Unit MICROBIOLOGY AND GENERAL PATHOLOGY
- Course
- Chemistry and technology of drugs
- Study-unit Code
- 65110712
- Location
- PERUGIA
- Curriculum
- In all curricula
- Teacher
- Donatella Pietrella
- CFU
- 12
- Course Regulation
- Coorte 2020
- Offered
- 2021/22
- Type of study-unit
- Obbligatorio (Required)
- Type of learning activities
- Attività formativa integrata
MICROBIOLOGY
| Code | 65010706 |
|---|---|
| Location | PERUGIA |
| CFU | 6 |
| Teacher | Donatella Pietrella |
| Teachers |
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| Hours |
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| Learning activities | Base |
| Area | Discipline mediche |
| Academic discipline | MED/07 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | Cellular organization, metabolism and genetics of bacteria, fungi and viruses The microbial virulence factors and infection transmission routes. Infection control strategies (vaccines and antimicrobials). Disinfection and Sterilization Main microorganisms involved in human infections. |
| Reference texts | Medical Microbiology Patrick R Murray, Ken S. Rosenthal, Michael A. Pfaller. Elsevier |
| Educational objectives | The purpose of the present course is to acquire the following knowledge: Cellular organization, metabolism, genetics of microorganisms Positive and negative interactions between organism and man. Pathogenetic mechanisms of microbial infections; Vaccines in the containment of infection. Molecular targets for antimicrobial drugs Antibiotic resistance: mechanisms and prevention strategies |
| Prerequisites | For the understanding of the course the student should have basic knowledge of cellular and molecular biology, anatomy, physiology and biochemistry. |
| Teaching methods | Face-to-face |
| Other information | Recommended attendance |
| Learning verification modality | Progress assessments and final oral exam |
| Extended program | History of microbiology. Microorganisms prokaryotes and eukaryotes: characteristics. Classification and nomenclature of microorganisms. The gut flora. Biotechnology in the pharmaceutical field. Bacteriology: Structures of the bacterial cell. Classification and morphology of bacteria, bacterial metabolism. Spores. Bacterial metabolism and physiology: nutrition, respiration, fermentation. Bacterial growth counts of bacteria, growth curve, culture media. bacterial genetics (transduction, conjugation and transformation) and gene regulation mechanisms. Virulence factors: adhesins, capsule, exoenzymes, bacterial toxins (characteristics and mechanism of action), biofilm formation. Antibacterial drugs. Main classes (wall inhibitors and protein synthesis, transcription, DNA replication, bacterial metabolism inhibitors) and relevant bacterial resistance mechanisms. Antibiogram. Main bacteria of clinical interest (Clostridia, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Virology: Classification, structure and replication of viruses. viral pathogenesis. antiviral drugs. General principles for the laboratory diagnosis: serological and molecular diagnosis. Main human pathogenic viruses: orthomyxovirus, hepatitis viruses Mycology: Fungi General. pathogenicity mechanisms. superficial and deep mycosis. antifungal drugs. Transmission mode of infectious diseases Control strategies of infections: disinfection, sterilization. Vaccines and immune sera. |
GENERAL PATHOLOGY
| Code | 65011406 |
|---|---|
| Location | PERUGIA |
| CFU | 6 |
| Teacher | Maria Agnese Della Fazia |
| Teachers |
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| Hours |
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| Learning activities | Base |
| Area | Discipline mediche |
| Academic discipline | MED/04 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | Intrinsic and Extrinsic Causes of Disease. Regressive and Progressive processes. Oncology. Classification of the tumors. Carcinogenesis. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes. Invasive cancer and metastasis. Acute and Chronic inflammation. Physiopathology of Human Apparatuses |
| Reference texts | Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia generale di Pontieri - Mainiero - Misasi - Sorice - Vol. 1 e 2 - Piccin Nuova Libraria S.p.A. Patologia Generale Fisiopatologia Generale; PONTIERI-RUSSO-FRATI: Ed. PICCIN Istituzioni di Patologia Generale; DIANZANI: Ed. UTET ROBBINS & COTRAN Le Basi Patologiche delle Malattie 8a EDIZIONE. Elsevier Italia. |
