Unit EPIDEMIOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Code	50996702
CFU	2
Teacher	Chiara De Waure
Teachers	Chiara De Waure
Hours	30 ore - Chiara De Waure
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze propedeutiche
Academic discipline	MED/42
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Definition and objective of the epidemiology. Measures of occurrence, association and impact. Introduction to study design. Observational and experimental study designs. Bias.
Reference texts	Ricciardi W, Boccia S [Editors]. Igiene - Medicina preventiva - Sanita' pubblica. Idelson Gnocchi 2021 Manzoli L, Villari P, Boccia A [Editors]. Epidemiologia e management in sanità. Elementi di metodologia. Edi. Ermes 2015
Educational objectives	The aim of the course is to provide students with the knowledge and skills to produce robust evidence and to critical appraise the evidence within the health sector.
Prerequisites	Knowledge of secondary school mathematic and biology
Teaching methods	Lectures and exercises
Other information
Learning verification modality	Oral exam
Extended program	Definition and objective of the epidemiology: origins, development and fields of application. Measures of occurrence: meaning and calculation of prevalence and incidence measures. Measure of association: meaning and calculation of risk ratio and odds ratio. Measure of impact: meaning and calculation of attributable risks. Crude, specific and adjusted rates: meaning and calculation. Introduction to study design: general characteristics and applications of different study designs. Observational study designs: requisites, characteristics and stages of implementation of cross-sectional studies, cohort studies and case-control studies. Experimental study designs: requisites, characteristics and stages of implementation of trials. Random and systematic errors: definition, consequences and methods of their control. Tools for drafting and reading a research protocol and a research article.

COMPUTER SCIENCE

Code	GP003880
CFU	2
Teacher	Francesco Santini
Teachers	Francesco Santini
Hours	30 ore - Francesco Santini
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Scienze interdisciplinari
Academic discipline	INF/01
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	HTML and CSS programming, visualization of content through a Webpage. Databases and search engines in Life Sciences and Biomedical topics (PubMed). Introduction to Word. Introduction to Powerpoint. Introduction to Excel. R language.
Reference texts	Handouts.
Educational objectives	Students will learn how the basics of computer programming in HTML/CSS and R languages. Moreover, they will be introduced to Word, Powerpoint and Excel, and how to search for information in PubMed.
Prerequisites	No specific requirement.
Teaching methods	Frontal lessons with slides and laboratory exercises.
Other information	Website: www.unistudium.unipg.it For the exam schedule, see: https://unipg.esse3.cineca.it
Learning verification modality	The exam project consists in choosing a scientific article through PubMed, and presenting it with a Website, a report in Word, a presentation in Powerpoint, and finally representing data with an Excel sheet. The assignment will be prepared in groups and individually discussed during the oral exam. For information on support services for students with disabilities and/or DSA visit the page http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa
Extended program	HTML (tags and advanced tags). Page composition and float sections. CSS language. Font, colors, charset. Life Sciences and Biomedical databases (PubMed, etc.). Search for information in PubMed. Introduction to Word and how to prepare a scientific report. Mail merge. Introduction to Powerpoint and how to prepare a presentation. Introduction to Excel and statistical functions. Introduction to R language. (optional)

METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

Code	A003278
CFU	2
Teacher	Eleonora Brillo
Teachers	Eleonora Brillo
Hours	30 ore - Eleonora Brillo
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Scienze ostetriche
Academic discipline	MED/47
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	The course introduces students to the main issues in evidence based medicine (EBM), literature research and review, databases (Cochrane Library and Medline/PubMed), methodology for drawing up protocols and final reports of systematic reviews, key features of meta-analyses and forest plots, research designs of primary studies, reading and assessment of scientific texts, methodology for writing protocols for clinical trials.
