Unit BIOCHEMISTRY II

BIOCHEMISTRY II - MOD. 1

Code	GP005828
Location	TERNI
CFU	3
Teacher	Barbara Cellini
Teachers	Barbara Cellini
Hours	37.5 ore - Barbara Cellini
Learning activities	Base
Area	Struttura, funzione e metabolismo delle molecole d'interesse biologico
Academic discipline	BIO/10
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Signal transduction and chemical mediators. Metabolism of nucleotides. Carbohydrate metabolism.
Reference texts	Biochimica Medica - Siliprandi e Tettamanti - Piccin editor
Educational objectives	Main knowledge acquired will be: -signal transduction and receptors; -metabolism of nucleotides and nucleic acids; -metabolic fate of sugars. The main competence will be: -understand the mechanisms of intracellular communication; -have a general view of the metabolic pathways of nucleotides, nucleic acids, and sugars, also considering their clinical and pharmacological implications.
Prerequisites	For an effective understanding of the topics of this course, knowledge of the subjects studied in the course of Chemistry and Biochemistry I is mandatory. In particular: structure of biomolecules, hemoglobin, enzymes and enzyme kinetics, molecular actions of coenzymes, general organization of metabolism, bioenergetics, terminal metabolism.
Teaching methods	The course is organized as follows: -lectures on all the subjects. Students are stimulated to interact with the teacher during the lectures. -3 biweekly meetings in the classroom, for clarifications and insights. During these meetings students will be required to solve multiple choice tests on the subjects already covered in the lectures. The tests will be discussed critically with the teacher.
Other information	Terni – School of Medicine – Educational and Scientific Center Web site http://www.med.unipg.it/ccl/
Learning verification modality	The exam consists of a written test and an oral examination. The written, multiple choice test, comprises 30 questions covering all the topics of the teaching. The test lasts 60 minutes and is evaluated by assigning 1 point for each correct answer, 0 points for each question not answered, and applying a penalty of -0.5 points for every wrong answer. Students who achieve a score of at least 18/30 will be admitted to the oral exam. This test aims to assess the basic preparation to face the oral examination. The oral exam, lasting about 30 min, consists generally of three questions. The final evaluation takes into account mainly the oral exam, which aims to assess the level of Biochemistry knowledge, the ability to make connections and to integrate knowledge, also in relation to the professional activity. The oral exam will also test the student communication skills.
Extended program	CHEMICAL MEDIATORS, RECEPTORS, SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Primary and secondary chemical mediatorsi. Structure and properties of chemical mediators. Receptors and their localization. Signal transduction at plasma membrane. Regulation of adenilate cyclase. cGMP and nitric oxide. Phosphoinositide cycle. Regulation of intracellular calcium. Enzyme regulation by phosphorylation dephosphorylation. Protein kinases. Enzyme induction. METABOLISM OF NUCLEOTIDES. Purines and Pirimidines bases. Nucleosides and Nucleotides. Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides and its regulation. Deoxyribonucleotide formation. Thymidylate synthase. Salvage reactions in the conversion of purines and their nucleosides to mononucleotides. Purine and pyrimidine nucleotide catabolism. CARBOHYDRATES METABOLISM. Recalls on the structures and chemical properties of simple and complex sugars. Digestion of carbohydrates. Transport and absorption of glucose across membranes. Hexokinase and glucokinase. Metabolic fate of glucose-6-phosphate. Metabolism of glycogen (glycogenesis and glycogenolysis; regulation of glycogen metabolism in muscle and liver; role of glycogen in different tissues). Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of glucose (reactions, regulation of the glycolytic pathway; glycolysis in different tissues; Pasteur effect). Isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase and clinical relevance. Interconversion of monosaccarides. Gluconeogenesis (reactions and regulations, Cori cycle). Mechanisms for the reoxidation of cytosolic NADH: malate/aspartate and glycerol phosphate shuttles. Pentose phosphate pathway (reactions of oxidative and non oxidative phases; regulation; glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase: genetic deficiency or presence of genetic variants in erythrocytes). Glycemia regulation. Glucuronic acid (synthesis and regulation). Hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism (insulin, glucagon, adrenalin, and glucocorticoids).

