomy. Through the support of an online platform and written tests, approximately 90% of the cohort concludes the evaluation of Human Anatomy at the first useful session.
These written exams with multiple-choice questions are graded based on a proportion between the total number of questions and the percentage of correct and incorrect answers. For each correct question of gives a score of +1 while for each incorrect answer a value of minus 0.2 is taken off. The grade is formulated directly by the computer system without any interference from the teacher. The test is the same for all, the questions are short and equally short are the answers. One correct and 4 incorrect answers for each question.

Extended program

The course (frontal lectures) is structured with a regional / topographical approach. Specifically, the course is devoted
with a specific attention to the clinical aspects deriving from normal anatomy. The course will start with the study of the thorax and of the bony, muscular, visceral and vascular-nervous structures. We will continue with the same methodology with the study of the abdomen, pelvis, perineum, limbs, neck, head. The course will ended with the study of the central nervous system. It is possible to divide the whole course in the various Didactic Units (U.D.) listed below. Didactical material will be provided with slides, notes, guidelines on the subjects discussed in class in order to facilitate the understanding of the basic text.

For the interactive teaching activity (ADI), students will have videos of dissections and histological preparations available to be observed in the morphology laboratory. During this teaching activity the students will always be assisted by a teacher.
For self-learning hours, students will have available several multimedia material and plastic models.
As for the evaluation examination there will be 5 written test in itinere, with a single final vote.

Didactical Units
U.D. Skeletal apparatus

Educational Objective: To understand that the skeleton is responsible for the shape, makes it possible movements, is home to the ancestors of the elements of the blood, is the main deposition of calcium, helps to delimit the regions and the body cavities where they are allocated equipment and systems.
Educational Program: know the position and the general characteristics of the main bony structures of the skeleton (particularly the skeleton of the limbs, trunk, pelvis and skull). This U.D. will not be treated individually, but will be segmented in other units and included in the explanation of topographical anatomy of the various regions.



U.D. Skeletal Muscles

Educational Objective: To understand the main movements possible for the limbs and the main muscles that perform them.
Educational Program: know the muscle compartments of the limbs and the origin, insertion, blood supply, innervation and the possible actions of the main muscles that are accommodated in each compartment.

U.D. Chest

Educational Objective: To understand the functional anatomy of the thoracic cage and organs that will stay with particular reference to cardiovascular and respiratory structures.
Educational Program: functional notions on the rib cage and intercostal spaces; pleura, lungs anatomy macroscopic, microscopic and functional of the bronchial tree and lung parenchyma, respiratory mechanics and functional influences the autonomic nervous system, heart and great vessels: faces and location of the heart, pericardium, and functional gross anatomy of the heart chambers, heart valves and mechanism of the skeleton of the heart conduction system, coronary arteries and their course, aorta and neck vessels, pulmonary artery, superior and inferior vena cava, the pulmonary veins, system of Azygos; mediastinum: limits, division and topographic relations of the viscera present.

U.D. Anterolateral abdominal wall and diaphragm

Educational Objective: To understand the functions of the diaphragm, the anterolateral abdominal wall and the inguinal canal.
Educational Program: main concepts of macroscopic diaphragm, hiatuses and the tendinous center; gross anatomy and position of the external oblique muscles, internal, transverse and upright; macroscopic principal terms of the inguinal canal and its contents.

U.D. Digestive System

Educational Objective: To understand functionally as the digestive system presides over the introduction of food, to their digestion and absorption and elimination of solid waste products.
Educational Program: knowledge of the main macroscopic and microscopic features of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, the most important anatomical relationships between the above structures; peritoneum; vascularization of the gastrointestinal system, functions and regulation of the endocrine system gastroenteric functional effects of innervation of the gastrointestinal system, liver, gallbladder and pancreas: macroscopic aspects, microscopic and functional.

U.D. Spleen and lymph node stations

Learning Objective: to understand the main aspects of macroscopic and microscopic topography.
Educational Program: topographic position and microscopic structure of the spleen, with particular reference to the morphofunctional aspects; distribution of lymph node chains; thoracic duct.

U.D. Urinary System

Educational Objective: To understand how the kidneys purify the blood from the water-soluble products of catabolism, participate in the control of acid-base, govern the regulation of water-salt, participate in the control of blood pressure, the production of red blood cells and all ' apposition of calcium in the bone.
Educational Program: Kidney: location, main macroscopic and microscopic aspects; vascularization urinary tract, the nephron: microscopic and functional aspects of ultrafiltration and tubular reabsorption; ureter: course and microscopic aspects; bladder position, the main aspects macroscopic, microscopic and functional , the structural basis and nervous urination, male and female urethra: macroscopic aspects.