| Educational objectives | The General Pathology course is a teaching of the Degree Course in Pharmacy, which studies the causes (etiology) and pathological phenomena, at the molecular and cellular level, of disease with respect to the biology and physiology of the cell. The General Pathology Course allows you to acquire knowledge about the basic mechanisms that underlie the most frequent diseases in humans and the response of the cell to changes in the external environment. The main objective of the course is to acquire knowledge about: intrinsic molecular pathologies physical, chemical and biological causes of disease molecular mechanisms of cell death carcinogenesis, molecular oncology cellular and molecular processes of inflammation, general pathophysiology of tissues and organs in the human. The final oral examination and the optional seminars will be tools to evaluate the level of learning and the ability to communicate and explain, in a clear and precise way, but at the same time rigorous, immediate and exhaustive the knowledge acquired. The skills acquired in the study of this discipline allows the student to achieve a broad overview of the correlation between the human genome, the environment and the development of pathologies and allows, to obtain the tools to have a clear picture of the causes of the diseases and their specific mechanism of onset and development and of the general pathophysiology of the most frequent diseases in order to propose suitable behaviors and treatments as a future professional in Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology. |
| Prerequisites | The acquisition of relevant knowledge in the course of General Pathology, requires the achievement of pertinent knowledge Biology and Genetics, Biochemistry and Physiology. The skills obtained in the above disciplines are essential so that students can fully understand the concepts of etiopathology of the Cellular and Molecular Pathology and Pathophysiology of organs. After having acquired and made the knowledge his own, at the didactic level, the student will derive a considerable profit from the course for his future professional competence. |
| Teaching methods | Frontal lessons are given to students. The lessons cover the entire program of the course of study and also topics related to some of the more frequent pathologies that the future Professional in Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology will face during the profession. Each lesson lasts two hours in which the specific topic is administered, correlating it with the others already exposed, to allow the student to have a broad view of the topics covered. |
| Other information | |
| Learning verification modality | The student's assessment is divided into an oral test at the end of the course. The verification of the student's preparation has an average duration of thirty minutes depending on the degree of knowledge of the topics covered and on the student's exposure skills. The test consists of three questions concerning the discipline studied concerning: cellular and molecular pathology, the intrinsic and extrinsic causes of disease; of oncological and inflammatory pathology, of general organ pathophysiology. The oral exam is fundamental for the verification of the knowledge acquired by the student, of his expository ability and of the mastery of the studied subject with particular reference to the ability to connect between the different topics. |
| Extended program | Intrinsic causes of disease Genetic pathology Autosomal and heterochromosomal monogenic diseases. Genetic heterogeneity, allelic heterogeneity, interaction between genes and their products, gene-environment interaction, dynamic and somatic mutations, epigenetic modifications. - DNA mutations and repair mechanisms. -Mitochondrial DNA mutations. - Genetic susceptibility to diseases in humans. penetrance concept. - Blood pathology from genetic defect: Thalassemia, Spherocytosis, Sickle cell, Hemophilia. -Muscular dystrophy. -Chromosomal alterations. Numerical and structural alterations of chromosomes: Down syndrome, Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome. Extrinsic causes of disease: -Physical agents. Non-ionizing and ionizing radiation. Low and high temperatures: freezing and burns: Electric and electromagnetic energy. -Chemical and environmental agents. Environmental pollution. Amazing substances. -Food causes. Vitamins A, D, E, K, group B and C. - Free radicals. Oxidative stress. - Embriopathy and fetopathies of a physical, infectious, endocrine and toxic nature. Cellular pathology -The cell: outline of the structure and main functions. Cell cycle, phases and cycle regulatory proteins. Membrane receptors, main pathways of the mitogenic signal. -Elementary lesions of the cell. Pathology of the nucleus, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, cytoskeleton, peroxisomes, Golgi apparatus and cell membrane. Regressive processes -Physiological and pathological atrophies. -intracellular regressive. Vacuolar, hydropic degeneration and turbid swelling. Hyaline and mucous