Unit PHYSIOPATHOLOGIALBASESOFDISEASES

PHYSIOLOGY II

Code	GP005093
CFU	2
Teacher	Fabio Massimo Botti
Teachers	Fabio Massimo Botti
Hours	30 ore - Fabio Massimo Botti
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/09
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	function of the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, digestive and endocrine systems
Reference texts	Principi di Fisiologia - L. Zocchi – Ed. EdiSES Edi-Ermes Fisiologia dell'uomo. AAVV ISBN-13: 978-8870512519 R. Poltronieri Elementi di Fisiologia EdiSES
Educational objectives	knowledge and understanding of the functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, digestive and endocrine systems
Prerequisites	the student should possess the fundamental knowledge in: Physics Chemistry Biochemistry Human anatomy
Teaching methods	frontal lessons
Other information	-
Learning verification modality	progress evaluation with multiple choice questions and a final oral test
Extended program	Physiology of the cardiovascular system Heart: Cardiac automatism: pace-maker cells of the nodal tissue, rhythmism and conduction of cardiac action potential. Mechanisms of atrio-ventricular delay. Cardiac mechanics: Action potential of cardiomyocyte due to electro-mechanical coupling in cardiac fiber. Factors that determine the contractile strength of the heart. Isometric and isotonic contraction and the length-tension relationship in the cardiac fiber. The meaning of Laplace's law applied to the heart. Cardiac cycle: cardiac, arterial and venous pressure changes. Heart valves and heart sounds. Cardiac output. Regulation of cardiac activity:. Intrinsic Mechanisms and Frank-Starling Law. Effects of the autonomic nervous system. Electrocardiogram. Principles of hemodynamics: Physical factors that regulate blood flow in the circulatory system. Relationship between pressure, flow and resistance, the Hagen-Poiseuille law. Laminar and turbulent flow. Blood viscosity and hematocrit. Compliance. Factors determining blood pressure and the creation of pressure gradient in the circulatory system. Functions of the arteries: elastic and resistance vessels Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure. Blood pressure measurement. Physiology of the microcirculation. Mechanisms underlying blood - interstitium exchanges. Role of the lymphatic system Factors determining interstitial edema.Physiology of the venous system: mechanisms of venous return . Regional Control of blood flow: Metabolic, humoral and nervous mechanisms. Circulation control in special districts: coronary, cutaneous, muscular and cerebral circulation. Short medium and long term Regulation of arterial pressure Baroceptive and chemoceptive reflexes. The renin-angiotensin system. Renal factors. Physiology of the respiratory system Respiratory mechanics. Lung volumes and capacities. Lung and alveolar ventilation. Spirometric examination Respiratory muscles. Elastic properties of the lung, intrapleural pressure, pressure-volume curve, role of the surfactant. Elastic properties of the rib cage. Dynamic resistance to gas flow . Gas exchange - Partial gas pressure in the ambient, inhaled and alveolar air. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood. Ventilation / perfusion relationship. Nervous control of breathing. Physiology of the urinary system The nephron. Glomerular filtration and its regulation. Tubular functions - Resorption and secretion. Resorption of water and solutes. Action of antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone. Excretion. Urination. Renal clearance: meaning, utility. Short-medium and long-term mechanisms of pH control physiology of the digestive system Smooth muscle: functional organization, and excitation-contraction coupling. Regulation of electrical activity and contraction of smooth muscle fibers. Functions and processes. regulation of intestinal motility. Secretion. Phases of digestion: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal. Digestion and absorption. Physiology of endocrine systems: function and organization, types of hormones, general control mechanisms. Hypothalamic-pituitary axis: structure and controlled hormones. GH: functions and control of secretion. Thyroid hormones: functions, control of secretion, related pathologies. Integrated blood glucose control: hormones involved, mechanisms of action of insulin and glucagon. Control of serum calcium: parathormone, calciferol and calcitonin, action and integration mechanisms. Integrated stress response: phases of stress according to Selye, nervous and chemical factors. Effects on theme tabolism and on the nervous system

