Unit Morphological Bio Sciences

Human anatomy

Code	A001501
CFU	2
Teacher	Francesca Riuzzi
Teachers	Francesca Riuzzi
Hours	24 ore - Francesca Riuzzi
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/16
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	General information about gross anatomy of muscular-skeletal system, cardiovascular system, respiratory apparatus, alimentary apparatus, urinary apparatus, endocrine system and nervous system. Microscopic anatomy of respiratory apparatus, alimentary apparatus, urinary apparatus and principal endocrine glands.
Reference texts	1) Anatomia dell'Uomo, AA.VV., EdiErmes (vol. unico); 2) Atlante di Anatomia Prometheus, EdiSES (facoltativo; volume unico): 3) Anatomia Umana, Martini et al., Edises
Educational objectives	At the end of the course students will acquire the ability to: 1) describe shape and position of the human organs with appropriate terms; 2) Correlate the microscopic structures of human organs with their functions; 3) Acquire a scientific and technical language useful to appropriately communicate with patients, colleagues and other health care professionals.
Prerequisites	Knowledges of Biology, Chemistry and Physics at the level of secondary school.
Teaching methods	Face-to-face theoretical lessons with the Powerpoint slides. Use of plastic models related to the topics developed at lessons. Practical laboratories of macro and micro anatomy. The education material presented during the lessons (with the exclusion of illustrations protected by copyright) will be made available to the student in electronic format (pdf files).
Other information	Frequenza: Compulsory. Orario di Ricevimento: Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday from 15:00 until 17:00, after contacting by email at francesca.riuzzi@unipg.it Sede: Dept. Experimental Medicine University of Perugia Building D, 1th Floor Piazzale Gambuli, 1 06132 Perugia-Italy
Learning verification modality	The level of learning achieved will be assessed in an examination comprising a written exam with multiple choice questions (seven questions for each matter) and oral exam consisting in an interview of about 15 minutes aiming to ascertain the knowledge level on theoretical contents as indicated on the program of the different matters. The oral exam will also test the student communication skills and the organization and exposure of the theoretical topics.
Extended program	General organization: Anatomical apparatuses and systems. Anatomical terminology. General information about skeletal and muscular systems. Cardiovascular system: heart and major vessels. Respiratory apparatus: trachea, bronchi, lungs. Microscopic anatomy. Alimentary apparatus: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas. Microscopic anatomy. Urinary apparatus: kidney and urinary tract. Microscopic anatomy. General information about reproductive system: male and female genital organs. General information about principal glands. General information about central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system. General information about spinal cord; brainstem; cerebellum; diencephalon; cerebrum, sensory and motor systems, cranial and spinal nerves.