BIOCHEMISTRY II - MOD. 2

Code	GP005830
Location	TERNI
CFU	3
Teacher	Barbara Cellini
Teachers	Lara Macchioni (Codocenza)
Hours	37.5 ore (Codocenza) - Lara Macchioni
Learning activities	Base
Area	Struttura, funzione e metabolismo delle molecole d'interesse biologico
Academic discipline	BIO/10
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Lipid metabolism. Protein and aminoacid metabolism. Metabolism of nucleic acids. Synthesis and post-translational modifications of proteins.
Reference texts	Biochimica Medica - Siliprandi e Tettamanti - Piccin Editore
Educational objectives	Main knowledge acquired will be: -main metabolic transformations of lipids and proteins/aminoacids; -regulation of metabolic pathways. The main competence will be: -understand the mechanisms of nutrient utilization for energy production and their interconversion. -basic competence on the biochemistry of nutrition.
Prerequisites	For an effective understanding of the topics of this course, knowledge of the subjects studied in the course of Chemistry and Biochemistry I is mandatory. In particular: structure of biomolecules, hemoglobin, enzymes and enzyme kinetics, molecular actions of coenzymes, general organization of metabolism, bioenergetics, terminal metabolism.
Teaching methods	The course is organized as follows: -lectures on all the subjects. Students are stimulated to interact with the teacher during the lectures. -3 biweekly meetings in the classroom, for clarifications and insights. During these meetings students will be required to solve multiple choice tests on the subjects already covered in the lectures. The tests will be discussed critically with the teacher.
Other information	Teaching activities: Terni – School of Medicine – Educational and Scientific Center See web site http://www.med.unipg.it/ccl/
Learning verification modality	The exam consists of a written test and an oral examination. The written, multiple choice test, comprises 30 questions covering all the topics of the teaching. The test lasts 60 minutes and is evaluated by assigning 1 point for each correct answer, 0 points for each question not answered, and applying a penalty of -0.5 points for every wrong answer. Students who achieve a score of at least 18/30 will be admitted to the oral exam. This test aims to assess the basic preparation to face the oral examination. The oral exam, lasting about 30 min, consists generally of three questions. The final evaluation takes into account mainly the oral exam, which aims to assess the level of Biochemistry knowledge, the ability to make connections and to integrate knowledge, also in relation to the professional activity. The oral exam will also test the student communication skills.
Extended program	LIPID METABOLISM. Recalls on the structures and chemical properties. Digestion and absorption of lipids. Transport of lipids in blood plasma. Properties, function, and metabolism of lipoproteins, chilomicron, VLDL, LDL, HDL. Liprotein lipase. Oxidation of fatty acids (activation, transport into mitochondria and beta-oxidation). Ketogenesis and utilization of ketone bodies. Metabolic modification induced by fasting. Essential and non essential fatty acids. Biosynthesis of fatty acids. Metabolism of acylglycerols. Metabolism of phospholipids. Features of synthesis and catabolism of glycolipids. Cholesterol biosynthesis and regulation. Bile acids. Hormonal regulation of lipid metabolism (insulin, glucagon and adrenalin). METABOLISM OF PROTEINS AND AMINOACIDS. Nutritional value of proteins. Nitrogen balance. Essential and non-essential amino acids. Digestion of proteins and absorption of amino acids. Transamination. Oxidative and non-oxidative deamination. Metabolic fate of ammonia. Urea cycle. Role of glutamine and alanine. Glucogenetic and ketogenetic amino acids. Metabolism of glycine, serine, cysteine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine and tyrosine, tryptophan. Decarboxylation of amino acids, biogenic amines. Polyamines. METABOLISM OF NUCLEIC ACIDS. Enzymes involved in DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Mechanisms of replication. Inverse transcriptase. Mutation mechanisms and DNA repair. Recombining DNA and genetic engineering. Enzymes for RNA synthesis. DNA transcription. Post-transcriptional processing of RNA. Catabolism of nucleic acids. SYNTHESIS AND POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS OF PROTEINS. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Mechanisms of protein biosynthesis in prokaryote and eukaryote. Post-translational processing. Export of proteins and secretory pathway. Inhibitors of protein synthesis. Protein synthesis: regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Collagen: synthesis and maturation. Glycosylation of proteins. Catabolism of proteins.

