Unit HUMAN ANATOMY

HUMAN ANATOMY - MOD. 2

Code	GP005753
Location	PERUGIA
CFU	3
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Formazione clinica interdisciplinare e medicina basata sulle evidenze
Academic discipline	BIO/16
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

Canale A

CFU

3

Teacher

Rosario Francesco Donato

Teachers

• Rosario Francesco Donato

Hours

• 36 ore - Rosario Francesco Donato

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

Skeleton of the skull. Main muscle compartments, muscle insertions, actions, innervation and vascular supply. The urinary apparatus. The pelvis and the perineum. The endocrine system Functional anatomy of the endocrine glands.

Reference texts

Textbook: AA.VV. (first Author: Giuseppe Anastasi), Trattato di Anatomia Umana (Quarta Edizione, 2006, Ristampa 2008 o successive), Edi.Ermes, Milano (3 vol.) Atlas: F.H. Netter, Atlante di Anatomia Umana, Terza Edizione (or subsequent editions), Elsevier Masson Atlas: AA.VV. (first authors: Giuseppe Anastasi and Carlo Tacchetti), Anatomia (first edition, 2013), Edi.Ermes, Milano (2 vol.)

Educational objectives

Knowledge of the macroscopic and microscopic structure of the organs ans systems with special reference to their topography and to morphofunctional correlates.

Prerequisites

Students must have preliminary information of cytology (useful), cell biology (important), histology (mandatory), physics of fluids and gas (important), and organic chemistry (useful).

Teaching methods

Theoretical lessons and practical training.

Learning verification modality

Progress assessments and final oral exam for a total of 3 tests. 1) No. 2 progress assessments (the first one around 10 June, that is about two weeks after the end of the second semester of the 1st year, which is centered on matters treated during this semester, and the second one around 10 December, that is one week before the end of the first semester of the 2nd year, which is centered on matters treated during the precedent semester and those treated until up about ten days before the test). Each progress assessment consists of a multiple choice written exam (60 questions, to be completed in 70 minutes) with a final evaluation as xx/30 (0.5/30 for every correct answer and no penalization for wrong answers; the test is considered done if the student gains 18/30); and 2) a final oral exam consisting of two questions on matters as per the program (mean duration: about 45 minutes). Progress assessments aim to establish the extent of learning of matters treated during classes and the student's logics ability. The oral exam aims to establish the extent of knowledge of the whole discipline and to evaluate the correctness of the scientific language employed by the student, his/her logics ability and his/her orientation in the different compartments of the human body. Those students who have not attended or done the two progress assessments will be given a multiple choice written exam (120 questions on all the matters of the program, to be completed in 120 minutes). This test will be evaluated as xx/30 (1/30 every four correct answers and no penalization for wrong answers). Students who have obtained 18/30 are admitted to the oral exam which consists of one single question chosen by chance by the student among a list of 90 questions that are known to the students since the beginning of the course. For these students the final mark will be the average of the sum of the mark obtained at the written test and that obtained at the oral exam.

Extended program

General Aims Understanding four fundamental issues: 1. Anatomical apparatuses and systems satisfy precise functional needs; 2. Individual anatomical apparatuses and systems consist of various organs that are functionally connected to one another; 3. The cardiovascular apparatus, the nervous system and the endocrine system govern the functional interconnection among the various anatomical apparatuses and systems; 4. The organs are found in body cavities and other sites and show precise topographic and reciprocal relationships and project to skeletal elements and soft tissues. Program: The skeleton and skeletal muscles Position and general characteristics of principal bone structures (skeleton of limbs, pelvis and skull). Main muscle compartments, muscle insertions, actions, innervation and vascular supply. The urinary apparatus Kidneys: gross and microscopic anatomy. Vascular supply of the urinary apparatus. Functional anatomy of the nephron. The uretere. Functional anatomy of the urinary bladder. Lymph nodes. The pelvis and the perineum Muscles. Male and female reproductive apparatus. Vascular supply. Lymph nodes. The diaphragm and abdominal wall Muscles of the abdominal wall. The inguinal canal. Head and neck The neurocranium and the viscerocranium. Masticatory and mimic muscles. Neck compartmets. The farynx. The larinx. The oral cavity. Organs of the neck. Head and neck vessels. Lymph nodes. The spleen and lymphonodal stations.