U.D. Pelvis and Perineum
Learning Objective: understanding of anatomical boundaries and knowledge of contained organs and structures with their major anatomical relationships. Understanding the pelvic fascial system.
Didactic Program: Functional anatomy of the pelvic floor and urogenital diaphragm. Membranous and ligamentous fasciae, tendon arches. Male reproductive system: testis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, urethra, bulbourethral glands, penis. Female reproductive system: ovary, uterus, uterine tubes, vagina and vulva; rectum and anal canal. Vascularization and lymphatic drainage of pelvic and perineal organs. Regional function of the autonomic nervous system.
U.D. Endocrine System
Learning Objective: to understand how the endocrine system regulates metabolic activities (anabolism, catabolism), digestion, hydro-saline balance, energy balance, and reproduction.
Didactic Program: know the macro- and microscopic structure, hormones produced, their functional role and regulation of the following endocrine glands: pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenal gland, pancreatic islets, gastroenteric endocrine system, testis, ovary. Endocrine function of the Heart and Lung. Influence of the autonomic nervous system.
U.D. Head and Neck
Learning Objective: to understand the main macroscopic aspects, with special reference to the position of the cranial bones and pharynx and larynx. Topographic anatomy of the cranial fossae (temporal, subtemporal and pterygopalatine). Functional and topographical anatomy of the splanchocranium.
Didactic Program: learn about the bones of the splanchnocranium and neurocranium, fontanelles and their function, main muscles of mimicry and mastication. The SMAS system of the splanchnocranium. Functional anatomy of the temporomandibular joint. Neck compartments, carotid artery and internal jugular vein system; morpho-functional and topographical aspects of the pharynx and larynx. Regional function of the autonomic nervous system.
U.D. Nervous System
Training Objective: to understand how the sensory system enables perception of the external world; how motor activity is based on the functional interconnection of three major systems: pyramidal, extrapyramidal and cerebellar; how the nervous system presides over cognitive activities, the foundation of relational life and the result of sensory perceptions and memory; how the nervous system regulates visceral activities independently of our will.
Didactic Program: central nervous system: location, functions and related circuits of the cerebral lobes, cerebellum, basal ganglia, thalamus, trunk, reticular and limbic systems, spinal cord; ventricular system and CSF circulation; vasculature of the nervous system: Willis polygon and the major vessels arising from it, vessels of the spinal cord, venous drainage of the nervous system. Meninges. Hints of neurocognitive aspects.

Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile

3,4,5,16,17

Cognomi M-Z

CFU

8

Teacher

Mario Rende

Teachers

• Mario Rende
• Anna Maria Stabile
• Alessandra Pistilli

Hours

• 100 ore - Mario Rende
• 2 ore - Anna Maria Stabile
• 2 ore - Alessandra Pistilli

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

The integrated course in human and clinical anatomy aims to present the anatomo-clinical characterisation of the human body at both macroscopic and microscopic and ultrastructural levels, also in the time dimension ranging from
embryonic development, organogenesis, somatic growth and ageing.
At the end of the course, the student should know the essential morphological and biomechanical features, the modes of
of functioning and the general mechanisms of control of the systems, apparatuses, organs, tissues, cells of the human organism, as well as their main morpho-functional correlates under normal conditions. It will be relevant to understanding 3 fundamental aspects of the anatomical systems:
1. systems meet specific functional requirements;
2. systems consist of various organs functionally interconnected;
3. The cardiovascular system, the nervous system and the endocrine system functionally interconnect different organs and anatomical systems.

On this basis it will require understanding of the key concepts relating to:

¿ normal macroscopic structure of the major organs and systems with particular reference to a topographic setting of the same
¿ Histological structure correlated with the function
¿ Functional considerations and Medical applications for the understanding of the structures

Reference texts

TEXTBOOK
Gray's Anatomy, Elsevier

ATLAS
Atlas of Human Anatomy, Thieme (3 volumes)

MORE TEXTBOOKS
John S.P. Lumley, Anatomia di superficie. Le basi anatomiche dell’esame clinico. CEA Edizioni
M.J.T. FitzGerald, Neuroanatomia, Elsevier
J.B. Kerr, Istologia Funzionale, CEA edizioni
Istologia del Wheater

Educational objectives

SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1) KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: at the end of the course, the student knows and understands the structural and functional organization of the human body; knows and understands the main anatomo-clinical applications of structural organization at each structural level of the human body.

