Unit GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2

GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - MOD. 4

Code	GP002531
Location	TERNI
CFU	4
Teacher	Stefano Brancorsini
Teachers	Stefano Brancorsini
Hours	48 ore - Stefano Brancorsini
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Formazione clinica interdisciplinare e medicina basata sulle evidenze
Academic discipline	MED/04
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Acute and chronic inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation and systemic effect of inflammation. Consequences of inflammatory process and mechanisms of tissue repair.Oncology. Classification, grading and staging of tumors. Benign and malignant tumors. Cancerogenesis. Tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. Apoptosis. Angiogenesis and metastasis. Immunity and tumor growth control. Tumor biomarkers.
Reference texts	Pontieri, Russo, Frati "Patogia generale- I Tomo" Piccin Ed  Kumar, Abbas, Fausto, Aster "Robbins e Cotran: Le basi patologiche delle malattie - Patologia generale" VIII ed - Elsevier Masson  Dianzani "Istituzioni di Patologia Generale" IV ed - UTET ed.
Educational objectives	This course is for the student the first teaching that allows to understand the mechanisms of inflammation and to comprehend carcinogenesis and genes involved in oncologic transformation of cells.The main aim of this teaching is to provide students with the bases needed to address not only the causes of disease, but also the pathological effect on cells and tissues, strengthening knowledge of physiology and molecular and chemical biology needed to understand pathological processes from molecules to human physiological systems.Main knowledge acquired will be:Knowledge of molecular mechanisms, cells and biochemistry of inflammationEssential aspect of chronic inflammation and consequences for tissuesEssential features of tumor cell and classification of tumorsKnowledge of molecular mechanisms and genes involved in neoplasiaEssential knowledge of cellular and molecular mechanisms of invasion and spread to distant sites (metastatize)The main competences will be:Identification of causes of disease to give the correct clinical approach of human diseasesAnalysis of biomedical information from diagnostic techniques.
Prerequisites	In order to be able to understand and apply the majority of argument described within the Course, it is necessary to have successfully passed the Physiology exam. Moreover, other topics matter of the module require deep knowledge of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Anatomy and Histology. Their knowledge represents a mandatory prerequisite for student planning to follow this course with profit.
Teaching methods	Face-to-face and seminar lectures with audiovisual material on all subjects of the Course
Other information	No additional information
Learning verification modality	The exam consists of an oral test as interview of about 20-30 minutes long aiming to ascertain the knowledge level and the understanding capability acquired by the student on issues proposed. The interview is focused on three important arguments (Pathology, Inflammation/Oncology and Phisiopathology) and require theoretical insights and clarification of details by members of the board of examiners. The examination, as a whole, allows to verify both the ability of knowledge and understanding, and the ability to apply the acquired skills and to develop solutions for independent judgement.
Extended program	THE INFLAMMATION  Types of acute inflammation: serous, sero-fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, hemorrhagic, necrotic-hemorrhagic and allergy.  Chronic inflammation. Chronic granulomatous and interstitial inflammation. Structure of granulomas: tubercoloma, rheumatoid nodule, leproma, viral granuloma.  Outcome of inflammatory processes. The healing process and granulation tissue. ONCOLOGY  Metaplasia. Dysplasia. Anaplasia. Classification, grading and staging of tumors.  Characteristics of normal and transformed cells. Benign and malignant tumors. Elements of morphology and classification of benign and malignant human tumors. Carcinoma in "situ". Elements of cancer epidemiology.  Carcinogenicity and co-carcinogenesis, mechanisms of transformation. Chemical carcinogenesis, ultraviolet radiation, ionizing radiation, viruses and environmental causes of carcinogenesis. Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Role of apoptosis in control tumors. Tumor angiogenesis. Metastasis and staging. Molecular mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of metastasis. Primary tumors and metastatic. Routes of metastasis.  Immunity and tumors. Role of the immune system in the control of the neoplastic process. Tumor-associated antigens.  Main immunological markers of cancer. Tumor markers: diagnostic and prognostic significance.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - MOD. 5

Code	GP002532
Location	TERNI
CFU	1
Teacher	Francesco Grignani
Teachers	Francesco Grignani
Hours	12 ore - Francesco Grignani
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Formazione clinica interdisciplinare e medicina basata sulle evidenze
Academic discipline	MED/04
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - MOD. 6