Canale B

CFU

3

Teacher

Mario Rende

Teachers

• Mario Rende

Hours

• 36 ore - Mario Rende

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

Gross anatomy of the major organs and systems, topographical relationships between the structures, notions of microscopic anatomy.
The didactical approach is purely topographic and not sytematic

Reference texts

Please, before to decide see the following suggested books available in the student's room of the section of Human Anatomy (Building C, 3th floor).

Main Textbooks:
Gray's Anatomy, International Edition, Elsevier, 41th edition
Moore Dalley, Clinically Oriented Anatomy, Lippincott 7th edizion

Atlas:
Prometheus, 3 volumes, Thieme

Additional Textbooks:
J. Lumley: Surface Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Examination, Churchill Livingstone; 4th edition
Di Fiore's Atlas of Histology: With Functional Correlations, Williams & Wilkins; 9th edition

Educational objectives

General educational goals of the course of Human Anatomy are:

Understanding 3 fundamental aspects:
1. All Anatomical Systems meet specific functional requirements;
2. All Anatomical Systems consist of various organs functionally interconnected;
3. Cardiovascular system, Nervous system and endocrine system run the functional interconnection of different organs and systems.

On this basis, the understanding of the following key concepts are required:
• normal macroscopic structure of the major organs and systems, with particular reference to a topographic and clinical approach
• Histological structure correlated with the function
• Functional and Clinical Considerations applied to the understanding of the structure

Prerequisites

To effectively follow and understand the topics covered in the course of Human Anatomy is necessary that the student has the basic concepts of Biology and Histology

Teaching methods

Frontal Lectures
Practical sessions of Surface Anatomy

Other information

All the didactical materials and information of the exam and the course are available in the web area of the course

Learning verification modality

5 written tests with multiple choices questions and figures to recognize

Extended program

DIDACTICAL UNITS (D.U.)

D.U. Skeletal System

Educational Objective: To understand that the skeleton is responsible for the shape, makes it possible movements, is home to the ancestors of the elements of the blood, is the main deposition of calcium, helps to delimit the regions and the body cavities where they are allocated equipment and systems.
Educational Program: know the position and the general characteristics of the main bony structures of the skeleton (particularly the skeleton of the limbs, trunk, pelvis and skull). This U.D. will not be treated individually, but will be segmented in other units and included in the explanation of topographical anatomy of the various regions

D.U. Locomotor System

Educational Objective: To understand the main movements possible for the limbs and the main muscles that perform them.
Educational Program: know the muscle compartments of the limbs and the origin, insertion, blood supply, innervation and the possible actions of the main muscles that are accommodated in each compartment.

U.D. Chest

Educational Objective: To understand the functional anatomy of the thoracic cage and organs that will stay with particular reference to cardiovascular and respiratory structures.
Educational Program: functional notions on the rib cage and intercostal spaces; pleura, lungs anatomy macroscopic, microscopic and functional of the bronchial tree and lung parenchyma, respiratory mechanics and functional influences the autonomic nervous system, heart and great vessels: faces and location of the heart, pericardium, and functional gross anatomy of the heart chambers, heart valves and mechanism of the skeleton of the heart conduction system, coronary arteries and their course, aorta and neck vessels, pulmonary artery, superior and inferior vena cava, the pulmonary veins, system of Azygos; mediastinum: limits, division and topographic relations of the viscera present.

D.U. Anterolateral abdominal wall and diaphragm

Educational Objective: To understand the functions of the diaphragm, the anterolateral abdominal wall and the inguinal canal.
Educational Program: main concepts of macroscopic diaphragm, hiatuses and the tendinous center; gross anatomy and position of the external oblique muscles, internal, transverse and upright; macroscopic principal terms of the inguinal canal and its contents.

D.U. Digestive System

Educational Objective: To understand functionally as the digestive system presides over the introduction of food, to their digestion and absorption and elimination of solid waste products.
Educational Program: knowledge of the main macroscopic and microscopic features of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, the most important anatomical relationships between the above structures; peritoneum; vascularization of the gastrointestinal system, functions and regulation of the endocrine system gastroenteric functional effects of innervation of the gastrointestinal system, liver, gallbladder and pancreas: macroscopic aspects, microscopic and functional.

D.U.Spleen and lymph node stations

Learning Objective: to understand the main aspects of macroscopic and microscopic topography.
Educational Program: topographic position and microscopic structure of the spleen, with particular reference to the morphofunctional aspects; distribution of lymph node chains; thoracic duct.

