Unit LABORATORY MEDICINE

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

Code	A001701
CFU	2
Teacher	Oxana Bereshchenko
Teachers	Oxana Bereshchenko
Hours	25 ore - Oxana Bereshchenko
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Medicina di laboratorio e diagnostica integrata
Academic discipline	BIO/12
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	General principles of the Laboratory Medicine. Basic principles of the laboratory methods and data interpretation. ¿Some basic knowledge of the new techniques used in “personalized medicine” and useful for identification of novel disease markers
Reference texts	G. Federici¿Laboratory medicine.¿McGraw-Hill; ¿Essential clinical biochemistry. E. Albi, T. Beccari, S. Cataldi, Zanichelli;¿Biochimica Clinica e Medicina di Laboratorio, Ciaccio, Lippi, EdiSES
Educational objectives	The objective of this course is to describe general principles of techniques used in a biomedical laboratory and provide tools to evaluate the significance, methods and degree of information the medical personnel can obtain from a standard analytes or from specific disease markers. ¿The course provides to the medical student the overview of biochemistry and molecular biology methods used in the the laboratory
Prerequisites	The course makes numerous connections with physics, chemistry, biochemistry and physiology, herefore basic knowledge related to organic and inorganic chemistry, physics and physiology is required.
Teaching methods	Frontal teaching and ingratiate teaching
Learning verification modality	Written test (when epidemiological situation permits it):¿Multiple choice questions.¿Five possible answers of which only one is correct.¿Exam duration 30 minutes.¿The evaluation criteria will be based on the understanding of the topics covered, on the acquisition of the proposed concepts and methodologies and on the ability to apply them independently and consciously.
Extended program	Laboratory exams. Biochemistry methods and techniques. Sampling. Error in laboratory exams. Analitical and pre-analytical variability. Normalization of the pre-analytical phase. Centrifugation techniques. ¿Biological variability. Reference values. Test accuracy, precision, sensibility, repeatability, reproducibility. Diagnostic sensibility and specificity. Exams of the urines. ¿Spectrophotometry techniques and its applications. Principles of clinical enzymology. Application of clinical enzymology. Markers of organ lesion. Isoenzymes. Electrophoresis. Peptidogram.¿Methods involving antibodies. ELISA. Flow cytometry. Western Blotting.¿Transcription, replication, translation, RNA, DNA, gene, splicing, epigenetica. Alterazioni genetiche. PCR, real-time PCR. Molecular diagnostics. Principles, applications, notions genotype, phenotype, mutation.
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile	3

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Code	A001700
CFU	2
Teacher	Antonella Mencacci
Teachers	Antonella Mencacci
Hours	25 ore - Antonella Mencacci
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Patologia generale e molecolare, immunopatologia, fisiopatologia generale, microbiologia e parassitologia
Academic discipline	MED/07
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Organization and role of the Clinical Microbiology laboratory. Microbiological diagnostics of organ/system and apparatus infections
Reference texts	-Microbiologia Medica. Murray PR, Rosenthal LS, Pfaller MA. Edra Masson. - Principi di Microbiologia Medica, Antonelli G, Clementi M, Pozzi G, Rossolini GM - Power-point presentations of the face-to-face lessons
Educational objectives	Knowledge of the various methodological approaches that can be used for the direct and indirect microbiological diagnosis of infectious diseases. Knowledge of the correct microbiological diagnostic procedures for the etiological diagnosis of infections, with particular reference to the appropriateness of the required tests and the interpretation of the results of microbiological investigations. • To acquire an adequate diagnostic approach with respect to the infection suspected on a clinical basis • To know how to request microbiological tests • To know how to read and interpret a report.
Prerequisites	Passing exams in Microbiology and Clinical Biochemistry. Basic knowledge of Anatomy, Physiology, General Pathology, Immunology.
Teaching methods	Face-to-face lessons and practical activities on the main diagnostic procedures described in the frontal lessons.
Other information	Professor receives 30 minutes after each lesson or by appointment made by e-mail.
Learning verification modality	ORAL EXAMINATION lasting about 15 min divided into 2 questions, 1 of which relating to the diagnosis of infections of a system/apparatus (see program) and 1 more technical relating to the meaning of a diagnostic technology. A third question on the minimum indispensable knowledge can be made in the case of an unsatisfactory answer to the two questions. VERIFICATION OF CLINICAL SKILLS: interpretation of a microbiological/antibiogram report. Evaluation of internship activities: a question on microbiological technique or diagnostic process. Final grade: average of the grades of the individual teachings.
Extended program	Organization of the Clinical Microbiology laboratory in diagnostic sections Security level 2 and 3 laboratories. Direct and indirect diagnosis of bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal infectious diseases: Microscopic and culture tests, molecular tests, serological tests, immunodiagnosis. Antibiogram and detection of antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria (methicillin resistance, vancomycin resistance, inducible resistance to macrolides/lincosamides, ESBL, carbapenemase). Microbiological diagnosis of bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoal infections of the following systems and systems: cardio-circulatory system, urinary system, central nervous system, respiratory system (upper and lower respiratory tract), genito-urinary system, gastrointestinal system (notes), infections of wounds and pressure sores, bones and joints (outline). Nosocomial infections and MDRO. Nosographic classification of each infectious disease (e.g.: sepsis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, meningitis, septic arthritis, etc.) and of the most appropriate microbiological diagnostic approach. Formulation of the request for microbiological tests and correct reading/interpretation of the report.
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile	.

