Unit MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE

BIOCHEMISTRY

Code	GP001713
CFU	2
Teacher	Barbara Cellini
Teachers	Barbara Cellini
Hours	30 ore - Barbara Cellini
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/10
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	The teaching focuses on four macro-topics: -elements of general chemistry -elements of organic chemistry -elements of structural biochemistry -elements of metabolic biochemistry.
Reference texts	Biochimica e Biologia per le professioni sanitarie - Roberti, Alunni-Bistocchi, Antognelli, Talesa - McGraw-Hill Le basi della biochimica-Abali-Cline-Franklin-Viselli-Zanichelli Chimica e biochimica-Samaja-Paroni-Piccin Chimica e Biochimica- Bertoldi- Colombo-Magni-Marin-Palestini-EdiSES Nelson-Cox Introduzione alla Biochimica di Lehninger-Zanichelli
Educational objectives	The main aim of this course is to provide students with the knowledge of basic properties of biological systems and of the mechanisms controlling cellular homeostasis. The knowledge acquired will be: - properties of the atom and formation of the chemical bond; - chemical components of cells; - properties of solutions, physiological solutions, buffer solutions; -chemical thermodynamics and chemical kinetics - functional groups of organic molecules and their reactivity; - structure and function of molecules involved in cellular metabolism; - main metabolic transformations; - main hormonal regulations of metabolism. The knowledge acquired will provide students with the following skills: - be able to recognize the nature and properties of reagents and solutions normally used in the course of professional activity - understand the structure of macromolecules of biological interest and their general metabolism in pathophysiological conditions. The main competence will be: - to evaluate the nature and properties of reagents and solutions usually employed in professional practice; - to understand the general metabolic behavior in physiopathological conditions
Prerequisites	For an effective understanding of the topics of Biochemistry, the basic knowledge at high school level of Chemistry and Biology is required. In particular, general knowledge of cell structure, atomic structure, simple inorganic and organic molecules structure, are mandatory.
Teaching methods	The course is organized in lectures on all the subjects. Students are stimulated to interact with the teacher during the lectures. Innovative teaching strategies are also used in the delivery of training activities, such as the Wooclap application
Other information	Seat: Polo didattico S. Andrea delle fratte-Centro didattico Consulting: Studio, edificio D 2° piano, via Gambuli, S. Andrea delle Fratte For information on dispensatory measures that can be implemented for students with DSA and/or disabilities, see the page: http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa
Learning verification modality	The exam consists of a written test possibly followed by an oral examination relative to the three modules of the integrated course. The written test, comprising basic questions covering all the topics, aims to assess the minimum basic preparation to face the oral examination. The oral exam aims to assess the level of knowledge of the subjects of the integrated course, and the ability to make connections and to integrate knowledge, also in relation to the nursing professional activity. The oral exam will also test the student communication skills.
Extended program	PRINCIPLES OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY. Hints on tomic structure and periodic table of the elements. The chemical bond: omopolar and eteropolar covalent bond, donor-acceptor bond, electrostatic bonds, hydrogen bond. Properties of liquids, vapour pressure. Solutions: concentration units. Osmotic pressure and osmolarity. Physiologic solution. Stechiometry and equilibrium. Strong and weak electrolytes. Acids and bases. The ionic product of water, pH. pH of acid, base, and salt solutions; buffer solutions. Thermodynamics. Chemical kinetics, catalysis. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Oxidation state of carbon in the organic compounds. Hybridization of carbon and functional groups of organic molecules. Hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehyds and ketons, amines, carboxylic acids, esters, amides. ELEMENTS OF GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY. Carbohydrates. Structure and properties of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. The glycosidic bond. Carbohydrates of physiologic significance: glucose, fructose, ribose, saccharose, lactose, starch, cellulose, glycogen. Lipids. Structure and properties of fatty acids, acylglycerols, phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol. Aminoacids. Peptidic bond. Proteins: structural organization, classification, functions. Denaturation of proteins. Fibrous proteins: keratin and collagen. Structure and functions of hemoglobin and myoglobin, oxygen transport, allosteric modulators. Physiologic and pathologic hemoglobins. Reaction rate. Enzymes as biological catalysts. Effect of substrate concentration, pH, and temperature. Hints on enzyme activity regulation. Clinical importance of enzymes in serum. Hints on vitamins and coenzymes (NAD+, FAD). ELEMENTS OF DYNAMIC BIOCHEMISTRY. Overview of metabolic pathways: anabolism, catabolism, linear and cyclic pathways. ATP: structure and role in the metabolism. The metabolism of carbohydrates. Digestion and absorption of sugars. Glycolysis, metabolism of glycogen, and gluconeogenesis. The hormonal control of blood glucose (insulin and glucagon). The Krebs cycle. The respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation. The metabolism of fats. Digestion, absorption, and storage of dietary lipids. Lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. Biosynthesis of fatty acids and triacylglycerols. Hormonal control of lipolysis and lipogenesis (insulin and glucagon). Lipid transport and plasma lipoproteins. The ketone bodies. The metabolism of proteins and aminoacids. Protein digestion and aminoacid absorption. Transamination and deamination reactions. Ureogenesis. The metabolic fate of aminoacid carbon skeleton.
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile	Goal 3: Health and well-being. Goal 4: Quality education