D.U. Urinary System

Educational Objective: To understand how the kidneys purify the blood from the water-soluble products of catabolism, participate in the control of acid-base, govern the regulation of water-salt, participate in the control of blood pressure, the production of red blood cells and all ' apposition of calcium in the bone.
Educational Program: Kidney: location, main macroscopic and microscopic aspects; vascularization urinary tract, the nephron: microscopic and functional aspects of ultrafiltration and tubular reabsorption; ureter: course and microscopic aspects; bladder position, the main aspects macroscopic, microscopic and functional , the structural basis and nervous urination, male and female urethra: macroscopic aspects.

D.U. Pelvis and Perineum

Training objective: knowledge and understanding of the anatomical limits of the organs and structures inside with their main anatomical relationships.
Educational Program: male genitalia: testis, deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, urethra, bulbourethral glands, penis. Female reproductive system: ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, and vulva, rectum and anal canal. Vascularity of the pelvic organs and perineum.

D.U. Endocrine System

Educational Objective: To understand how the endocrine system regulates the metabolic activities (anabolism, catabolism), digestion, hydro-saline balance, energy balance, reproduction.
Educational Program: to know the macro and microscopic structure, the hormones produced, their functional role and regulation of the following endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreatic islets, gastrointestinal endocrine system, testis, ovary.

D.U. Head and Neck

Educational Objective: To understand the main macroscopic aspects, with particular reference to the position of the cranial bones and the pharynx and larynx.
Educational Program: splanchnocranium and know the bones of the cranium, the fountains and their function, and facial expression muscles of mastication. Compartments of the neck, the carotid artery system and the internal jugular vein; morphofunctional aspects of the pharynx and larynx.

D.U. Nervous System

Educational Objective: To understand how the sensory system allows the perception of the outside world, such as motor activity is based on the interconnection of three major functional systems: pyramidal, extrapyramidal and cerebellar, how the nervous system presides over cognitive activities, the foundation of social life and results of sensory perception and memory, such as the nervous system regulates visceral activities independently of our will.

Educational Program: central nervous system: location, functions and circuits connected to the cerebral lobes, cerebellum, basal ganglia, thalamus, trunk, reticular and limbic system, spinal cord, the ventricular system and cerebrospinal fluid; vascularization of the nervous system: polygon of Willis and main vessels arising therefrom, the vessels of the spinal cord, venous drainage of the nervous system. Meninges. Peripheral nervous system: spinal roots, sensory ganglia. Cranial nerves: topography, course and functions. Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic. Major neurotransmitters. The sense organs: eye and ear.

HUMAN ANATOMY - MOD. 3

Code	GP005754
Location	PERUGIA
CFU	5
Learning activities	Base
Area	Morfologia umana
Academic discipline	BIO/16
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

Canale A

CFU

5

Teacher

Rosario Francesco Donato

Teachers

• Rosario Francesco Donato

Hours

• 60 ore - Rosario Francesco Donato

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

The nervous system Central nervous system: gross and functional anatomy. Cerebral hemispheres. The diencephalon. The cerebellum. The brainsteam. The spinal cord. Brain ventricles and vessels. The meninges. Cranial nerves. The peripheral nervous system. Functional anatomy of the autonomic nervous system. The eye. The ear. The endocrine system Functional anatomy of the endocrine glands.

Reference texts

Textbook: AA.VV. (first Author: Giuseppe Anastasi), Trattato di Anatomia Umana (Quarta Edizione, 2006, Ristampa 2008 o successive), Edi.Ermes, Milano (3 vol.) Atlas: F.H. Netter, Atlante di Anatomia Umana, Terza Edizione (or subsequent editions), Elsevier Masson Atlas: AA.VV. (first authors: Giuseppe Anastasi and Carlo Tacchetti), Anatomia (first edition, 2013), Edi.Ermes, Milano (2 vol.)

Educational objectives

Knowledge of the macroscopic and microscopic structure of the organs ans systems with special reference to their topography and to morphofunctional correlates.

Prerequisites

Students must have preliminary information of cytology (useful), cell biology (important), histology (mandatory), physics of fluids and gas (important), and organic chemistry (useful).