BIOCHEMISTRY II - MOD. 3

Code	GP005829
Location	TERNI
CFU	3
Teacher	Lara Macchioni
Teachers	Lanfranco Corazzi
Hours	37.5 ore - Lanfranco Corazzi
Learning activities	Base
Area	Struttura, funzione e metabolismo delle molecole d'interesse biologico
Academic discipline	BIO/10
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Hormones. Biochemistry and metabolic relationship of tissues and organs.
Reference texts	Biochimica Medica - Siliprandi e Tettamanti - Piccin editor
Educational objectives	Main knowledge acquired will be: -hormones and their mechanism of action; -biochemistry of tissues and metabolic interrelationships; The main competence will be: -understand the integrated metabolic pathways between tissues and hormonal regulation, as basis for future clinical studies.
Prerequisites	For an effective understanding of the topics of this course, knowledge of the subjects studied in the course of Chemistry and Biochemistry I is mandatory. In particular: structure of biomolecules, hemoglobin, enzymes and enzyme kinetics, molecular actions of coenzymes, general organization of metabolism, bioenergetics, terminal metabolism.
Teaching methods	The course is organized as follows: -lectures on all the subjects. Students are stimulated to interact with the teacher during the lectures. -3 biweekly meetings in the classroom, for clarifications and insights. During these meetings students will be required to solve multiple choice tests on the subjects already covered in the lectures. The tests will be discussed critically with the teacher.
Other information	Terni – School of Medicine – Educational and Scientific Center Web site: http://www.med.unipg.it/ccl/
Learning verification modality	The exam consists of a written test and an oral examination. The written, multiple choice test, comprises 30 questions covering all the topics of the teaching. The test lasts 60 minutes and is evaluated by assigning 1 point for each correct answer, 0 points for each question not answered, and applying a penalty of -0.5 points for every wrong answer. Students who achieve a score of at least 18/30 will be admitted to the oral exam. This test aims to assess the basic preparation to face the oral examination. The oral exam, lasting about 30 min, consists generally of three questions. The final evaluation takes into account mainly the oral exam, which aims to assess the level of Biochemistry knowledge, the ability to make connections and to integrate knowledge, also in relation to the professional activity. The oral exam will also test the student communication skills.
Extended program	HORMONES. Endocrine system. Action mechanisms and metabolic effects of the following hormones. Hypotalamic and pituitary hormones. Hormones of pancreas. Thyroid hormones, biosynthesis. Adrenal cortex hormones, mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids, biosynthesis and degradation. Hormones of adrenal medulla, biosynthesis and degradation. Hormones of the gonads, biosynthesis. Calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and regulation of Ca++ metabolism. Eicosanoids and lipid mediators (prostaglandins, tromboxanes, leukotrienes, PAF, ceramide). BIOCHEMISTRY OF TISSUES AND ORGANS. NERVOUS TISSUE. Biochemistry of synapses. Main neurotransmitters. Main metabolic features of the nervous system. SKELETAL MUSCLE. Transduction of chemical energy into mechanical energy: molecular basis. Metabolic aspects of aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Creatine, phosphocreatine (biosynthesis and function), creatinine. BLOOD. Plasma proteins. Biochemical aspects of blood coagulation. Metabolic features of red cell. Metabolism of haemoglobin and iron. Intestinal iron absorption and its utilization. LIVER. Peculiar function od hepatocytes in carbohydrate, aminoacid, and lipid metabolism. Detoxification processes: role of glucuronic acid, PAPS, cytochrome p450. Heme catabolism and bilirubin conjugation. Metabolism of ethanol. ADIPOSE TISSUE. Trygliceride biosinthesis and deposition. Trygliceride degradation and mobilization. Hormone-dependent lipase. Effects of insulin and glucagon. HEART MUSCLE. Substrates for oxidative metabolism. Calcium homeostasis. Metabolic alterations of anoxia and ischemia. METABOLIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TISSUES.