2) ABILITY TO APPLY knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course, the student possesses the ability to be able to connect the macroscopic, structural and ultrastructural organization of systems and organs with the corresponding functions. The student is able to recognize the macroscopic structure of systems and organs, knowing how to connect it to notions of surface anatomy, topographical, radiological and clinical anatomy so as to be able to identify and interpret anatomical regions and structures. He/she is also able to apply anatomical knowledge in solving problems related to understanding physiology, pathology, instrumental physical semeiotics and clinical correlates.

3) AUTONOMY OF JUDGEMENT: upon completion of the course, the student will have the ability to appropriately evaluate macroscopic and microscopic anatomy data and relate them to data from physiology, pathophysiology, and physical and instrumental semeiotics. The student should acquire the ability to correlate anatomical changes and their implication in the main pathophysiological processes leading to the most common disease states; he/she should refer to knowledge of anatomy in performing physical semeiotics maneuvers and interpreting instrumental semeiotics data.

4) COMMUNICATION SKILLS: at the end of the course, the student will have the ability to be able to describe and explain (both in oral and written form) the normal morphology and structure of the human body also knowing how to effectively use the communicative tools proper to scientific publications and communications.

5) LEARNING SKILLS: by the end of the course, the student will have acquired the cross-curricular learning skills common to the logic of scientific inquiry in the biomedical field.

Prerequisites

Basic concepts in biology, embriology and histology are required

Basic concepts of learning methodology

Teaching methods

At the beginning of the course, the lecturer explains the main learning methodologies based on modern pedagogical principles for learning.

Frontal lectures, clinical anatomy tutorials and practical tests are organized in a dedicated calss-room set up for anatomy students, including plastic models and bone specimens.
All the didactical material (slide, videos from dissections) is always available on the website Unistudium. The student can download in his/her device the slides of the daily lecture before the beginning of the lecture.

Other information

The course of Human Anatomy is topographically and clinically oriented

Learning verification modality

Before starting the course, Students are completely informed about the evaluation method and the rules of the exam. The evaluation is based on 5 written tests with multiple-choice questions and figures to identify, for a total of over 700 indications of human anatomy. Through the support of an online platform and written tests, approximately 90% of the cohort concludes the evaluation of Human Anatomy at the first useful session.
These written exams with multiple-choice questions are graded based on a proportion between the total number of questions and the percentage of correct and incorrect answers. For each correct question of gives a score of +1 while for each incorrect answer a value of minus 0.2 is taken off. The grade is formulated directly by the computer system without any interference from the teacher. The test is the same for all, the questions are short and equally short are the answers. One correct and 4 incorrect answers for each question.

Extended program

The course (frontal lectures) is structured with a regional / topographical approach. Specifically, the course is devoted
with a specific attention to the clinical aspects deriving from normal anatomy. The course will start with the study of the thorax and of the bony, muscular, visceral and vascular-nervous structures. We will continue with the same methodology with the study of the abdomen, pelvis, perineum, limbs, neck, head. The course will ended with the study of the central nervous system. It is possible to divide the whole course in the various Didactic Units (U.D.) listed below. Didactical material will be provided with slides, notes, guidelines on the subjects discussed in class in order to facilitate the understanding of the basic text.

For the interactive teaching activity (ADI), students will have videos of dissections and histological preparations available to be observed in the morphology laboratory. During this teaching activity the students will always be assisted by a teacher.
For self-learning hours, students will have available several multimedia material and plastic models.
As for the evaluation examination there will be 5 written test in itinere, with a single final vote.

Didactical Units
U.D. Skeletal apparatus

Educational Objective: To understand that the skeleton is responsible for the shape, makes it possible movements, is home to the ancestors of the elements of the blood, is the main deposition of calcium, helps to delimit the regions and the body cavities where they are allocated equipment and systems.
Educational Program: know the position and the general characteristics of the main bony structures of the skeleton (particularly the skeleton of the limbs, trunk, pelvis and skull). This U.D. will not be treated individually, but will be segmented in other units and included in the explanation of topographical anatomy of the various regions.



U.D. Skeletal Muscles

Educational Objective: To understand the main movements possible for the limbs and the main muscles that perform them.
Educational Program: know the muscle compartments of the limbs and the origin, insertion, blood supply, innervation and the possible actions of the main muscles that are accommodated in each compartment.