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

Code	GP005860
CFU	2
Teacher	Stefano Brancorsini
Teachers	Stefano Brancorsini
Hours	25 ore - Stefano Brancorsini
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Medicina di laboratorio e diagnostica integrata
Academic discipline	MED/05
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Introduction to clinical pathology and variability in Laboratory Medicine. Blood count: microcytic, normo macrocytic and hemolytic anemias (hypo/hyperchromic). Thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies. Coagulation: platelet alterations and coagulation disorders. Laboratory data for the evaluation of pre-thrombotic risks and for the control of anticoagulant therapies Tumor markers in the diagnosis of neoplastic diseases: nature and classification of tumor markers. Plasma and serum proteins: diagnostic importance. Notes on serum protein electrophoresis: alterations of plasma proteins and their diagnostic significance. Clinical enzymology: laboratory evaluation of cardiac and hepatic pathologies. Laboratory medicine of the kidney: laboratory diagnosis of the main renal pathologies. Urinalysis: composition of normal urine and clinical-diagnostic examination. Determination and interpretation of hydro-electrolyte balance and blood gas balance: evaluation of homeostasis and alterations of sodium, potassium and acid-base balance. Laboratory diagnosis of the main alterations of the following glands: pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, adrenal and pancreas (diabetes mellitus).
Reference texts	Federici G. Medicina di laboratorio. McGraw-Hill Editore, 2014. Pontieri - Russo - Frati e AA.VV., Patologia generale e fisiopatologia generale - II volume. Piccin Editore. Antonozzi I, Gulletta E. Medicina di Laboratorio. Logica & Patologia clinica. Piccin Editore 2012.
Educational objectives	Students must be able to understand and interpret the information obtained from laboratory data and associate them with pathophysiological events in order to make a correct diagnosis. At the end of the module, the students' main skills will be the interpretation of biomedical parameters in the diagnosis of renal, cardiac, hepatic, immunological and hematological disorders and adequate knowledge of the use of blood products.
Prerequisites	Teaching requires basic knowledge, particularly that deriving from Biochemistry, and the ability to relate it to General Pathology and Physiopathology.
Teaching methods	Lectures
Learning verification modality	Oral test lasting approximately 15 minutes divided into 2 questions, 1 of which relating to the diagnosis of infections of a system/apparatus (v programme) and 1 more technical question relating to the meaning of a diagnostic technology. A further question on the minimum necessary knowledge may be asked in the case of an unsatisfactory answer to the 2 previous questions.
Extended program	Introduction to clinical pathology and variability in Laboratory Medicine. Blood count: microcytic, normo macrocytic and hemolytic anemias (hypo/hyperchromic). Thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies. Coagulation: platelet alterations and coagulation disorders. Laboratory data for the evaluation of pre-thrombotic risks and for the control of anticoagulant therapies Tumor markers in the diagnosis of neoplastic diseases: nature and classification of tumor markers. Plasma and serum proteins: diagnostic importance. Notes on serum protein electrophoresis: alterations of plasma proteins and their diagnostic significance. Clinical enzymology: laboratory evaluation of cardiac and hepatic pathologies. Laboratory medicine of the kidney: laboratory diagnosis of the main renal pathologies. Urinalysis: composition of normal urine and clinical-diagnostic examination. Determination and interpretation of hydro-electrolyte balance and blood gas balance: evaluation of homeostasis and alterations of sodium, potassium and acid-base balance. Laboratory diagnosis of the main alterations of the following glands: pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, adrenal and pancreas (diabetes mellitus).