Biology and genetic bases

Code	A001502
CFU	2
Teacher	Vincenzo Nicola Talesa
Teachers	Vincenzo Nicola Talesa
Hours	24 ore - Vincenzo Nicola Talesa
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/13
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	The basis of biological organization. Chemical basis and molecular organization of life. Structure and function of the plasma membrane. Cell wall and extracellular matrix: structure, function and interaction of cells with the extracellular environment and of the cells between them. Cellular communication and signal transduction. Cytoplasmic membrane systems: structure, function and membrane traffic. Cellular respiration and mitochondria. Cytoskeleton and cell motility. The cancer. Organization of the eukaryotic genome. Gene expression and its regulation. DNA replication and repair. Gene mutations. Cell cycle and its regulation. Genetics elements. Elements of molecular biology methodologies.
Reference texts	1) Giacomo DE LEO, Silvia FASANO, Enrico GINELLI - BIOLOGIA E GENETICA, EdiSES 2) GERALD KARP - BIOLOGIA CELLULARE E MOLECOLARE CONCETTI ED ESPERIMENTI, EdiSES
Educational objectives	The aim of the course is the integrated study of the cell and living organisms, with particular regard to the basic mechanisms involved in the following processes: expression, duplication and transmission of genetic information, cell proliferation. Knowledge of the biotechnological applications concerning the above processes, of the most advanced biological technologies, including recombinant technologies and the use of transgenic animals, is essential for achieving the objective.
Teaching methods	Frontal lesson
Learning verification modality	Written exam with multiple choice answers
Extended program	Introduction to the study of cellular and molecular biology. The biological organization. Characteristics of living beings. The development of cell theory. Types of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The size of the cells and their components. Virus. Prions. The chemical basis of life and the molecular organization of life. Chemical bonds. Polar and non-polar molecules. The properties of water. Biological macromolecules: Proteins: composition, structure, protein domains, active sites. Regulation of the biological activity of proteins. Biological importance of the correct wrapping of proteins. Enzymes and metabolism. Structure and function of Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids. The plasma membrane: structure and function. Structure and function of integral proteins, peripheral and anchored to lipids. Lipids and membrane fluidity, membrane asymmetry. Membrane carbohydrates. Importance of glycocalyx. Dynamic nature of the membrane: mobility of lipids and proteins. Movement of substances through the membrane: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport. Membrane potentials. Cell wall and extracellular matrix: structure and function. Role of the extarcellular matrix in the interaction between cells and the extracellular environment. Interaction of cells with other cells. Cellular communication: cellular signaling and signal transduction. Biological role of cell communication and characteristics of signaling systems. Types of signals: autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, neuronal, contact. Types of receptors: receptors connected to ion channels, G protein coupled receptors, receptors with enzymatic activity. G protein coupled receptors: structure, G protein families, activation and deactivation cycle. Signal transduction. Effectors coupled to G proteins (Adenylate cyclase, Phospholipase, Ion channels). Glucose mobilization. Second messengers and signal amplification. Receptor desensitization. Enzymatic activity receptors: Tyrosine kinase receptors: signal activation and transduction. The Ras-MAP-kinase pathway. Insulin receptor signaling. Convergence, divergence and cross-dialogue between the different signaling pathways. Role of nitrogen oxide as second messenger. The endomembrane system: The Nucleus: structure and function. The nuclear envelope. The pore complex. The nucleolus. Chromatin and chromosomes. Epigenetics. Rough endoplasmic reticulum. Structure and function. The ribosomes. Biosynthetic pathway of the cell. The secretory pathway and the cytoplasmic pathway. Protein sorting. Addressing signals and receptors. Modifications of newly synthesized proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Glycosylation and quality control. Proteasome mediated degradation. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Structure and function. Importance of detoxification from xenobiotics. Golgi complex. Structure and function. Glycosylation in the Golgi complex. The movement of materials in the Golgi complex. Vesicular transport. Types of vesicles and types of transport. Addressing of the vesicles to a specific compartment. Lysosomes. Structure and function. Heterophagia and autophagy. Peroxisomes: Structure and function. Endocytic path: Generalized endocytosis. Receptor mediated endocytosis. Internalization of LDL and role in the formation of atheromas. Phagocytosis. Post translational intake of proteins by the nucleus, peroxisomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts. Mitochondria: structure and function. Mitochondrial membranes and the matrix. Cellular respiration. Synthesis of ATP. Cytoskeleton and cell motility: The structure and function of microtubules. Kinesin and dynein. The microtubule organization centers. Dynamism of microtubules. Eyelashes and flagella: structure and function. Intermediate filaments: types and functions. . Microfilaments, actin and myosin. Muscle contractility. Cancer: Characteristics of the neoplastic cell. Proto-oncogenes. Oncogenes. Tumor suppressor. Structural and functional organization of the eukaryotic genome. Complexity (repetitive DNA, concept of gene family, etc.) and stability (gene duplication, pseudogenes, transposable elements and their role in the evolution of the genome) of the eukaryotic genome. Genetic variability within human populations (polymorphisms). Regulatory sequences, DNA / protein interaction. Medical applications of genome analysis. Molecular basis of hereditary information. The chemical nature of the gene (Griffith and Hershey / Chase experiments). Gene expression: from transcription to translation. Transcription and maturation of RNAs in eukaryotes. The anatomy of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene. The relationship between genes and proteins. The mechanism of synthesis (transcription) of RNAs in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The maturation process of primary transcripts, with particular regard to the modification of messenger RNAs in eukaryotes. Gene expression: from transcription to translation. Coding of gene expression (translation). Genetic code: decipherment and properties. Molecular system of translation. General characteristics and biological implications of translation. Molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of gene expression in bacteria (general) and in eukaryotes. Transcript level control. Role of transcription factors (trans factors) and DNA sites involved in transcriptional regulation (cis elements). Role of chromatin condensation, degree of DNA methylation and histone H3 acetylation with the expression of genes in eukaryotic cells. Role of small non-coding RNAs and RNA-induced silencing. Potential clinical applications of RNA interference. Molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. Post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational control. MicroRNA: a newly discovered network for post-transcriptional gene regulation and alternative splicing. Regulation of mRNA and protein stability. DNA replication and repair and their correlations with human pathologies and with cellular aging phenomena. Biological role of DNA replication, possible models, experiment that allowed to verify its veracity (Meselson and Stahl). Molecularly associated problems with semiconservative replication. Telomerase. Mistakes that can occur under physiological conditions during DNA metabolism, and main DNA repair mechanisms in eukaryotic cells. Gene mutations. Mutations by replacement, insertion or deletion of nucleotides, spontaneous and induced mutations. Chemical and physical mutagens. Know the single and double strand DNA damage repair systems. Genomic and chromosomal mutations (general). Cell cycle and its gene control. Apoptosis. Genes involved in the regulation of the cell cycle (tumor suppressors) or in the control of cell proliferation (proto-oncogenes). The role of cyclin-dependent kinases. Cell death mechanisms (necrosis and apoptosis). Phase M: mitosis or meiosis and cytokinesis. Gametogenesis. Haploidy and diploidy concept. Homologous chromosomes. Molecular mechanism of mitosis. Cytokinesis. Characteristics of sexual reproduction. Molecular mechanism of meiosis and its genetic consequences. Meiosis in human male and female gametogenesis. Haploidy and diploidy concept. Homologous chromosomes. Alleles. Mendel's experiments and laws. chromosomal theory of inheritance. Morgan experiments and association between genes. Concepts of dominance, recessivity, incomplete dominance, codominance, pleiotropy, epistasis, penetrance and expressiveness. Genealogical trees, autosomal dominant and recessive traits, gender-related traits (X dominant and recessive, Y). Molecular biology methodologies: generalities and applications.