Code	GP002533
Location	TERNI
CFU	1
Teacher	Stefano Brancorsini
Teachers	Stefano Brancorsini
Hours	12 ore - Stefano Brancorsini
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Formazione clinica interdisciplinare e medicina basata sulle evidenze
Academic discipline	MED/04
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Fever: temperature control and changes in thermogenesisPathophysiology of endocrine systemPathophysiology of circulation, Hypertension and shock. Atherosclerosis and aneurysms.Pathophysiology of heart
Reference texts	Pontieri, Russo, Frati "Patogia generale- I Tomo" Piccin Ed  Kumar, Abbas, Fausto, Aster "Robbins e Cotran: Le basi patologiche delle malattie - Patologia generale" VIII ed - Elsevier Masson  Dianzani "Istituzioni di Patologia Generale" IV ed - UTET ed.
Educational objectives	The main aim of this teaching is to provide students with the bases needed to address not only the causes of disease, but also the pathological effect on cells and tissues, strengthening knowledge of physiology and molecular and chemical biology needed to understand pathological processes from molecules to human physiological systems.Main knowledge acquired will be:Knowledge of temperature control and changes in thermogenesisEssential knowledge of hormones and their correlated syndromesBasic knowledge of mechanisms that alter the circulationEssential knowledge of mechanisms involved in the shockGeneral features of pathophysiology of heartThe main competences will be:Identification of causes of disease to give the correct clinical approach of human diseasesAnalysis of biomedical information from diagnostic techniques.
Prerequisites	In order to be able to understand and apply the majority of argument described within the Course, it is necessary to have successfully passed the Physiology exam. Moreover, other topics matter of the module require deep knowledge of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Anatomy and Histology. Their knowledge represents a mandatory prerequisite for student planning to follow this course with profit.
Teaching methods	Face-to-face and seminar lectures with audiovisual material on all subjects of the Course
Other information	No additional information
Learning verification modality	The exam consists of an oral test as interview of about 20-30 minutes long aiming to ascertain the knowledge level and the understanding capability acquired by the student on issues proposed. The interview is focused on three important arguments (Pathology, Inflammation/Oncology and Phisiopathology) and require theoretical insights and clarification of details by members of the board of examiners. The examination, as a whole, allows to verify both the ability of knowledge and understanding, and the ability to apply the acquired skills and to develop solutions for independent judgement.
Extended program	Fever: temperature control and changes in thermogenesis. Overall response of the body to heat and cold. Causes of fever. Pathological changes in body temperature. Hypothermia and hyperthermia. Morphology of the thermal curve. Organic and metabolic changes in temperature.Pathophysiology of endocrine system: Hyper and hypopituitarism. The thyroid gland: hyper and hypothyroidism. Diffuse and multinodular goiters, thyroiditis. Pancreatic endocrine: diabetes mellitus. Adrenocortical gland: insufficiency and adrenocortical hyperfunction syndromes. Adrenal medulla: Pheochromocytoma.Pathophysiology of circulation: Angiogenesis. Hypertension. Hypotension, syncope and collapse. Shock: pathogenesis and mechanisms of compensation. Vasculitis. Atheromatous process. Risk factors for atherosclerosis. Aneurysms.Pathophysiology of heart: congenital and acquired defects. Endocarditis and valvular diseases. Ischemic heart diseases, myocardial infarction. Cardiomyopathy. Congestive heart failure.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - MOD. 7

Code	GP002534
Location	TERNI
CFU	1
Teacher	Stefano Brancorsini
Teachers	Stefano Brancorsini
Hours	12 ore - Stefano Brancorsini
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Formazione clinica interdisciplinare e medicina basata sulle evidenze
Academic discipline	MED/04
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Pathophysiology and failure of the respiratory systemPathophysiology of the kidney: nephritic and nephrotic syndromesAlteration of electrolyte balance and acid-base balance: alkalosis and acidosis
Reference texts	Pontieri, Russo, Frati "Patogia generale- I Tomo" Piccin Ed  Kumar, Abbas, Fausto, Aster "Robbins e Cotran: Le basi patologiche delle malattie - Patologia generale" VIII ed - Elsevier Masson  Dianzani "Istituzioni di Patologia Generale" IV ed - UTET ed.
Educational objectives	This course is the first teaching that allows to understand the effect of altered activity of physiological systems such as lung and kidney and to evaluate the clinical effects of organ failure.The main aim of this teaching is to provide students with the bases needed to address not only the causes of disease, but also the pathological effect on cells and tissues, strengthening knowledge of physiology and molecular and chemical biology needed to understand pathological processes from molecules to human physiological systems.Main knowledge acquired will be:Knowledge of pathological causes that alter gas exchangeEssential aspects and clinical consequences of lung system failureBasic knowledge of systemic effects of renal failureUnderstanding of pathological mechanisms of nephritic and nephrotic syndromesEssential aspects of electrolyte balance and acid-base balance alterationsEssential aspects of mechanisms of acidosis and alkalosis and their systemic effectsThe main competences will be:Identification of causes of disease to give the correct clinical approach of human diseasesAnalysis of biomedical information from diagnostic techniques.
Prerequisites	In order to be able to understand and apply the majority of argument described within the Course, it is necessary to have successfully passed the Physiology exam. Moreover, other topics matter of the module require deep knowledge of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Anatomy and Histology. Their knowledge represents a mandatory prerequisite for student planning to follow this course with profit.
Teaching methods	Face-to-face and seminar lectures with audiovisual material on all subjects of the Course
Other information	No additional information
Learning verification modality	The exam consists of an oral test as interview of about 20-30 minutes long aiming to ascertain the knowledge level and the understanding capability acquired by the student on issues proposed. The interview is focused on three important arguments (Pathology, Inflammation/Oncology and Phisiopathology) and require theoretical insights and clarification of details by members of the board of examiners. The examination, as a whole, allows to verify both the ability of knowledge and understanding, and the ability to apply the acquired skills and to develop solutions for independent judgement.
Extended program	Pathophysiology of the respiratory system: gas exchange abnormalities and pulmonary perfusion. Pathogenesis of respiratory failure: inflammatory processes. Bronchial asthma. Obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, atelectasis, pneumothorax. Chronic and acute pulmonary edema. Hypoxia cyanosis.Pathophysiology of the kidney: changes in glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption. Nephritic and nephrotic syndromes. Vascular nephropathies. Interstitial nephritis, pyelonephritis and cystitis. Renal failure. Acute and chronic uremia. Alteration of electrolyte balance and acid-base balance: dehydration - overhydration. Edema: mechanisms of formation. Local and generalized edema. Respiratory and renal regulation of acid-base.