Unit GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1
- Course
- Medicine and surgery
- Study-unit Code
- GP001253
- Curriculum
- In all curricula
- Teacher
- Stefano Brancorsini
- CFU
- 8
- Course Regulation
- Coorte 2022
- Offered
- 2023/24
- Type of study-unit
- Obbligatorio (Required)
- Type of learning activities
- Attività formativa integrata
GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - MOD. 1
| Code | GP004709 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 7 |
| Teacher | Stefano Brancorsini |
| Teachers |
|
| Hours |
|
| Learning activities | Caratterizzante |
| Area | Patologia generale e molecolare, immunopatologia, fisiopatologia generale, microbiologia e parassitologia |
| Academic discipline | MED/04 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | CONCEPT OF DISEASE • State of health and cause of illness. Concept of etiology and pathogenesis. INTRINSIC CAUSES - GENETIC PATHOLOGY • Experimental models of genetic diseases. • Autosomal and heterochromosomal monogenic diseases. Genetic heterogeneity, allelic heterogeneity, interaction between genes and their products, gene-environment interactions, dynamic and somatic mutations, epigenetic modifications. • DNA mutations and repair mechanisms. • Genetic susceptibility to disease in humans. Concept of penetrance. • Blood pathology due to genetic defect: Thalassemia - Spherocytosis - Sickle cell - Haemophilia. G-6-PD deficiency. • Muscular dystrophies. • Alterations of amino acid metabolism: Phenylketonuria- Albinism- Alkaptonuria. • Mutation of receptor proteins and transport systems: Cystic fibrosis, Familial hypercholesterolemia. • Deficiency of lysosomal enzymes: Wolman's disease, lipidosis, gangliosidosis, mucopolysaccharidosis and glycogenosis. • Mutation of extracellular structural proteins: Hereditary pathology of collagen (Ehler Danlos' syndrome) Hereditary pathology of elastic fibers (Marfan's syndrome). • Diseases caused by mitochondrial DNA mutations and imprinting. • Complex diseases and multifactorial inheritance. • Chromosomal alterations. Numerical and structural alterations of the chromosomes: Down syndrome, Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome. • Notes on instrumental gene analysis in the diagnosis of human diseases. • Embryopathies and fetopathies of a physical, infectious, endocrine and toxic nature. EXTRINSIC CAUSES - DISEASES CAUSED BY PHYSICAL AGENTS • Baropathies. Non-ionizing and ionizing radiation. Low and high temperatures: frostbite and burns. Electrical and electromagnetic energy. • Chemical and environmental agents: Poisons. Food causes. • Free radicals. Oxidative stress and reperfusion injury. • Biological agents. Infections, infestations and intoxications. Virulence factors. Natural defense mechanisms and tissue response to pathogens. Host-parasite relationship. CELLULAR PATHOLOGY • Mechanisms of cell damage. Regressive processes. • Physiological atrophies and from pathological causes. • Vacuolar degeneration, dropsy and cloudy swelling. Hyaline and mucosal degeneration. Steatosis. • Extracellular regressive processes. Amyloidosis. Hyaline, fibrinoid and mucosal degeneration. • Extracellular matrix and its components: structure, biosynthesis and degradation of the matrix components and its alterations. Cell-matrix interactions and their alterations. Fibrosis, cirrhosis, sclerosis. • Cell death. Necrosis. Various types of necrosis. Gangrene. The outcomes of the necrotic process. Post-mortem autolysis. Apoptosis. Molecular events of apoptotic death. • Pathological pigmentations. Heterotopic calcifications and ossifications. • Aging. Theories of senescence. Senescence in intermitotic and post-mitotic cells. Aging of the organism, cellular and subcellular. Planned aging. Pathology of aging. • Progressive processes: Physiological hypertrophy and hyperplasia and from pathological causes. • The regenerative process at the level of labile, stable and perennial cells. Liver regeneration. The reconstitution. |
| Reference texts | "Pathological base of diseases" Robbins General Pathology and General Physiopathology" Pontieri |
| Educational objectives | Acquire knowledge of the causes of diseases in humans, providing the student with the tools to understand the fundamental pathogenetic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases. The study intends to consolidate physiological and biochemical-molecular knowledge to interpret pathological processes from the cell to the fundamental human systems. The aim of the course is, therefore, to give the student basic information on the main diagnostic techniques, as well as the appropriate background for the correct clinical approach to diseases. |
| Prerequisites | Physiological and biochemical-molecular knowledge to interpret pathological processes from the cell to the fundamental human systems. |
| Teaching methods | Lectures |
| Learning verification modality | Oral test lasting approximately 15 minutes divided into 2 questions, 1 of which relating to the diagnosis of infections of a system/apparatus (v programme) and 1 more technical question relating to the meaning of a diagnostic technology. A further question on the minimum necessary knowledge may be asked in the case of an unsatisfactory answer to the 2 previous questions. |
| Extended program | CONCEPT OF DISEASE • State of health and cause of illness. Concept of etiology and pathogenesis. INTRINSIC CAUSES - GENETIC PATHOLOGY • Experimental models of genetic diseases. • Autosomal and heterochromosomal monogenic diseases. Genetic heterogeneity, allelic heterogeneity, interaction between genes and their products, gene-environment interactions, dynamic and somatic mutations, epigenetic modifications. • DNA mutations and repair mechanisms. • Genetic susceptibility to disease in humans. Concept of penetrance. • Blood pathology due to genetic defect: Thalassemia - Spherocytosis - Sickle cell - Haemophilia. G-6-PD deficiency. • Muscular dystrophies. • Alterations of amino acid metabolism: Phenylketonuria- Albinism- Alkaptonuria. • Mutation of receptor proteins and transport systems: Cystic fibrosis, Familial hypercholesterolemia. • Deficiency of lysosomal enzymes: Wolman's disease, lipidosis, gangliosidosis, mucopolysaccharidosis and glycogenosis. • Mutation of extracellular structural proteins: Hereditary