Teaching methods

Theoretical lessons and practical training. Exercises in microscopic anatomy

Learning verification modality

Progress assessments and final oral exam for a total of 3 tests. 1) No. 2 progress assessments (the first one around 10 June, that is about two weeks after the end of the second semester of the 1st year, which is centered on matters treated during this semester, and the second one around 10 December, that is one week before the end of the first semester of the 2nd year, which is centered on matters treated during the precedent semester and those treated until up about ten days before the test). Each progress assessment consists of a multiple choice written exam (60 questions, to be completed in 70 minutes) with a final evaluation as xx/30 (0.5/30 for every correct answer and no penalization for wrong answers; the test is considered done if the student gains 18/30); and 2) a final oral exam consisting of two questions on matters as per the program (mean duration: about 45 minutes). Progress assessments aim to establish the extent of learning of matters treated during classes and the student's logics ability. The oral exam aims to establish the extent of knowledge of the whole discipline and to evaluate the correctness of the scientific language employed by the student, his/her logics ability and his/her orientation in the different compartments of the human body. Those students who have not attended or done the two progress assessments will be given a multiple choice written exam (120 questions on all the matters of the program, to be completed in 120 minutes). This test will be evaluated as xx/30 (1/30 every four correct answers and no penalization for wrong answers). Students who have obtained 18/30 are admitted to the oral exam which consists of one single question chosen by chance by the student among a list of 90 questions that are known to the students since the beginning of the course. For these students the final mark will be the average of the sum of the mark obtained at the written test and that obtained at the oral exam.

Extended program

General Aims Understanding four fundamental issues: 1. Anatomical apparatuses and systems satisfy precise functional needs; 2. Individual anatomical apparatuses and systems consist of various organs that are functionally connected to one another; 3. The cardiovascular apparatus, the nervous system and the endocrine system govern the functional interconnection among the various anatomical apparatuses and systems; 4. The organs are found in body cavities and other sites and show precise topographic and reciprocal relationships and project to skeletal elements and soft tissues. Program: The nervous system Central nervous system: gross and functional anatomy. Cerebral hemispheres. The diencephalon. The cerebellum. The brainsteam. The spinal cord. Brain ventricles and vessels. The meninges. Cranial nerves. The peripheral nervous system. Functional anatomy of the autonomic nervous system. The eye. The ear. The endocrine system Functional anatomy of the endocrine glands.

Canale B

CFU

5

Teacher

Mario Rende

Teachers

• Mario Rende

Hours

• 60 ore - Mario Rende

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

Gross anatomy of the major organs and systems, topographical relationships between the structures, notions of microscopic anatomy.
The didactical approach is purely topographic and not sytematic

Reference texts

Please, before to decide see the following suggested books available in the student's room of the section of Human Anatomy (Building C, 3th floor).

Main Textbooks:
Gray's Anatomy, International Edition, Elsevier, 41th edition
Moore Dalley, Clinically Oriented Anatomy, Lippincott 7th edizion

Atlas:
Prometheus, 3 volumes, Thieme

Additional Textbooks:
J. Lumley: Surface Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Examination, Churchill Livingstone; 4th edition
Di Fiore's Atlas of Histology: With Functional Correlations, Williams & Wilkins; 9th edition

Educational objectives

General educational goals of the course of Human Anatomy are:

Understanding 3 fundamental aspects:
1. All Anatomical Systems meet specific functional requirements;
2. All Anatomical Systems consist of various organs functionally interconnected;
3. Cardiovascular system, Nervous system and endocrine system run the functional interconnection of different organs and systems.

On this basis, the understanding of the following key concepts are required:
• normal macroscopic structure of the major organs and systems, with particular reference to a topographic and clinical approach
• Histological structure correlated with the function
• Functional and Clinical Considerations applied to the understanding of the structure

Prerequisites

To effectively follow and understand the topics covered in the course of Human Anatomy is necessary that the student has the basic concepts of Biology and Histology

Teaching methods

Frontal Lectures
Practical sessions of Surface Anatomy

Other information

All the didactical materials and information of the exam and the course are available in the web area of the course

Learning verification modality

5 written tests with multiple choices questions and figures to recognize

Extended program

DIDACTICAL UNITS (D.U.)

D.U. Skeletal System

Educational Objective: To understand that the skeleton is responsible for the shape, makes it possible movements, is home to the ancestors of the elements of the blood, is the main deposition of calcium, helps to delimit the regions and the body cavities where they are allocated equipment and systems.
Educational Program: know the position and the general characteristics of the main bony structures of the skeleton (particularly the skeleton of the limbs, trunk, pelvis and skull). This U.D. will not be treated individually, but will be segmented in other units and included in the explanation of topographical anatomy of the various regions

D.U. Locomotor System

Educational Objective: To understand the main movements possible for the limbs and the main muscles that perform them.
Educational Program: know the muscle compartments of the limbs and the origin, insertion, blood supply, innervation and the possible actions of the main muscles that are accommodated in each compartment.