Reference texts	-Fain JA. La ricerca infermieristica. Leggerla, comprenderla e applicarla. Milano: Mc Graw-Hill; 2004. -Polit DF, Beck CT. Fondamenti di Ricerca infermieristica. Milano: Mc Graw-Hill; 2014. -Vellone E, Piredda M. La ricerca bibliografica; strumenti e metodi per trovare e utilizzare la letteratura sanitaria. Milano: Mc Graw-Hill; 2009. -Jefferson T. Come leggere uno studio controllato randomizzato. 2nd ed. Roma: Il Pensiero Scientifico Editore; 2012. -Guidelines for Obstetrics and Gynecology. -Selected scientific papers.
Educational objectives	By the end of the course students should be able to: -describe evidences meaning and importance for clinical decision-making; -analyze critically and employ some support tools for decision making (procedures, protocols, guidelines, consensus conferences documents); -formulate foreground questions using a structured framework (e.g. PICO); -carry out a searching strategy to find information on a topic in different search engines (MedLine/PubMed and Cochrane Library); -distinguish a systematic review from other types of reviews; -describe the importance of systematic reviews/meta-analyses for clinical decision-making; -describe the components of a search protocol for a systematic review; -interpret a forest plot; -describe the main distinctive features of different study types (in primary research); -assess methodological quality of some study types (in primary research); -plan a simple design of primary research, identifying the main elements and steps.
Teaching methods	The course consists of 30 hours of class teaching during which a combination of lectures, discussions, small group works, in-class and computer-based exercises, and computer demonstrations.
Learning verification modality	Modalità di verifica dell'apprendimento MOD_VER_APPR Sì La valutazione consta di un esame scritto facoltativo e di un esame orale obbligatorio. L’esame scritto verte sul modulo I. Esso si compone di dieci domande, ciascuna a quattro risposte alternative, di cui una sola corretta. A ogni risposta corretta è assegnato un punto, a risposta non data zero punti e per ciascuna risposta errata è sottratto un quarto di punto. L’esame è superato con un punteggio minimo di sette punti. A questo non è attribuito un voto, ma solo un giudizio di superamento o non superamento. In caso di superamento, l’esame finale orale verte solamente sui moduli II e III. In caso di mancato superamento, l’esame finale verte su tutti e tre i moduli. L’accesso all’esame finale è consentito ai soli studenti registratisi anticipatamente attraverso il SOL Servizi On Line, in accordo al regolamento dell’Università degli Studi di Perugia. La valutazione all’esame finale è misurata in trentesimi, il voto minimo consentito per il superamento è di 18/30 e il massimo è di 30/30. Al voto massimo può essere aggiunta la lode. The examination includes an optional written exam (test) and a compulsory oral exam. The test, which covers module I, lasts 12 minutes and consists of ten multiple-choice questions, each with four answers and only one correct. Correct answers gain one point, blank answers score zero points, and incorrect answers lose one-quarter point. The lowest passing grade is seven. No grades are assigned (only approved/not approved). If a student chooses not to take the exam or he does not pass the test, the final oral exam cover all three modules. If student pass the test, the oral exam cover modules II and III. Students are required to register in advance for the final oral exam through SOL Servizi On Line according to the general rules of the University of Perugia. The grades for the final exam are measured in thirtieths (0-30 scale), the minimum grade is 18/30 and the maximum grade is 30/30. The maximum grade can be enhanced with "cum laude" (30 cum laude).