pathology of collagen (Ehler Danlos' syndrome) Hereditary pathology of elastic fibers (Marfan's syndrome). • Diseases caused by mitochondrial DNA mutations and imprinting. • Complex diseases and multifactorial inheritance. • Chromosomal alterations. Numerical and structural alterations of the chromosomes: Down syndrome, Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome. • Notes on instrumental gene analysis in the diagnosis of human diseases. • Embryopathies and fetopathies of a physical, infectious, endocrine and toxic nature. EXTRINSIC CAUSES - DISEASES CAUSED BY PHYSICAL AGENTS • Baropathies. Non-ionizing and ionizing radiation. Low and high temperatures: frostbite and burns. Electrical and electromagnetic energy. • Chemical and environmental agents: Poisons. Food causes. • Free radicals. Oxidative stress and reperfusion injury. • Biological agents. Infections, infestations and intoxications. Virulence factors. Natural defense mechanisms and tissue response to pathogens. Host-parasite relationship. CELLULAR PATHOLOGY • Mechanisms of cell damage. Regressive processes. • Physiological atrophies and from pathological causes. • Vacuolar degeneration, dropsy and cloudy swelling. Hyaline and mucosal degeneration. Steatosis. • Extracellular regressive processes. Amyloidosis. Hyaline, fibrinoid and mucosal degeneration. • Extracellular matrix and its components: structure, biosynthesis and degradation of the matrix components and its alterations. Cell-matrix interactions and their alterations. Fibrosis, cirrhosis, sclerosis. • Cell death. Necrosis. Various types of necrosis. Gangrene. The outcomes of the necrotic process. Post-mortem autolysis. Apoptosis. Molecular events of apoptotic death. • Pathological pigmentations. Heterotopic calcifications and ossifications. • Aging. Theories of senescence. Senescence in intermitotic and post-mitotic cells. Aging of the organism, cellular and subcellular. Planned aging. Pathology of aging. • Progressive processes: Physiological hypertrophy and hyperplasia and from pathological causes. • The regenerative process at the level of labile, stable and perennial cells. Liver regeneration. The reconstitution. |
| Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile |
GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - MOD. 2
| Code | GP004710 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 1 |
| Teacher | Marina Maria Bellet |
| Teachers |
|
| Hours |
|
| Learning activities | Caratterizzante |
| Area | Patologia generale e molecolare, immunopatologia, fisiopatologia generale, microbiologia e parassitologia |
| Academic discipline | MED/04 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | Atrophy and cell injury. Regeneration and adaptive cell responses. Aging and senescence. Pathology of blood and altered activity of blood cells. Immune pathologies. |
| Reference texts | - Kumar, Abbas, Aster "Robbins e Cotran: Le basi patologiche delle malattie" Edra, IX edizione - Pontieri, Russo, Frati "Patologia generale e Fisiopatologia Generale" Piccin, V Edizione |
| Educational objectives | This course is for the student the first teaching that allows to understand the intrinsic and extrinsic causes of disease, including the process of senescence and aging of the cells and their mechanisms to adapt to reversible or irreversible injury. The main aim of this teaching is to provide students with the bases needed to address not only the causes of disease, but also the pathological effect on cells and tissues, strengthening knowledge of physiology and molecular and cellular biology needed to understand pathological processes from molecules to human physiological systems. Main knowledge acquired will be: knowledge of the adaptive mechanisms of the cell; theory of senescence and their mechanisms; aging and cellular mechanism of diseases; knowledge of the pathology of blood cells. The main competences will be the definition of the causes of disease in order to acquire the correct clinical approach for their identification, and for the analysis of biomedical information derived from different diagnostic techniques. |
| Prerequisites | In order to be able to understand and succesfully deal with the majority of argument described within the Course, it is necessary to have successfully passed the Physiology exam. Moreover, other topics matter of the module require deep knowledge of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Anatomy and Histology. Their knowledge represents a mandatory prerequisite for student planning to follow this course with profit. |
| Teaching methods | Face-to-face and seminar lectures with audiovisual material on all subjects of the Course |
| Other information | No additional information |
| Learning verification modality | The exam consists of an oral test as interview of about 20-30 minutes, aiming to ascertain the knowledge level and the understanding capability acquired by the student on issues proposed. The interview is focused on three important arguments (Pathology, Inflammation/Oncology and Phisiopathology) and require theoretical insights and clarification of details by members of the board of examiners. The examination, as a whole, allows to verify both the ability of knowledge and understanding, and the ability to apply the acquired skills and to develop solutions for independent judgement. |
| Extended program | PROGRESSIVE PROCESSES Physiological and pathological hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Atrophy. Regenerative process in labile, stable and perennial cells. liver regeneration. AGING Theories of senescence. Senescence in intermitotic and post-mitotic cells. Aging of the organism, cellular and subcellular. Programmed ageing. Pathology of aging. BLOOD DISORDERS Blood mass alterations. Red blood cells alterations: anemia, polycythemia, hemoglobinopathies. White blood cells and leukocytosis. Platelets and the process of hemostasis and coagulation. Bleeding. Thrombotic and embolic processes, cid. IMMUNOPATHOLOGIES Elements of immunology: innate and acquired immunity. Immunity cells and receptors. Hypersensitivity types I, II, III and IV. Diseases and major histocompatibility system. Autoimmune diseases. Primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. Notes on the mechanisms of acute and chronic transplant rejection. |