Histology

Code	A001500
CFU	2
Teacher	Mario Calvitti
Teachers	Mario Calvitti
Hours	24 ore - Mario Calvitti
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/17
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Epithelia. Exocrine and endocrine glands. Connective tissues tissue. Adipose tissue. Types of cartilage. Bone tissue. Bone formation. Blood. Muscular tissues. Nervous tissue.
Reference texts	Istologia per le professioni sanitarie. Sica G. et al. Casa Editrice IDELSON-GNOCCHI.
Educational objectives	At the end of the course, student must reach the critical knowledge of: A) morphological features of human normal tissues.
Prerequisites	In order to be able to understand and apply the majority of the contents described within the course, the student must have acquired basic knowledge of cellular biology.
Teaching methods	The course is organized with face to face lessons with slide projections concerning the main topics .
Other information	Compulsory. At least 60% of lessons.
Learning verification modality	The exam consists of a multiple-choice test and includes an oral exam of Histology.
Extended program	Course of Histology. Lining epithelium: general considerations, classification and main examples. Exocrine and endocrine glands: classification and examples. Connective tissues and adipose tissue. Cartilage. Bone tissue. Bone development. Blood (plasma; erythrocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets). Muscular tissues: morphology of smooth and striated muscles. Molecular mechanism of contraction. Nervous tissue: general organization. Neurons and neuroglial cells. Nerve fibers, peripheral nerves. Synapses: morpho-functional organization.

Methods and techniques of histology and citology

Code	A001503
CFU	2
Teacher	Giamprimo Bartoli
Teachers	Giamprimo Bartoli
Hours	24 ore - Giamprimo Bartoli
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Scienze e tecniche di laboratorio biomedico
Academic discipline	MED/46
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian.
Contents	Basic techniques and main methods used in histology and cytology laboratory.
Reference texts	J.D. Bancroft M. Gamble, Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, Churchill Livingstone Elservier, Sixth Edition - L. Roco A. Scarpa, Anatomia Patologica Le Basi, UTET.
Educational objectives	Knowledge of basic techniques and methods used in the laboratory of histology and cytology.
Prerequisites	-
Teaching methods	Theoretical lessons with practical training.
Learning verification modality	L’esame dell’insegnamento di “Scienze bio-morfologiche” si compone di una parte scritta e di una parte orale. La parte scritta costituisce solo elemento discriminante per l’accesso alla parte orale. Per la parte scritta (per cui saranno concessi 30 minuti), verranno somministrate 7 domande per ogni modulo di insegnamento (con quattro risposte possibili di cui solo una esatta). L’accesso alla prova orale è consentito solo se lo studente risponde in maniera corretta ad almeno 4 domande per ogni modulo di insegnamento. Lo studente che non ottiene la condizione minima sopra descritta, non accede alla parte orale e dovrà ripetere l’intero esame. La parte orale dovrà obbligatoriamente essere sostenuta nello stesso appello della parte scritta dinanzi alla commissione e verterà su tutti gli argomenti dei programmi. Il punteggio finale è determinato collegialmente dalla commissione come risultante delle due parti della prova.
Extended program	Histological techniques. Fixation: general concepts, types of fixatives, factors that influence the fixation. Buffer solutions used in histology. Tissue processing. Dehydration, clearing, infiltration and paraffin embedding. Sectioning with a microtome. Cut frozen sections. Mounting on microscope slides. Staining. Use of the microscope: optical microscope, inverted microscope, stereo microscope, fluorescent microscope, confocal microscope. The histological and histochemical staining: hematoxylin-eosin, Azan Mallory-May-Grunwald Giemsa, Weigert Van Gieson, Alcian blue, PAS, von Kossa. Cytological techniques, Papanicolaou stain