Extended program	Programma esteso PROGR_EST Sì MODULO I - LA MEDICINA BASATA SULLE PROVE SCIENTIFICHE DI EFFICACIA -Concetti di efficacia, efficienza, appropriatezza; -Paradigma della medicina tradizionale; -Storia della nascita, sviluppo, significato e paradigma della medicina basata sulle prove scientifiche di efficacia; -Sanità pubblica basata sulle prove di efficacia; -Governo clinico; -Assistenza sanitaria basata sulle prove di efficacia; -Pratica basata sulle prove di efficacia (EBP); -Ostetricia basata sulle prove di efficacia; -Storia dell’Ostetricia basata sulle prove di efficacia; -EBP core-curriculum del professionista sanitario; -Processo di presa di decisioni in ambito clinico: modelli a confronto; -Responsabilità dell’ostetrica nella presa di decisioni cliniche; -Metodi e strumenti di supporto al processo di presa di decisioni cliniche: procedure, protocolli, linee guida, documenti di conferenze di consenso; -LG: caratteristiche e qualità; -Network internazionale linee guida (GIN); -Sistema Nazionale Linee Guida (SNLG); -Sistemi di gradazione della qualità delle evidence e della forza delle raccomandazioni. MODULO II - LETTERATURA SCIENTIFICA, RICERCA E REVISIONE DELLA LETTERATURA, BANCHE DATI -Introduzione e approccio alla letteratura scientifica; -Letteratura bianca e grigia; -Metodologia di ricerca della letteratura scientifica; -Revisione della letteratura: metodi scanning e searching; -Tecniche searching di revisione della letteratura; -Quesiti clinici; -Quesiti background; -Quesiti foreground; -Modelli PICO/PECO ed EPICOT; -Concetti di popolazione, campione e outcome; -Fonti primarie e secondarie, banche dati primarie e secondarie; -Cochrane Collaboration; -Banca dati Cochrane Library; -Banca dati Medline; -Thesaurus MeSH; -Uso di PubMed (ricerca base; ricerca di una frase; ricerca in campi specifici; ricerca per autore e per rivista; combinazione di ricerche con History; combinazione di termini di ricerca con gli operatori Booleani; uso dei filtri e dei limiti); -Revisioni tradizionali e sistematiche; -Metodologia per redigere protocolli di revisioni sistematiche della letteratura; -Metodologia per scrivere un report finale di una revisione sistematica; -Metanalisi e forest plot. MODULO III - RICERCA PRIMARIA: TIPI DI DISEGNI DI STUDIO -Introduzione alla ricerca qualitativa e quantitativa; -Studi analitici e non analitici; -Studi non analitici (o descrittivi): case report, case-series, studi qualitativi, indagini trasversali non analitici; -Studi analitici osservazionali: studi caso-controllo e caso controllo nidificati, studi di coorte e studi trasversali analitici; -Studi sperimentali (studi randomizzati controllati); -Disegni non sperimentali; -Disegni quasi sperimentali; -Disegni sperimentali; -Implicazioni etiche negli studi di tipo sperimentale; -Tipi di bias; -Lettura, interpretazione, comprensione e valutazione di testi scientifici; -Metodologia per l’elaborazione di progetti di ricerca scientifica. MODULE I - EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE (EBM) -Concept of effectiveness, efficiency, appropriateness; -Traditional medicine paradigm; -Birth history, development, meaning and paradigm of EBM; -Evidence Based Public Health (EBPH); -Clinical Governance; -Evidence Based Health Care (EBHC); -Evidence Based Practice (EBP); -Evidence Based Midwifery: -History of Evidence Based Midwifery: -Healthcare professional EBP core-curriculum; -Process clinical decision making: a comparison of models; -Responsibilities of the midwife in the clinical decision-making; -Methods and tools to support process clinical decision making: procedures, protocols, guidelines, consensus conferences documents; -Guidelines: features and quality; -Guidelines International Network (GIN); -National Guidelines System (SNLG); -Systems for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations. MODULE II - SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE, LITERATURE RESEARCH AND REVIEW, DATABASES -Introduction and approach to scientific literature; -White and grey/gray literature; -Scientific literature search methodology; -Literature review: scanning and searching methods; -Literature searching techniques; -Clinical queries; -Background questions; -Foreground questions; -PICO/PECO and EPICOT models; -Concept of population, sample and outcome; -Primary and secondary sources, primary and secondary databases; -Cochrane Collaboration; -Cochrane Library database; -Medline database; -MeSH thesaurus; -The use of PubMed (basic search; searching for a phrase, searching by a specific field; searching by author and journal title; combining searches using History; combining search terms with Boolean operators; using filters and limits); -Traditional and systematic reviews; -Methodology for drawing up protocols of systematic reviews; -Methodology for writing a final report of a systematic review; -Meta-analyses and forest plot. MODULE III - PRIMARY RESEARCH: TYPES OF STUDY DESIGN -Introduction to quantitative and qualitative research methods; -Analytic and non-analytic studies; -Non-analytic (or descriptive) studies: case reports, case-series, qualitative and surveys (cross-sectional) studies; -Analytic observational studies: case-control and nested case-control studies, cohort studies and analytic cross-sectional studies; -Ethical issues in observational studies; -Experimental studies (randomized controlled trials); -Non-experimental designs; -Quasi-esperimental designs; -Experimental designs; -Ethical issues in experimental studies; -Type of biases; -Reading, interpretation, understanding and assessment of scientific texts; -Methodology to develop projects of scientific research.