U.D. Chest

Educational Objective: To understand the functional anatomy of the thoracic cage and organs that will stay with particular reference to cardiovascular and respiratory structures.
Educational Program: functional notions on the rib cage and intercostal spaces; pleura, lungs anatomy macroscopic, microscopic and functional of the bronchial tree and lung parenchyma, respiratory mechanics and functional influences the autonomic nervous system, heart and great vessels: faces and location of the heart, pericardium, and functional gross anatomy of the heart chambers, heart valves and mechanism of the skeleton of the heart conduction system, coronary arteries and their course, aorta and neck vessels, pulmonary artery, superior and inferior vena cava, the pulmonary veins, system of Azygos; mediastinum: limits, division and topographic relations of the viscera present.

U.D. Anterolateral abdominal wall and diaphragm

Educational Objective: To understand the functions of the diaphragm, the anterolateral abdominal wall and the inguinal canal.
Educational Program: main concepts of macroscopic diaphragm, hiatuses and the tendinous center; gross anatomy and position of the external oblique muscles, internal, transverse and upright; macroscopic principal terms of the inguinal canal and its contents.

U.D. Digestive System

Educational Objective: To understand functionally as the digestive system presides over the introduction of food, to their digestion and absorption and elimination of solid waste products.
Educational Program: knowledge of the main macroscopic and microscopic features of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, the most important anatomical relationships between the above structures; peritoneum; vascularization of the gastrointestinal system, functions and regulation of the endocrine system gastroenteric functional effects of innervation of the gastrointestinal system, liver, gallbladder and pancreas: macroscopic aspects, microscopic and functional.

U.D. Spleen and lymph node stations

Learning Objective: to understand the main aspects of macroscopic and microscopic topography.
Educational Program: topographic position and microscopic structure of the spleen, with particular reference to the morphofunctional aspects; distribution of lymph node chains; thoracic duct.

U.D. Urinary System

Educational Objective: To understand how the kidneys purify the blood from the water-soluble products of catabolism, participate in the control of acid-base, govern the regulation of water-salt, participate in the control of blood pressure, the production of red blood cells and all ' apposition of calcium in the bone.
Educational Program: Kidney: location, main macroscopic and microscopic aspects; vascularization urinary tract, the nephron: microscopic and functional aspects of ultrafiltration and tubular reabsorption; ureter: course and microscopic aspects; bladder position, the main aspects macroscopic, microscopic and functional , the structural basis and nervous urination, male and female urethra: macroscopic aspects.

U.D. Pelvis and Perineum
Learning Objective: understanding of anatomical boundaries and knowledge of contained organs and structures with their major anatomical relationships. Understanding the pelvic fascial system.
Didactic Program: Functional anatomy of the pelvic floor and urogenital diaphragm. Membranous and ligamentous fasciae, tendon arches. Male reproductive system: testis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, urethra, bulbourethral glands, penis. Female reproductive system: ovary, uterus, uterine tubes, vagina and vulva; rectum and anal canal. Vascularization and lymphatic drainage of pelvic and perineal organs. Regional function of the autonomic nervous system.
U.D. Endocrine System
Learning Objective: to understand how the endocrine system regulates metabolic activities (anabolism, catabolism), digestion, hydro-saline balance, energy balance, and reproduction.
Didactic Program: know the macro- and microscopic structure, hormones produced, their functional role and regulation of the following endocrine glands: pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenal gland, pancreatic islets, gastroenteric endocrine system, testis, ovary. Endocrine function of the Heart and Lung. Influence of the autonomic nervous system.
U.D. Head and Neck
Learning Objective: to understand the main macroscopic aspects, with special reference to the position of the cranial bones and pharynx and larynx. Topographic anatomy of the cranial fossae (temporal, subtemporal and pterygopalatine). Functional and topographical anatomy of the splanchocranium.
Didactic Program: learn about the bones of the splanchnocranium and neurocranium, fontanelles and their function, main muscles of mimicry and mastication. The SMAS system of the splanchnocranium. Functional anatomy of the temporomandibular joint. Neck compartments, carotid artery and internal jugular vein system; morpho-functional and topographical aspects of the pharynx and larynx. Regional function of the autonomic nervous system.
U.D. Nervous System
Training Objective: to understand how the sensory system enables perception of the external world; how motor activity is based on the functional interconnection of three major systems: pyramidal, extrapyramidal and cerebellar; how the nervous system presides over cognitive activities, the foundation of relational life and the result of sensory perceptions and memory; how the nervous system regulates visceral activities independently of our will.
Didactic Program: central nervous system: location, functions and related circuits of the cerebral lobes, cerebellum, basal ganglia, thalamus, trunk, reticular and limbic systems, spinal cord; ventricular system and CSF circulation; vasculature of the nervous system: Willis polygon and the major vessels arising from it, vessels of the spinal cord, venous drainage of the nervous system. Meninges. Hints of neurocognitive aspects.

Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile

3,4,5,16,17