Unit GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOPATHOLOGY - MOD. 1

Code	A000348
Location	TERNI
CFU	6
Teacher	Stefano Brancorsini
Teachers	Stefano Brancorsini
Hours	72 ore - Stefano Brancorsini
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Patologia generale e molecolare, immunopatologia, fisiopatologia generale, microbiologia e parassitologia
Academic discipline	MED/04
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	CONCEPT OF DISEASE  INTRINSIC CAUSES – Genetic and congenital diseases   EXTRINSIC CAUSES – Diseases by physical, chemical ans environmental agents CELLULAR PATHOLOGY – mechanisms of cell damage, degeneration and regressive processes. Cell death and calcification
Reference texts	Pontieri, Russo, Frati "Patogia generale- I Tomo" Piccin Ed  Kumar, Abbas, Fausto, Aster "Robbins e Cotran: Le basi patologiche delle malattie - Patologia generale" VIII ed - Elsevier Masson  Dianzani "Istituzioni di Patologia Generale" IV ed - UTET ed.
Educational objectives	This course is for the student the first teaching that allows to understand the genetic diseases as well as diseases by environmental, physical and chemical agents.The main aim of this teaching is to provide students with the bases needed to address not only the causes of disease, but also the pathological effect on cells and tissues, strengthening knowledge of physiology and molecular and chemical biology needed to understand pathological processes from molecules to human physiological systems.Main knowledge acquired will be:Knowledge of mutations and corresponding diseasesEffects of chromosomal alterationsEvaluation of congenital diseasesEffects of environmental, chemical and physical agents on molecular structures of cellsEssential knowledge of cell response to various causes of disease and pathological consequencesFeatures of cell deathThe main competences will be:Identification of causes of disease to give the correct clinical approach of diseasesAnalysis of biomedical information from diagnostic techniques.
Prerequisites	In order to be able to understand and apply the majority of argument described within the Course, it is necessary to have successfully passed the Physiology exam. Moreover, other topics matter of the module require deep knowledge of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Anatomy and Histology. Their knowledge represents a mandatory prerequisite for student planning to follow this course with profit.
Teaching methods	Face-to-face and seminar lectures with audiovisual material on all subjects of the Course
Other information	No additional information
Learning verification modality	The exam consists of an oral test as interview of about 20-30 minutes long aiming to ascertain the knowledge level and the understanding capability acquired by the student on issues proposed. The interview is focused on three important arguments (Pathology, Inflammation/Oncology and Phisiopathology) and require theoretical insights and clarification of details by members of the board of examiners. The examination, as a whole, allows to verify both the ability of knowledge and understanding, and the ability to apply the acquired skills and to develop solutions for independent judgement.
Extended program	CONCEPT OF DISEASE  Health status and causes of disease. Concept of etiology and pathogenesis.  INTRINSIC CAUSES - Genetic Diseases  Experimental models of genetic diseases.  Monogenic autosomal and heterochromosomes. Genetic heterogeneity, allelic heterogeneity, interactions between genes and their products, gene-environment interactions, dynamics and somatic mutations, epigenetic modifications.  Mutations in the DNA repair mechanisms.  Genetic susceptibility to disease in humans. Concept of penetrance.  Pathology of the genetic defect blood: Thalassemia - Spherocytosis - sickling - Hemophilia. Deficiency of G-6-PD.  Muscular dystrophies.  Metabolism of amino acids: Phenylketonuria-Albinism-Alkaptonuria.  Mutation of receptor proteins and transport systems: cystic fibrosis, familial hypercholesterolaemia.  Lysosomal enzyme deficiency: Wolman's disease, lipidosis, gangliosidosis, mucopolysaccharidosis and glycogenosis.  Mutation of extracellular structural proteins: Pathology of hereditary collagen (S. Ehler Danlos syndrome) inherited disorder of elastic fibers (Marfan S.).  Diseases of mitochondrial DNA mutations and Impriniting.  Disease complex and multifactorial inheritance.  Chromosomal abnormalities. Numerical and structural chromosome abnormalities: Down syndrome, Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome.  Introduction to Instrumental Analysis of gene expression in the diagnosis of human diseases.  Embryopathy and fetopathy physical, infectious, endocrine, and toxic.  Extrinsic causes - DISEASES BY PHYSICAL AGENTS  Ionizing radiation. Low and high temperatures frostbite and burns. Electricity and electromagnetic.  Chemical and environmental poisons. Dietary causes.  Free radicals. Oxidative stress and reperfusion injury.  Biological agents. Infections, infections and intoxications. Virulence factors. Natural defense mechanisms and tissue response against pathogens. Host-parasite relationship.  CELLULAR PATHOLOGY  Mechanisms of cellular damage. Regressive processes.  Physiological and pathological causes atrophy.  Vacuolar and hydropic degeneration. Hyaline degeneration and mucosa. Steatosis.  Extracellular regressive processes. Amyloidosis. Hyaline degeneration, fibrinoid and mucosa.  Extracellular matrix and its components: structure, biosynthesis and degradation of matrix components and its alterations. Cell-matrix interactions and their alterations. Fibrosis, cirrhosis, sclerosis.  Cell death. Necrosis. Various types of necrosis. Gangrene. The results of the necrotic process. Post-mortem autolysis. Apoptosis. Molecular events of apoptotic death.  Pathological pigmentations. Calcification and heterotopic ossification.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOPATHOLOGY - MOD. 2

Code	A000349
Location	TERNI
CFU	1
Teacher	Stefano Brancorsini
Teachers	Stefano Brancorsini
Hours	12 ore - Stefano Brancorsini
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Patologia generale e molecolare, immunopatologia, fisiopatologia generale, microbiologia e parassitologia
Academic discipline	MED/04
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Atrophy and cell injuryRegeneration and adaptive cell responsesAging and senescencePathology of blood and altered activity of blood cells. Thrombosis and DIC
Reference texts	Pontieri, Russo, Frati "Patogia generale- I Tomo" Piccin Ed  Kumar, Abbas, Fausto, Aster "Robbins e Cotran: Le basi patologiche delle malattie - Patologia generale" VIII ed - Elsevier Masson  Dianzani "Istituzioni di Patologia Generale" IV ed - UTET ed.
Educational objectives	This course is for the student the first teaching that allows to understand the senescence and the aging of cells and their mechanisms to adapt to reversible or irreversible injury.The main aim of this teaching is to provide students with the bases needed to address not only the causes of disease, but also the pathological effect on cells and tissues, strengthening knowledge of physiology and molecular and chemical biology needed to understand pathological processes from molecules to human physiological systems.Main knowledge acquired will be:Knowledge of adaptive mechanisms of cellsTheory of senescence and their mechanisms in mitotic and post-mitotic cellsAging and cellular mechanism of diseasesKnowledge of pathology of cell bloodThe main competences will be:Identification of causes of disease to give the correct clinical approach of diseasesAnalysis of biomedical information from diagnostic techniques.
Prerequisites	In order to be able to understand and apply the majority of argument described within the Course, it is necessary to have successfully passed the Physiology exam. Moreover, other topics matter of the module require deep knowledge of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Anatomy and Histology. Their knowledge represents a mandatory prerequisite for student planning to follow this course with profit.
Teaching methods	The exam consists of an oral test as interview of about 20-30 minutes long aiming to ascertain the knowledge level and the understanding capability acquired by the student on issues proposed. The interview is focused on three important arguments (Pathology, Inflammation/Oncology and Phisiopathology) and require theoretical insights and clarification of details by members of the board of examiners. The examination, as a whole, allows to verify both the ability of knowledge and understanding, and the ability to apply the acquired skills and to develop solutions for independent judgement.
Other information	No additional information
Learning verification modality	The exam consists of an oral test as interview of about 20-30 minutes long aiming to ascertain the knowledge level and the understanding capability acquired by the student on issues proposed. The interview is focused on three important arguments (Pathology, Inflammation/Oncology and Phisiopathology) and require theoretical insights and clarification of details by members of the board of examiners. The examination, as a whole, allows to verify both the ability of knowledge and understanding, and the ability to apply the acquired skills and to develop solutions for independent judgement.
Extended program	Hypertrophy and hyperplasia physiological and causes. Atrophy, regenerative process in cell labile, stable and perennial. Liver regeneration.Aging. Theories of senescence. Senescence in cells and post-mitotic intermitotiche. Aging of the organism, cellular and subcellular. Programmed aging. Pathology of aging.Pathology of blood. Erythrocytes: Polycythemia. Hemoglobinopathies. Anemia. White blood cells and leukocytosis. Platelets and the process of hemostasis. Bleeding. Thrombosis and embolism. DIC.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - MOD. 3

Code	A000363
Location	TERNI
CFU	1
Teacher	Luigina Romani
Teachers	Luigina Romani
Hours	12 ore - Luigina Romani
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Patologia generale e molecolare, immunopatologia, fisiopatologia generale, microbiologia e parassitologia
Academic discipline	MED/04
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)