MEDICAL STATISTICS

Code	50A00030
CFU	1
Teacher	Roberto Fabiani
Teachers	Roberto Fabiani
Hours	15 ore - Roberto Fabiani
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze propedeutiche
Academic discipline	MED/01
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	ITALIAN
Contents	1) Statistics purposes and definitions 2) Types and scales of measurement 3) Summary measures: central tendency, and variability 4) Representation of data in graphs and tables 5) Theoretical probability distributions 6) Standardized normal curve 7) Inferential statistics 8) Point and interval estimates 9) Hypothesis testing: null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis 10) Tests of statistical significance 11) Contingency tables 12) Risk measures 13) Correlation and simple linear regression 14) Diagnostic tests 15) Critical analysis of literature and scientific papers
Reference texts	The notes taken in class and the slides made available by the lecturer. The slides are concise, so they are not material exhaustive of the topics covered for which the following text is recommended for reference and further study: Statistics for Biomedical Disciplines - Stanton A. Glantz. McGraw Hill Education, 2007. (with CD-ROM). ISBN: 9788838639258
Educational objectives	Know the essentials of medical statistics and be able to apply the knowledge to reading scientific publications (critically interpret the type of study design and statistical analysis, read and interpret tables, graphs and results of statistical methods used). Acquire the minimum skills that will help in the writing of the dissertation.
Prerequisites	None
Teaching methods	Theoretical and practical lessons
Other information	None
Learning verification modality	Written examination
Extended program	1) Statistics purpose and definitions Sample and universe Parameters and estimates Study design Types of study 2) Types and scales of measurement Nominal Ordinal Of interval Of ratio 3) Summary measures: central tendency and variability Mean Median Fashion Variance Standard deviation Range Interquartile range Coefficient of variation 4) Representation of data in graphs and tables Histograms Bar graphs Stem and leaf plot Dot plot Box and whiskers plot Pie charts 5) Theoretical probability distributions The normal distribution 6) Standardized normal curve Characteristics 7) Inferential statistics Sample distribution of the mean Central limit theorem 8) Point and interval estimates Standard error Confidence limits 9) Hypothesis testing: null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis Hypothesis formulation Decision criterion Statistical error of 1st and 2nd kind; Power of the test Sample size. 10) Tests of statistical significance. Parametric tests for independent data Parametric tests for paired data Nonparametric tests for independent data Non-parametric tests for paired data 11) Contingency tables Chi square test Yates correction Fisher's exact test 12) Risk measures Relative risk Odds ratio 13) Correlation and simple linear regression Correlation between variables Parametric and nonparametric correlation coefficient Regression line and regression coefficients 14) Diagnostic tests Sensitivity Specificity Predictive values of the test ROC curve 15) Critical analysis of literature and scientific papers Subject or hypothesis of the study Design Data analysis Presentation of results Conclusions
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile	Health and Wellness