degeneration. Fatty. -Extracellular regressive processes. Amyloidosis. Hyaline, fibrinoid and mucous degeneration. Pathology of extracellular matrix components, fibrosis, cirrhosis, sclerosis. Cell death. Necrosis. Various types of necrosis. Gangrene. The outcomes of the necrotic process. Apoptosis. Molecular events of apoptotic death. - Concepts of aging. Senescence theories. Senescence in intermitotic and post-mitotic cells. Molecular level senescence analysis. Aging of Organism, cellular and subcellular. Aging pathology. Immunopathology and Autoimmune disease concept. Progressive processes Physiological and pathological hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The regenerative process of labile, stable and perennial cells. Liver regeneration. The reconstitution. Oncology -Classification of tumors. Characteristics of normal and transformed cells. Metaplasia. Dysplasia. Anaplasia. Benign and malignant tumors. Histogenic classification and morphology elements of benign and malignant human tumors. Carcinoma in situ. -Elements of tumor epidemiology. Carcinogenesis: chemical, physical (ultraviolet radiation, ionizing radiation), viral, environmental causes. -Co-carcinogenesis, mechanisms of transformation. -Molecular bases of cell transformation. Pathogenetic mechanisms. Concept of oncogene and tumor suppressor. Control of DNA replication. Mutations. Hereditary familial neoplasms. Karyotype and chromosomal alterations in tumors. -Role of the apoptosis control in tumors. -Molecular pathology of DNA repair. Pathology of mismatch repair. Pathology of excision repair. Xeroderma pigmentosum and telangiectasic ataxia. - Pathology of transcription and translation. -Tumor angiogenesis. -Concept of tumor invasiveness. Metastasization process. Molecular mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of metastasis. Primitive and metastatic tumors. Pathways of metastasization. Inflammation -General characters. Definition of inflammation. Mechanisms of recognition of a pathogen. Distinctive features between acute and chronic inflammation. -Acute exudative phlogosis (Angiophlogosis). Phases. Plasma and tissue mediators of inflammation. Exudation: the different types of exudate. Acute phase proteins. Acute inflammation cells. Diapedesis, chemotaxis and phagocytosis. The different types of acute inflammation: serous, serum-fibrinous, fibrous, catarrhal, purulent, hemorrhagic, necrotic-hemorrhagic and allergic. Chronic phlogosis (histophlogosis). Chronic inflammation cells. Chronic granulomatous and interstitial inflammations. Granuloma structure: tuberculoma, granuloma of viral origin, foreign body granuloma. - Outcomes of inflammatory processes. -Repairing processes and granulation tissue. Pathophysiology Pathophysiology of blood - Changes in blood mass. Erythrocytes: Polycythemias and Erythremias. Haemoglobinopathies. Anemias. Lymphohematopoietic tumors. Acute and chronic leukemias. - Platelets, the process of hemostasis and coagulation. Haemorrhages. Thrombotic and embolic processes. Disseminated Intravascular Coaugulation (CID). Pathophysiology of the heart and circulation - Congenital and acquired vices. Endocarditis and valvulopathies. - Ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction. Cardiomyopathies. Heart failure and heart failure. - Hypertension and hypotension. - Concept and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and associated complications. - Shock: causes of shock, evolutions and phases, compensation mechanisms. Edema Pathophysiology of the respiratory system - Changes in gas exchange and lung perfusion. Pathogenesis of respiratory failure. Inflammatory processes. - Bronchial asthma. Obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, atelectasis, pulmonary emphysema, pneumothorax. - Acute and chronic pulmonary edema. - Hypoxia Pathophysiology of the liver - Primary liver diseases. Inflammatory and degenerative processes, hepatitis, cirrhosis. - Jaundices. Liver failure. - Portal hypertension. Pathophysiology of the kidney - Alterations of glomerular filtration and tubular resorption. Proteinurie. Hereditary tubular pathology: renal diabetes. - Vascular nephropathies. Interstitial nephritis, pyelonephritis and cystitis. - Kidney failure. - Acute and chronic uremia. Pathophysiology of the endocrine system - Hormones, mechanisms of action, the feed-back system, endocrine hypothalamus and pituitary: (hypothalamic-pituitary axis, adenohypophysis hormones, hypopituitarism and hyperpituitarism, posterior pituitary: oxytocin and vasopressin, diabetes insipid.) Endocrine pancreas: effects and action of glucagon and insulin, diabetes mellitus: etiopathogenetic, metabolic aspects and complications. Alteration of thermoregulation - Fever. Hypothermia and hyperthermia. |