MICROBIOLOGY

Code	GP005094
CFU	2
Teacher	Stefano Perito
Teachers	Stefano Perito
Hours	30 ore - Stefano Perito
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	MED/07
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

GENERALPATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOPATHOLOGY

Code	GP005092
CFU	3
Teacher	Andrea Bartoli
Teachers	Andrea Bartoli
Hours	45 ore - Andrea Bartoli
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	MED/04
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	- Molecular Pathology - Major genetic diseases - Diseases to environmental causes - Cellular pathology and cell death - Inflammation - Molecular Oncology - Elements of the pathophysiology of organs and apparatuses
Reference texts	1. G.M. Pontieri. Patologia e fisiopatologia generale. Per i corsi di laurea in professioni sanitarie. Piccin 2.Spector. Introduzione alla Patologia Generale, Casa editrice Ambrosiana 3. Pontieri. Patologia generale, Piccin 4. Robbins. Le basi patologiche delle malattie, Elsevier
Educational objectives	After completing the course students are expected to have acquired basic knowledge to understand the major topics of molecular etiology of the disease, as well as have knowledge of the main aspects of the pathophysiology of organs and systems with particular reference to the specific biological needs during professional employement.
Prerequisites	In order to understand and know how to apply most of the knowledge provided by the teaching it is important to have successfully defended the exams of the first year of the degree course. The student must in fact possess the knowledge of the processes that take place within the cell and within and between the various organs and body systems. Students must know the basics of the profession of nursing.
Teaching methods	Frontal lectures. The lectures are on the whole program of the course of study, but are also on specialized topics that emerge from the specific needs of learners, all in a view of a highly vocational intent of the course. Each lesson has a duration of two hours on a specific topic, but relating it to others already exposed, to allow the student to have an integrated view.
Other information
Learning verification modality	According to the demands of the students, even though it is integrated, the exam includes two in itinere oral exames for the Physiology II and for Microbiology and a final examination of General Pathology and Pathophysiology with a final score derived from the mediation between the votes obtainedin the three modules. The oral tests consist of discussions lasting 30 minutes on average of 2 or 3 questions, designed to ascertain: - Level of knowledge of the topics - Ability of understanding, connection and integration of informations -Capacity and exhibition of language
Extended program	1. Introduction to the concept of health and disease. The field of interest of the general pathology. 2. The communication between cells. The structural basis of communication. The cellular signaling: endocrine, autocrine and paracrine. Interactions between cells and matrix. Pathology of cellular signaling. 3. The cell damage and adaptive mechanisms. Causes and mechanisms of intrinsic cellular damage (genetic diseases. Mendelian diseases. Polygenic diseases. Diseases cytogenetics. The molecular diagnosis of genetic diseases and genomics-based) and environmental diseases (Environmental Pollution. Damage to chemical and physical agents. Nutritional diseases. The diseases infectious. Teratogenicity). Morphological and molecular aspects of cell damage. The answer to the subcellular damage. The cellular adaptation. Hypertrophy and ipotrofie. Cell death. 4. Elements of immunology and immunopathology. The acute and chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation. Vascular changes. Cellular events: the exudation and leukocyte phagocytosis. The chemical mediators of inflammation. Chronic inflammation: definition and causes. The role of the lymphatic system and lymphoid tissue in inflammatory processes. Systemic manifestations of the inflammatory process. 5. The healing process. The cell cycle and the control of cell proliferation. The repair to scar. Mechanisms of wound healing. Pathology of healing process. Integration of inflammatory and reparative processes. 6. The tumor and cell transformation. Definitions and nomenclature. Characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms. Malignancies. Cancer epidemiology. Carcinogenesis and the molecular basis of cancer. Biology of the neoplastic proliferation. Etiology of cancer: carcinogens. 7. Essentials of pathophysiology of the blood, the endocrine system, the cardiovascular system, liver, respiratory system, urogenital system.