Unit GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY, PHARMACOGNOSY AND TOXICOLOGY
- Course
- Chemistry and technology of drugs
- Study-unit Code
- 65485010
- Location
- PERUGIA
- Curriculum
- In all curricula
- Teacher
- Roberta Bianchi
- Teachers
-
- Roberta Bianchi
- Hours
- 80 ore - Roberta Bianchi
- CFU
- 10
- Course Regulation
- Coorte 2016
- Offered
- 2018/19
- Learning activities
- Caratterizzante
- Area
- Discipline biologiche e farmacologiche
- Academic discipline
- BIO/14
- Type of study-unit
- Obbligatorio (Required)
- Type of learning activities
- Attività formativa monodisciplinare
- Language of instruction
- Italian
- Contents
- Classification of plants (family, genus and species). Definition of drug and active principles. Extraction methods. Example of biological active plants.
General principles of Pharmacology. Pharmacodynamics: drug receptors and receptors / mechanisms. Pharmacokinetics: disposition and metabolisms of drugs. Drug development, evaluation of new drugs and principles of therapeutics. Pharmacology for special patient populations. - Reference texts
- A. Bruni- Farmacognosia generale e Applicata-Piccin;F. Capasso, R. De Pasquale, G. grandolini, N. Mascolo- Farmacognosia- Springer
R. Paoletti, S. Nicosia, F Clementi, G. Fumagalli
Farmacologia generale e molecolare, UTET, Torino
e
R. Paoletti, S. Nicosia, F Clementi, G. Fumagalli
Farmacologia clinica, UTET, Torino - Educational objectives
- Knowledge acquisition about crude drug and active principles, classes of secondary active metabolites, extraction methods.
The course of General pharmacology, pharmacognosy and toxicology is the first of three teachings concerning Pharmacology. The main goal of education is to provide to the students the pharmacological basis for the understanding of the other two teachings, represented by Pharmacotherapy and biopharmaceuticals and Elements of experimental pharmacology. The general pharmacology is the study of the fundamentals of drug action that evaluates the relationship between body and drug, and analyzes the general mechanisms of interaction between the two systems. All the drugs share some general principles that are independent of the nature of the effect and which are common to all. The main knowledge gained will be related to: 1) absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs 2) routes of administration of the drugs 3) bioavailability and bioequivalence 4) Receptors and theories of receptor activation 5) mechanisms of drug action and signal transduction pathways. The knowledge gained will enable the student to achieve the following skills: 1) be able to calculate the correct dosage of a drug 2) avoid toxic effects 3) rational use of medicines and achieve maximum efficacy with minimal toxicity - Prerequisites
- To effectively follow and understand the topics covered in the course of Pharmacognosy is necessary for the student to have a basic knowledge of Plant Biology.
The student who is going to the course Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Toxicology General must have successfully passed the exams of General and Applied Biochemistry and Molecular Biology that are very important for understanding the contents of the course of Pharmacology and the general objectives of learning. It would also be very useful that the student had successfully passed the exam in General physiology, which would allow him to easily understand the path of a drug in the body. The knowledge of these topics is indispensable for the student who wants to follow the course with profit. - Teaching methods
- Face-to-face teaching
- Other information
- Compulsory course attendance
- Learning verification modality
- Oral exam (10 min) about a plant described during the year (crude drug, active principles and its use in phytotherapy)
The exam includes a single oral exam at the end of the course, which consists in a discussion lasting about 20 minutes aimed at ascertaining the level of knowledge and understanding achieved by students on the theoretical and methodological implications listed in the program (absorption, distribution , metabolism and elimination of drugs as regards the part of pharmacokinetics; receptors for the drugs, theories of activation of receptor, the major classes of receptors and their mechanism of signal transduction for the part of pharmacodynamics, agonists and antagonists; botanical description of drugs and of the methods of preservation of the same, the main drugs active at the level of the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, CNS, urinary as regards the part of Pharmacognosy; toxic effects of xenobiotics and mechanisms of toxicity as regards the part of toxicology). The test oral will also verify the acquisition by the student of an appropriate language and communication skills and self-organization of the exposure on the topics in theoretical content. - Extended program
- Elements of Botany: morphology of leaves, flowers, fruits and roots. Latex and resins. Medicinal plants and crude drugs. Phytocomplex and isolated active compounds. Phytotoxicity. Cultivation, harvesting, drying, preparation of medicinal plants. Extraction methodologies (enfleurage, distillation and solvent extraction). Conservation of plants.
General pharmacokinetics: passages of drugs across cell membranes; routes of administration and absorption; bioavailability; distribution of drugs in the body; volume of distribution, binding to plasma proteins; drug metabolism; excretion; time-course of drug plasmatic contents (after single or repeated administration). General pharmacodynamics: targets and mechanisms of drug action; receptors, classification of mebrane receptors, intracellular receptors, dose-response curve; agonists, partial agonists, antagonists; individual variations (effects of age, pathological states, drug interactions, tolerance, placebo effects). General toxicity: side-effects, overdose, idiosyncratic and allergic reactions; teratogenesis and foetal toxicity; carcinogenesis; drug dependency. Clinical evaluation. Pharmacosurveillance and plant drug monitoring.