PROFESSIONALISING TRAINING IN CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Code	GP005866
CFU	1
Teacher	Antonella Mencacci
Teachers	Antonella Mencacci
Hours	25 ore - Antonella Mencacci
Learning activities	Altro
Area	Tirocini formativi e di orientamento
Academic discipline	MED/07
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Diagnostic iter related to the microbiological diagnosis of infections.
Reference texts	Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA. Microbiologia Medica, Edra Masson Antonelli G, Clementi M, Pozzi G, Rossolini G.M. Principi di Microbiologia Medica, CEA
Educational objectives	the student will have to know the diagnostic procedures, from the collection of the clinical sample to the final reporting of the tests, relating to the following infections: bloodstream infections, meingitis, respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and skin and soft tissues infections.
Prerequisites	General and Systematic Microbiology
Teaching methods	Practical activity at the Microbiology Unit (Perugia General Hospital)
Other information	.
Learning verification modality	The same as Clinical microbiology
Extended program	Diagnostic process for the diagnosis of: sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections.
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile	.

PROFESSIONALISING TRAINING IN CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

Code	GP005865
CFU	1
Teacher	Stefano Brancorsini
Teachers	Stefano Brancorsini
Hours	25 ore - Stefano Brancorsini
Learning activities	Altro
Area	Tirocini formativi e di orientamento
Academic discipline	MED/05
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Introduction to clinical pathology and variability in Laboratory Medicine. Blood count: microcytic, normo macrocytic and hemolytic anemias (hypo/hyperchromic). Thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies. Coagulation: platelet alterations and coagulation disorders. Laboratory data for the evaluation of pre-thrombotic risks and for the control of anticoagulant therapies Tumor markers in the diagnosis of neoplastic diseases: nature and classification of tumor markers. Plasma and serum proteins: diagnostic importance. Notes on serum protein electrophoresis: alterations of plasma proteins and their diagnostic significance. Clinical enzymology: laboratory evaluation of cardiac and hepatic pathologies. Laboratory medicine of the kidney: laboratory diagnosis of the main renal pathologies. Urinalysis: composition of normal urine and clinical-diagnostic examination. Determination and interpretation of hydro-electrolyte balance and blood gas balance: evaluation of homeostasis and alterations of sodium, potassium and acid-base balance. Laboratory diagnosis of the main alterations of the following glands: pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, adrenal and pancreas (diabetes mellitus).
Reference texts	Federici G. Medicina di laboratorio. McGraw-Hill Editore, 2014. Pontieri - Russo - Frati e AA.VV., Patologia generale e fisiopatologia generale - II volume. Piccin Editore. Antonozzi I, Gulletta E. Medicina di Laboratorio. Logica & Patologia clinica. Piccin Editore 2012.
Educational objectives	Students must be able to understand and interpret the information obtained from laboratory data and associate them with pathophysiological events in order to make a correct diagnosis. At the end of the module, the students' main skills will be the interpretation of biomedical parameters in the diagnosis of renal, cardiac, hepatic, immunological and hematological disorders and adequate knowledge of the use of blood products.
Prerequisites	Teaching requires basic knowledge, particularly that deriving from Biochemistry, and the ability to relate it to General Pathology and Physiopathology.
Teaching methods	Lectures, seminars and attendance in the analysis laboratory
Other information
Learning verification modality	Oral test lasting approximately 15 minutes divided into 2 questions, 1 of which relating to the diagnosis of infections of a system/apparatus (v programme) and 1 more technical question relating to the meaning of a diagnostic technology. A further question on the minimum necessary knowledge may be asked in the case of an unsatisfactory answer to the 2 previous questions. Interpretation of a hematology and clinical chemistry report Description of a technology or clinical diagnostic process
Extended program	Introduction to clinical pathology and variability in Laboratory Medicine. Blood count: microcytic, normo macrocytic and hemolytic anemias (hypo/hyperchromic). Thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies. Coagulation: platelet alterations and coagulation disorders. Laboratory data for the evaluation of pre-thrombotic risks and for the control of anticoagulant therapies Tumor markers in the diagnosis of neoplastic diseases: nature and classification of tumor markers. Plasma and serum proteins: diagnostic importance. Notes on serum protein electrophoresis: alterations of plasma proteins and their diagnostic significance. Clinical enzymology: laboratory evaluation of cardiac and hepatic pathologies. Laboratory medicine of the kidney: laboratory diagnosis of the main renal pathologies. Urinalysis: composition of normal urine and clinical-diagnostic examination. Determination and interpretation of hydro-electrolyte balance and blood gas balance: evaluation of homeostasis and alterations of sodium, potassium and acid-base balance. Laboratory diagnosis of the main alterations of the following glands: pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, adrenal and pancreas (diabetes mellitus).
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile