Unit PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY AND GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

Code	GP004128
CFU	6
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Discipline biotecnologiche comuni
Academic discipline	BIO/09
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

Canale A

CFU

6

Teacher

Antonio Michelucci

Teachers

• Antonio Michelucci

Hours

• 42 ore - Antonio Michelucci

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

The aim of the course of General Physiology is to provide students with knowledge and information in order to achieve a level of preparation appropriate to the degree in Biotechnology. The main topics covered in the General Physiology course concern: membrane transport; ion channels and excitability (with particular regard to the biophysics of membrane, graduated and action potentials); cellular communication with the study of the various types of cellular receptors and transduction pathways; the endocrine system; Muscle tissues (skeletal, cardiac and smooth); in the discussion of the endocrine system, the renal system will also be taken into consideration, with particular attention to the hydro-salt balance modulated by specific hormones such as vasopressin and aldosterone.

Reference texts

Title: Fisiologia cellule molecole e sistemi
Authors: D'Angelo e Peres
Editor: Ediermes

Educational objectives

Provide the student with the basic knowledge of animal cell physiology (structure and function at different levels of organization, from molecules to tissues/organs). This would promote the development of useful skills for the Biotechnologist, as it will provide the tools for understanding the biological properties of living organisms.

Prerequisites

In order to understand the content of the course of General Physiology, the student should have the following preliminary knowledge:1) Principles of Anatomy; 2) Principles of Biochemistry, with special emphasis to the protein and phospholipid structure and energetic metabolism; 3) Chemistry. Equilibria. Acid-base reactions, particle diffusion

Teaching methods

The educational activities will be conducted through lectures.

Other information

For information on support services for students with disabilities and/or DSA, visit the web page http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa

Learning verification modality

The verification of learning will be performed through written tests in itinere (carried out during the course) which will be followed by an oral test on the whole program to be held compulsorily in order to pass the exam.
During the oral exam, the student is evaluated with nine questions taken homogeneously throughout the program.

Extended program

Introduction to Physiology: Dissertation of physiological systems and homeostasis. Membrane dynamics and Diffusion concept with description of the law that governs it (Fick's law). Concepts of membrane transport with dissertation of the principal mechanisms (simple diffusion, facilitated and primary and secondary active transport) and of the proteins involved (ion channels and carriers). Vesicular transport through epithelia.

Membrane excitability. Concepts of resting membrane potential and analysis of the Nernst and Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equations. Graduated and action potential. Biophysical properties of the axon membrane and concepts of non-saltatory (unmyelinated fibres) and saltatory (myelinated fibres) conduction of the action potential.

Intercellular communication: description of the main cellular receptors (intracellular receptors and membrane receptors, with treatment of tyrosine kinase receptors and G protein coupled receptors) and of the main transduction pathways and second messengers. Chemical and electrical synapses. Neurotransmitters: Glutamate, GABA, Acetylcholine and Serotonin. Interaction with related receptors.

Muscle tissues: discussion of the three main muscle tissues of the body (skeletal, cardiac and smooth).

Structure, morphology and organization of the skeletal muscle fiber: membrane systems (sarcolemma, transverse tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulum) and contractile apparatus. Organization of the triad, myofibril and sarcomere.
Neuromuscular junction, with description of the acetylcholine receptor, its biophysical properties and its permeability to sodium and potassium ions. Genesis of the plaque potential and of the action potential, excitation-contraction coupling at the level of the triad with the main proteins involved. Description of the contractile apparatus: structural proteins (myosin, actin, titin) regulatory proteins (troponin and tropomyosin), thick and thin filaments, structure and organization of the sarcomere and myofibrils. Theory of sliding filaments and regulation of muscle contraction by calcium. Types of muscle fibers (type Ia, type IIA and IIB), morphology, metabolism, contraction kinetics. Motor unit.
Structure and function of smooth muscle. Contractile system, excitation-contraction coupling mechanism, variety of contractile stimuli.

Cardiac muscle. Description of the main cardiac cells: working cells (cardiomyocytes) and pacemaker cells. Detailed discussion of the action potentials of the two types of cells with all the ion channels and the relative currents. Excitation-contraction coupling mechanism and the calcium-induced calcium release process (CICR). Chronotropic and inotropic regulation by the sympathetic (adrenergic) and parasympathetic (cholinergic) autonomic nervous systems.

Physiology of the endocrine system: Intercellular mechanisms mediated by hormones. Mechanisms of hormone secretion and its regulation: nervous, chronotropic and feedback control. The hormones secreted by the hypothalamic nuclei: the releasing factors. The cells and hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary. Principles of functioning and regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-endocrine gland axis. The higher centers that regulate the hypothalamic functions.

Growth hormone (GH). Structure and regulatory mechanisms of GH secretion. Role of somatostatin. Rhythms of secretion, circadian rhythm, changes with age. Somatomedins or IGFs. Biological actions of GH. Basics of pathophysiology.

Thyroid: Thyroid hormones: synthesis, storage, circulation, turnover and transport in the blood. Iodine requirement. Factors regulating secretion and feedback control mechanisms. Actions of the TSH. Actions of thyroid hormones on the basal metabolism, on the turnover of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins. Effects on the nervous system. Effects on the organism's cardiovascular parameters. Basics of pathophysiology.

Adrenal gland: Glucocorticoids (cortisol). Cortisol. Mechanisms of regulation of cortisol secretion. biological actions. Regulatory mechanisms of cortisol secretion: feedback control, secretion rhythms, circadian rhythm. Biological actions of ACTH. Actions of cortisol on metabolism, anti-insulin effects, actions on muscle, bone and connective tissue, actions on the nervous system, anti-inflammatory and immunodepressive actions.

Regulation of glucose metabolism. Description of the endocrine pancreas, islets of Langerhans and cells that compose it, hormones produced by the pancreas. Insulin: mechanisms of cellular glucose transport mediated by insulin: actions on glucose transporters. Mechanisms of insulin secretion: role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and calcium channels. Nervous regulation of insulin secretion. Feedback regulation mechanisms between insulin and nutrients. Actions of insulin on muscle, adipose and liver tissue. Glucagon: mechanisms of action of glucagon at the level of target organs; description of the glucagon receptor and transduction pathways activated by it; cellular actions of glucagon; mechanisms of glucagon secretion: role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and calcium channels.

Calcaemia regulation. Description of the parathyroid glands and thyroid C cells. Role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin in the regulation of blood calcium concentration. Synthesis and production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) and its role in calcium metabolism and homeostasis. Parathyroid hormone (PTH). Structure and regulatory mechanisms of PTH secretion. Actions of PTH in renal calcium reabsorption and bone remodeling; Actions of PTH in the synthesis of calcitriol.

Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile

1,4,5

Canale B

CFU

6

Teacher

Bernard Fioretti

Teachers

• Bernard Fioretti

Hours

• 42 ore - Bernard Fioretti

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

Homeostasis. Cellular excitability. Synaptic transmission. Smooth and skeletal muscle physiology. Endocrinology and hormonal signaling. Heart and circulation. Respiratory system physiology. Digestive system. Water-saline balance. Reproductive system.

Reference texts

Fisiologia Umana Elementi- editore Edi-ermes - a cura di Bossi, Cesca et al., 
Supplementary book: Fisiologia -  molecole, cellule e sistemi - editore Edi-ermes - a cura di D'Angelo e Peres

Educational objectives

Knowledge of the functioning of the digestive system and its interconnection with the nervous and endocrine systems. Ability to know how to interpret and measure the metabolism and nutrition status.

Prerequisites

Knowledge of human anatomy and biochemistry is useful

Teaching methods

Frontal lessons

Other information

ND

Learning verification modality

Final oral examination to evaluate the logical and exhibition abilities on the topics.

Extended program

Homeostasis, feedbacks and feedforward. Biological membranes and diffusion: transporters and channels. resting Membrane potential and Action Potential. Chemical and electrical synapses. The neurotransmitters. Neuromuscular transmission and excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal muscle. The smooth muscle.

Autonomic nervous system: 1) Orthosympathetic system and catecholaminergic transmission and 2) the parasympathetic system and cholinergic transmission. Physiology of the cardiovascular system: relationship between pressure, flow and resistance, Poiseuille's law. Parameters that determine vascular resistances. Cardiac rhythmicity and conduction of cardiac action potential. Ionic bases of action potentials. Identification of the electrical activation time sequence of the various regions of the heart and of the conduction speed in the different parts of the conduction system: ECG. Control of heart rate and systolic output and the physiology of microcirculation and lymphatic circulation. Mechanisms underlying the exchanges between blood and interstitial fluid.


Physiology of the respiratory system: mechanisms of modification of the lung volume, air movements and pressures that determine it. Laplace's law applied to the alveolus. Compliance concept. Measurement of lung volumes, spirometer. Anatomical dead space. Respiratory minute volume, pulmonary, alveolar and dead space ventilation. Alveolo-capillary gas exchange. Composition and partial pressures in atmospheric, inspired and alveolar air. Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Law of diffusion and factors affecting the diffusion rate. Transport of oxygen in the blood. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, analysis of the curve and its physiological significance. Factors affecting the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. Transport of carbon dioxide.


Physiology of the renal system: the nephron and the characteristics of the glomerular filtration barrier. The renal functions of filtration, reabsorption and secretion. Definition of GFR and inulin clearance, creatinine and glucose clearance. Physiological control of glomerular filtration and renal blood flow. Reabsorption and secretion in the different tracts of the neuphrone. Osmotic control of ADH secretion. Renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone. Defenses against pH variations, buffer systems. Renal control of acid-base balance. Quantification of the acidifying capacity of the kidney: reabsorption of bicarbonate and glucose, elimination of ammonium ion. Chewing and swallowing. The motor functions of the stomach, small intestine and colon. Peristalsis and its neurobiology. Gastrointestinal reflexes, defecation and vomiting. Mechanisms of salivary, esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, biliary secretion and neuro-hormonal regulation. The enterohepatic recirculation. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Fundamental principles of gastrointestinal absorption. Endocrine system physiology: Hormone-mediated intercellular mechanisms. Mechanisms of hormone secretion and its regulation: nervous, chronotropic and feedback control. The hormones secreted by the hypothalamic nuclei: the release factors. Thyroid hormones, Cortisol and ACTH. The control of blood sugar and the role of insulin and glucagon. The reproductive system and gonadotropins. The ovarian cycle.

PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY

Code	GP004127
CFU	6
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Discipline biotecnologiche con finalità specifiche:veterinarie
Academic discipline	VET/01
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

Canale A

CFU

6

Teacher

Gabriele Di Sante

Teachers

• Gabriele Di Sante

Hours

• 42 ore - Gabriele Di Sante

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

The course aims at providing skills in anatomy. The first part of the course will review the basic purposes and principles of anatomy, anatomical terminology, and criteria for topographical orientation of organs and systems. These concepts are fundamental to acquiring adequate communication skills and using correct scientific language. Subsequently, the study of the following systems will be addressed: locomotor, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, male and female reproductive, endocrine, and nervous systems.

Reference texts

Drake, Vogl and Mitchell - Anatomia del Gray, I fondamenti. Edra.

Martini, Timmons, Tallitsh. Anatomia umana. EdiSES

Wikenheiser. Jamie C. – Clinical Anatomy, Histology, Embriology and ,Neuroanatomy – an integrated textbook, Thieme (EDISES)

Optional:
AA.VV. Anatomia dell'uomo, EDIERMES.

Cozzi, Ballarin, Peruffo, Carù. Anatomia degli animali da laboratorio - Roditori e lagomorfi. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana

Anne M. Gilroy, Anatomia in Tasca EdiSES

Educational objectives

Biotechnology Skills - Knowledge and understanding of the structure and biological properties of animal cells and tissues. The course provides the student with the knowledge necessary to recognize and describe the macroscopic, microscopic and topographical appearance of organs and anatomical systems. The student will therefore acquire knowledge of the structural organization of the systems that constitute the human body and of the individual organs within each system. The student will acquire the ability to describe the macroscopic appearance of an organ through the use of appropriate anatomical terminology; he or she must also be able to recognize and describe the microscopic structure of the various organs. The knowledge acquired will provide the basis for understanding the content of later disciplines such as physiology and pathology.

Prerequisites

In order to be able to understand the contents of the course, the student must possess the necessary knowledge related to cell structure and organization and the principles of histology. Therefore, he or she must have successfully taken the General Biology exam with elements of Cytology and Histology.

Teaching methods

The course includes classroom lectures on all topics covered in the syllabus. Lectures are conducted using Power Point presentations that are made available to students through the Unistudium platform. The use of a reference textbook is always recommended for appropriate preparation for the exam.

Other information

Classes are held at the educational hub on via del Giochetto (group A) and at the ADISU facility (group B). Class attendance is optional but strongly recommended. The lecturer, at the request of students, is available to organize group or individual meetings for summaries or in-depth study of the program, both during and outside official office hours, by appointment. Teaching materials are available through the Unistudium platform.

Learning verification modality

The examination, conducted as an oral test, consists of an in-depth description of the topics covered in the course and lasts about 30 minutes. Three questions related to different systems and/or organs are proposed. In addition, schematic drawings and photographs of different anatomical structures may be shown during the interview for the student to recognize and describe. The purpose of the oral test is to evaluate I) the knowledge of the subject related especially to the microscopic aspect; II) the ability to reason and connect different topics; III) the appropriateness and effectiveness of the oral communication of the skills acquired through the use of correct scientific language and appropriate anatomical terminology. Judging will be determined by how the student responds to the questions asked (non-answer, incorrect answer or superficial answer or in-depth and discussed from multiple perspectives) and by how well he/she demonstrates that:
o have clearly acquired the knowledge and skills provided by the Course according to the objectives specified above;
o being able to cross-organize the knowledge acquired by topics during the course of the course;
o be able to express themselves clearly and using the correct terminology;
The final evaluation will be agreed upon by the teachers of the Examination Committee.

During the course of the lectures, two in itinere tests aimed at student self-assessment are offered. The in itinere tests are written and take place on the Libreeol. platform; they consist of 30 questions of which some are single-answer (multiple answers of which only one is correct) some are text-based (short open answer) and some are pictures to be recognized and described. The score given to each test will be expressed in thirtieths. Each correct answer will be given a score of 1; each wrong or no answer will be given a score of zero. The in-progress test is passed with a minimum score of 18/30. A student who has not achieved a sufficiency or who decides not to accept the result achieved will have the opportunity to make up the test during the final exam. The modulation of the proposed questions will be done in such a way as to allow for an assessment of how well the student has been able to understand and apply the knowledge and skills provided by the Course.
For students who have passed both or only one of the in itinere tests, the final examination will consist of a single question or two questions, respectively, which will specifically cover the topics on which no correct answers were given. If the student accepts the grade of one or both of the in itinere tests, which in each case must reach 18/30, this will be used to calculate the final score which will be obtained from the average of the in itinere tests and the final oral examination and will be expressed in thirtieths. The grade of 30 cum laude will be obtained by the student who comprehensively answers all questions in all tests with particular distinction in the level of thoroughness and competence without any oversight or imperfection.
For information on support services for students with disabilities and/or DSA visit http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa.

Parameters for awarding final grade:

Grade 29-30 cum laude: the student has an APPROPRIATE knowledge of the subject has excellent communication skills and masters medical-scientific language.
Grade 26-28: the student has a GOOD knowledge of the subject and expounds topics clearly using appropriate medical-scientific language;
Grade 22-25: the student has DISCRETE knowledge of the subject matter, although limited to the main topics and expounds the topics quite clearly with a fair command of language;
Grade 18-21: the student has MINIMUM knowledge of the subject and expounds the topics sufficiently clearly although language property is poorly developed;
Exam failed: student DOES NOT POSSIBLY have the required MINIMUM KNOWLEDGE of the main content of the teaching. There is little or no ability to use specific language and is unable to independently apply the knowledge acquired.

Students will be assessed by examination consisting in succession of:
- Two written in-progress tests will be delivered remotely. Each written test will consist of 33 multiple-choice questions with only one correct answer out of the five provided. The questions will cover all topics covered in the frontal lectures of Principles of Anatomy in the first month (first itinere test) and the second month (second itinere test). The modulation of the questions will be done in such a way as to allow the assessment of how well the student was able to understand and apply the knowledge and skills provided by the Course.
- The score given to each test will be expressed in thirtieths. Each correct answer will be given a score of 1; each unanswered question will be given a score of zero. The score reached by the sum of the correct answers subtracted from the incorrect ones will be given a corresponding score in thirtieths. Only in case a sufficiency (18/30) is reached will the student have passed the exam. A student who has not achieved a sufficiency or who decides not to accept the result achieved will have the opportunity to make up the test in the final oral examination. Scores above 31 in the written test will allow for a score of 30/30 with honors.
- - the final examination will be oral and will cover the last part of the course for the student who had passed the previous two in itinere tests. For the student who has failed one or both of the in itinere tests or decides to repeat them, the topics of the above will cover the final oral examination. The final examination will be based on at least three questions regarding the programs covered in the face-to-face lectures. In this part of the exam, judgment will be determined by how the student answers the questions asked (non-answer, incorrect answer or superficial answer or in-depth and discussed from multiple perspectives) and by how he or she demonstrates that:
- o have clearly acquired the knowledge and skills provided by the Course according to the objectives specified above;
- o being able to cross-organize the knowledge acquired by topics during the course of the course;
- o be able to express themselves clearly and using the correct terminology;
o to have acquired knowledge by not only referring to material gleaned from lectures or provided by the lecturer in class (lecture notes, slides or handouts).
Having passed the written in-progress tests will not guarantee passing the final examination as it will be possible to be rejected in the oral examination in any case that the lecturer deems appropriate. It will in no way be possible to retain the score achieved in the iterative tests of an appeal for subsequent examination sessions, except for exceptions that the lecturer deems appropriate.
Specifically, knowledge and comprehension skills will be tested and measured in both written and oral examinations in all areas listed above as course objectives. In oral examination only, applied comprehension skills will be tested through measurements of the student's ability to apply the above knowledge and indicated comprehension skills. In addition, the autonomy of will be measured in the oral examination, planning to test mastery of the subject matter, the ability to reason and make connections, and the acquisition of autonomy in judgment. Also through the oral examination, it will be possible to assess communication skills in terms of appropriateness of language and understanding of terminology specific to the subject and general to the scientific field of the student's course of study. Finally, particularly during the written examination and partially during the oral examination, the ability to learn will be measured by confronting the student with questions whose resolution involves knowledge, reasoning and judgment skills. The fulfillment of all these aspects will ensure that the student achieves the maximum score.
In itinere tests.
The in itinere tests consist of administering a variable number of questions with 5 answers of which 1 correct and 4 incorrect and silent anatomical figures on which to recognize the main anatomical elements. The number of questions for each test varies from 30 to 50 questions. The number of figures varies from 4 to 6. The time that is allowed should be a little more than 1 min. per question. Consequently, the questions will have these characteristics:
1. The question and answers should be clear, direct and brief, keeping each always within 1 line so that they can be read by the student within a few seconds.
2. The topic of the questions should be characterizing the topic chosen for the question should not go into aspects of lesser and minor anatomical importance
3. The question can never have open-ended answers or answers with double negatives or "all correct/wrong except." or questions that are referred to as "trick" questions.
4. None of the 4 incorrect answers must appear blatantly wrong or out of context posed by the question on which they depend.
5. Figures must be clear, schematic in drawing, and the points to be recognized must be clearly pointed out by the student without uncertainty of where the arrow or line indicating the point to be recognized goes.
6. Figures, of macro or micro, must relate to important and characterizing aspects of the anatomy of a structure or system and never to unimportant details.

Value of each question:
A value of plus 1.0 will be assigned for the correct answer, and a value of minus 0.1 will be assigned for each incorrect answer

Value of each figure:
Within the various elements to be recognized, the figure will be judged positively with a value of plus 2.0 if all the anatomically essential and characterizing elements of the figure have been correctly identified. The presence of errors or non-responses in the non-characterizing and minor elements of the figure will not invalidate the positive score
If the anatomically essential and characterizing elements of the figure are not recognized, even in the presence of other correct indications on minor elements a score of minus 0.2 will be given.

Oral Examination
The test consists of an interview in which questions covering at least No. 5 different topics of the program will be asked. The test allows to verify: (I) the level of knowledge of the subject matter; (II) clarity of exposition; and (III) ownership of medical-scientific language.

Parameters for awarding the final grade:

Grade 29-30 with honors: the student has an APPROPRIATE knowledge of the subject has excellent communication skills and masters medical-scientific language.Grade 26-28: The student has a GOOD knowledge of the subject and expounds the topics clearly using appropriate medical-scientific language;
Grade 22-25: the student has DISCRETE knowledge of the subject matter, although limited to the main topics and expounds the topics quite clearly with a fair amount of language property;
Grade 18-21: the student has MINIMUM knowledge of the subject and expounds the topics sufficiently clearly although language property is poorly developed;
Exam failed: student DOES NOT POSSIBLY have the required MINIMUM KNOWLEDGE of the main content of the teaching. There is little or no ability to use specific language and is unable to independently apply the knowledge acquired.
The student must demonstrate that he/she is able to expound clearly and with language specific to that discipline the contents of the course and correctly make the necessary connections, expounding with adequate anatomical terminology that will allow the description of structure, topography and mutual relations of the organs under study.
The score will be obtained from the average of the two iterative tests and the final oral examination, will be expressed in thirtieths, and an examination that reports a grade lower than 18/30 will not be passed. The grade of 30 with honors will be obtained by the student who comprehensively answers all questions with particular distinction in the level of thoroughness and competence without any oversight or imperfection.
• HOW TO TEST: Oral examination or written in itinere tests. The criteria are as follows:
• - Knowledge and understanding - Knowledge and understanding (Dublin 1) Upon completion of the course the student must demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the programmatic content.
• - Applied knowledge and understanding - Applying knowledge and understanding (Dublin 2) Upon completion of the course the student must demonstrate the ability to design and implement real-world problem solving inherent knowledge of organs and systems covered in the course.
• - Autonomy of judgment - Making judgements (Dublin 3) Upon completion of the course the student must show that he/she is able to make reasoned interpretive judgments based on the knowledge acquired, about real or imaginary research activities related to realistic scenarios.
• - Communication skills - Communication skills (Dublin 4) At the end of the course, the student must demonstrate the ability to choose and appropriately use technical terminology, adapting his or her oral, written and visual forms of communication to the required level and specific purposes; similarly, the student must demonstrate the ability to analyze and synthesize messages in passive communication, and to be able to interact with professional figures of different levels of specialization. At the end of the course, the student should be able to clearly and specifically expound the learned concepts of principles of Anatomy.
• - Learning skills - Learning skills (Dublin 5) At the end of the course the student should reach a maturity in learning such that he/she can maintain a constant level of updating in the subject matter covered in the course, through the use of textbooks, articles in scientific journals and use of online platforms.
For information on support services for students with disabilities and/or DSA, visit http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa

Extended program

The teaching aims to provide the student with the theoretical-practical tools for learning the structural organization of the systems that constitute the mammalian organism. Necessary prerequisite to the systematic and analytical study of the various systems will be the acquisition of adequate anatomical terminology that will enable the description of the structure, topography and mutual relations of the organs under study. This first part will be followed by a description of the microscopic structure with mention of the macroscopic appearance of the following systems and organs.
The course aims to provide the student with basic knowledge of the principles of Anatomy.
The course aims to provide the student with the skills necessary to know and understand:
Locomotor system: hints of osteology, arthrology, myology. Cardiovascular system: heart; blood vessels; major arteries and veins of the pulmonary and general circulation. Lymphatic system: lymph nodes, spleen, thymus. Respiratory system: nasal cavities, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. Digestive system: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine. Liver. Exocrine pancreas. Urinary system: kidney and urinary tract. Male and female reproductive system: gonads and genital tract. Endocrine system: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands. Generalities on the macroscopic organization of the central and peripheral nervous system: spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, telencephalon.

Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile

3, 4 and 5

Canale B

CFU

6

Teacher

Francesca Mercati

Teachers

• Francesca Mercati

Hours

• 42 ore - Francesca Mercati

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

The course aims to provide expertise on the anatomy. In the first phase the anatomy purposes, the anatomical terminology and criteria for topographic orientation of organs and systems will be examined; these topics are necessary to acquire communication skills and to use a correct scientific language. Following, the study of the following systems will be dealt with: locomotor, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, male and female reproductive, endocrine, nervous.

Reference texts

Martini, Timmons, Tallitsh. Anatomia umana. EdiSES
AA.VV. Anatomia dell'uomo, EDIERMES. 
Optional:
Cozzi, Ballarin, Peruffo, Carù. Anatomia degli animali da laboratorio - Roditori e lagomorfi. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana.
R. BORTOLAMI - E. CALLEGARI - P. CLAVENZANI - V. BEGHELLI - "Anatomia e fisiologia degli animali domestici", Edagricole, Bologna

Educational objectives

Biotechnology skills - Knowledge and understanding of the structure and biological properties of animal cells and tissues. Ability to recognize and describe the morphology of the systems and organs that form the body of a mammal. The main skills that students will acquire are: kwonledge of the structural organization of systems and organs of the body; ability to use and appropriate anatomical nomenclature; ability to identify an organ and describe its macroscopic appearance; ability to describe the microscopic structure of an organ. The knowledge gained will provide the basis for understanding subsequent courses such as physiology and pathology.

Prerequisites

In order to understand the contents of the course, the student must have the knowledge on the structure and organization of cells and tissues. Therefore, he must have successfully passed the exam of General Biology with elements of Cytology and Histology.

Teaching methods

The course includes classroom lectures on all topics covered in the syllabus. Lectures are conducted using Power Point presentations that are made available to students through the Unistudium platform. The use of a reference textbook is always recommended for appropriate preparation for the exam.

Other information

Classes are held at the educational hub on via del Giochetto (group A) and at the ADISU facility (group B), Perugia. Class attendance is optional but strongly recommended. The lecturer, at the request of students, is available to organize group or individual meetings for summaries or in-depth study of the program, both during and outside official office hours, by appointment. Teaching materials are available through the Unistudium platform

Learning verification modality

The exam, carried out as an oral test, consists of an in-depth description of the topics covered during the course and lasts about 30 minutes. Three questions, related to different systems and organs, are proposed. Furthermore, schematic drawings and photographs of different anatomical structures that the student will have to recognize and describe may be shown during the interview. The purpose of the oral exam is to evaluate I) the knowledge of the subject relating above all to the microscopic aspect; II) the ability to reason and link different topics; III) the appropriateness and effectiveness of oral communication of the skills acquired through the use of correct scientific language and adequate anatomical terminology. The judgment will be defined based on how the student will answer the questions asked (no answer, wrong answer or superficial answer or in-depth and discussed from several points of view) and based on how he demonstrates:
- have clearly acquired the knowledge and skills provided by the Course according to the objectives specified above;
- be able to cross-organize the knowledge acquired by topics during the course;
- be able to express themselves clearly and using the correct terminology;
The teachers of the Exam Commission will agree on the final evaluation.

During the lessons, two tests are proposed for the student's self-assessment. The ongoing tests are written and held on the Libreeol platform. The student will have 30 minutes available for each test that consists of 30 questions, some of which have a single answer (several answers, one of which is correct), others have a text (short open answer) and some images to be recognized and described. The score given for each test will be expressed out of thirty. A score of 1 will be assigned to each correct answer; a score equal to zero is assigned to each wrong or not given answer. The ongoing test is passed with a minimum score of 18/30. The student who has not reached the sufficiency or who decides not to accept the result achieved will have the opportunity to retrieve the test during the final exam. The modulation of the proposed questions will be carried out in such a way as to allow for evaluating how well the student was able to understand and apply the knowledge and skills provided by the Course.
For students who have passed both or only one of the in itinere tests, the final examination will consist of a single question or two questions, respectively, which will specifically cover the topics on which no correct answers were given. If the student accepts the grade of one or both of the in itinere tests, which in each case must reach 18/30, this will be used to calculate the final score which will be obtained from the average of the in itinere tests and the final oral examination and will be expressed in thirtieths. The score achieved in the ongoing tests will be maintained in the two exam sessions following the conclusion of the lessons, subsequently it will no longer be valid except for exceptions that the teacher deems appropriate. The grade of 30 cum laude will be obtained by the student who comprehensively answers all questions in all tests with particular distinction in the level of thoroughness and competence without any oversight or imperfection.

Students with disabilities and/or DSA are invited to visit the page dedicated to the tools and measures provided and to agree in advance what is necessary with the teacher
(https://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa).

Parameters for awarding final grade:

Grade 29-30 cum laude: the student has an APPROPRIATE knowledge of the subject has excellent communication skills and masters medical-scientific language.
Grade 26-28: the student has a GOOD knowledge of the subject and expounds topics clearly using appropriate medical-scientific language;
Grade 22-25: the student has DISCRETE knowledge of the subject matter, although limited to the main topics and expounds the topics quite clearly with a fair command of language;
Grade 18-21: the student has MINIMUM knowledge of the subject and expounds the topics sufficiently clearly although language property is poorly developed;
Exam failed: student DOES NOT POSSIBLY have the required MINIMUM KNOWLEDGE of the main content of the teaching. There is little or no ability to use specific language and is unable to independently apply the knowledge acquired.

Extended program

The course aims to provide students with the theoretical and practical tools for learning the structural organization of the organs that make up the body of some mammals in accordance with the basic knowledge of the principles of Anatomy. Necessary introduction to their systematic and analytical study will be the acquisition of an adequate terminology that will enable the description of the structure, topography and mutual relations of the organs under study. This first part will be followed by the description of the microscopic structure and macroscopic appearance of the following systems and organs. Locomotor system: hints of osteology, arthrology, myology. Cardiovascular system: heart; blood vessels; major arteries and veins of the pulmonary and general circulation. Lymphatic system: lymph nodes, spleen, thymus. Respiratory system: nasal cavities, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. Digestive system: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine. Liver. Exocrine pancreas. Urinary system: kidney and urinary tract. Male and female reproductive system: gonads and genital tract. Endocrine system: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands. Generalities on the macroscopic organization of the central and peripheral nervous system: spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, telencephalon.