U.D. Chest

Educational Objective: To understand the functional anatomy of the thoracic cage and organs that will stay with particular reference to cardiovascular and respiratory structures.
Educational Program: functional notions on the rib cage and intercostal spaces; pleura, lungs anatomy macroscopic, microscopic and functional of the bronchial tree and lung parenchyma, respiratory mechanics and functional influences the autonomic nervous system, heart and great vessels: faces and location of the heart, pericardium, and functional gross anatomy of the heart chambers, heart valves and mechanism of the skeleton of the heart conduction system, coronary arteries and their course, aorta and neck vessels, pulmonary artery, superior and inferior vena cava, the pulmonary veins, system of Azygos; mediastinum: limits, division and topographic relations of the viscera present.

D.U. Anterolateral abdominal wall and diaphragm

Educational Objective: To understand the functions of the diaphragm, the anterolateral abdominal wall and the inguinal canal.
Educational Program: main concepts of macroscopic diaphragm, hiatuses and the tendinous center; gross anatomy and position of the external oblique muscles, internal, transverse and upright; macroscopic principal terms of the inguinal canal and its contents.

D.U. Digestive System

Educational Objective: To understand functionally as the digestive system presides over the introduction of food, to their digestion and absorption and elimination of solid waste products.
Educational Program: knowledge of the main macroscopic and microscopic features of the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, the most important anatomical relationships between the above structures; peritoneum; vascularization of the gastrointestinal system, functions and regulation of the endocrine system gastroenteric functional effects of innervation of the gastrointestinal system, liver, gallbladder and pancreas: macroscopic aspects, microscopic and functional.

D.U.Spleen and lymph node stations

Learning Objective: to understand the main aspects of macroscopic and microscopic topography.
Educational Program: topographic position and microscopic structure of the spleen, with particular reference to the morphofunctional aspects; distribution of lymph node chains; thoracic duct.

D.U. Urinary System

Educational Objective: To understand how the kidneys purify the blood from the water-soluble products of catabolism, participate in the control of acid-base, govern the regulation of water-salt, participate in the control of blood pressure, the production of red blood cells and all ' apposition of calcium in the bone.
Educational Program: Kidney: location, main macroscopic and microscopic aspects; vascularization urinary tract, the nephron: microscopic and functional aspects of ultrafiltration and tubular reabsorption; ureter: course and microscopic aspects; bladder position, the main aspects macroscopic, microscopic and functional , the structural basis and nervous urination, male and female urethra: macroscopic aspects.

D.U. Pelvis and Perineum

Training objective: knowledge and understanding of the anatomical limits of the organs and structures inside with their main anatomical relationships.
Educational Program: male genitalia: testis, deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, urethra, bulbourethral glands, penis. Female reproductive system: ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, and vulva, rectum and anal canal. Vascularity of the pelvic organs and perineum.

D.U. Endocrine System

Educational Objective: To understand how the endocrine system regulates the metabolic activities (anabolism, catabolism), digestion, hydro-saline balance, energy balance, reproduction.
Educational Program: to know the macro and microscopic structure, the hormones produced, their functional role and regulation of the following endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreatic islets, gastrointestinal endocrine system, testis, ovary.

D.U. Head and Neck

Educational Objective: To understand the main macroscopic aspects, with particular reference to the position of the cranial bones and the pharynx and larynx.
Educational Program: splanchnocranium and know the bones of the cranium, the fountains and their function, and facial expression muscles of mastication. Compartments of the neck, the carotid artery system and the internal jugular vein; morphofunctional aspects of the pharynx and larynx.

D.U. Nervous System

Educational Objective: To understand how the sensory system allows the perception of the outside world, such as motor activity is based on the interconnection of three major functional systems: pyramidal, extrapyramidal and cerebellar, how the nervous system presides over cognitive activities, the foundation of social life and results of sensory perception and memory, such as the nervous system regulates visceral activities independently of our will.

Educational Program: central nervous system: location, functions and circuits connected to the cerebral lobes, cerebellum, basal ganglia, thalamus, trunk, reticular and limbic system, spinal cord, the ventricular system and cerebrospinal fluid; vascularization of the nervous system: polygon of Willis and main vessels arising therefrom, the vessels of the spinal cord, venous drainage of the nervous system. Meninges. Peripheral nervous system: spinal roots, sensory ganglia. Cranial nerves: topography, course and functions. Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic. Major neurotransmitters. The sense organs: eye and ear.