APPLIED BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

Code	GP001715
CFU	2
Teacher	Cinzia Antognelli
Teachers	Cinzia Antognelli
Hours	30 ore - Cinzia Antognelli
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/13
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Characteristics of living organisms. Biological macromolecules. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Viruses (overview). Flow of genetic information within a biological system and its regulation. Cell cycle and its control. Mutations: types and causes. Reproduction of multicellular living organisms: meiosis and gametogenesis. Basic concepts of formal genetics. Basic concepts of medical genetics. Blood types: immunological and genetic approach.
Reference texts	R. Roberti, G. Alunni Bistocchi, C. Antognelli, VN Talesa - Biochimica e Biologia per le professioni sanitarie – McGrawHill P. Bonaldo, S. Suga, R. Pierantoni, P. Riva, M.G, Romanelli- Biologia e Genetica – EdiSES The teaching materials are also available on Unistudium. Disabled students and/or with DSA are guaranteed all the compensatory and/or dispensatory measures provided for by current legislation in accordance with the University guidelines.
Educational objectives	The Applied Biology module represents one of the first preparatory courses of the Course of study in Obstetrics. As such, the main objective of teaching is to provide students with the foundations to tackle the study of both more complex basic disciplines (Histology, Anatomy, Physiology, Microbiology and Pathology) and specialist disciplines. The main knowledge acquired will concern the integrated study of the cell and living organisms, with emphasis on the: • molecular mechanisms involved in the biogenesis processes of organelles and cellular structures • interactions between cells and cells-extracellular environment • duplication, transmission and expression of genetic information • cell proliferation • basic concepts of general and human genetics.
Prerequisites	In order to understand the contents of the course it is necessary to have knowledge of the basic elements of chemistry.
Teaching methods	The course is organized in classroom lessons (face-to-face) on all course topics.
Other information	Site of the teacher: Department of Medicine and Surgery - Building B, 4° floor - P.le L. Severi 1 - Sant'Andrea delle Fratte - Perugia. Student reception: the professor is always available to receive students upon request via email (cinzia.antognelli@unipg.it).
Learning verification modality	The exam includes a final written test (multiple choice tests that require reasoning) integrated with the Biochemistry and Physics modules of the same course. The test consists of 60 questions and 5 answer options, of which only one is correct, to be carried out in 60 minutes. The number of questions for the three disciplines takes into account the number of credits of the individual modules (24 questions in Biology, 24 in Biochemistry and 12 in Physics). One point is awarded for each correct answer; 0 points are assigned to incorrect or unanswered answers. The test as a whole allows you to ascertain your ability to know and understand the contents of the discipline. Students with DSA and/or disabilities are guaranteed the compensatory and/or dispensatory measures provided for by current legislation and the relevant UNIPG University Regulations.
Extended program	The characteristics of living organisms. Biological macromolecules: proteins, lipids and glucids (general characteristics). Models of cellular organization: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Viruses: general characteristics. Animal eukaryotic cell. Plasma membrane: structure and functions. The main mechanisms of membrane transport and cellular communication; cytoplasm; ribosomes; rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus; lysosomes; peroxisomes; mitochondria and the energy problem; cytoskeleton (general characteristics), nucleus and nucleolus. DNA and RNA: structure and function. Organization of chromatin, chromosomes. The eukaryotic gene. Gene expression: transcription, maturation of primary transcripts, genetic code, translation. Regulation of gene expression: general characteristics. Cell cycle: interphase, DNA replication, mitosis. Cell cycle control: check-point and CdK-cyclines. Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes and tumor suppressor. Gene mutations (point mutations, missense, nonsense, neutral mutations), genomic mutations (aneuploidy and polyploidy mutations) and chromosomal mutations (deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation). Human normal and pathological karyotype. Heterochromatinization of the X chromosome. Reproduction of multicellular organisms; meiosis and its biological meaning, gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis). Basic concepts of formal genetics: allele, haploid and diploid organisms, genotype, phenotype, homozygous and heterozygous organisms, dominance, recessiveness, Mendel's laws and extensions to Mendelian analysis (incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles). Basic concepts of medical genetics: family trees, dominant and recessive autosomal inheritance, sex-linked inheritance (X-linked and Y-linked). Multifactorial and polygenic inheritance. Mitochondrial inheritance. Blood types.
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile	Health and wellness.

PHYSICS

Code	GP001714
CFU	1
Teacher	Andrea Biscarini
Teachers	Andrea Biscarini
Hours	15 ore - Andrea Biscarini
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze propedeutiche
Academic discipline	FIS/07
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Physical quantities and vector algebra. Point mass and rigid body mechanics. Musculo-skeletal biomechanics. Fluid mechanics, blood circulation. Elatic waves, human ear, ultrasounds in medicine. Thermology, thermoregulation of human body. Electromagnetism, radiations in medicine.
Reference texts	D. Scannicchio. "Fisica biomedica". Edises (2013). Slides projected and downloadable from the UniStudium platform.
Educational objectives	Knowledge and understanding of the fundamental laws and principles of mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism. Ability to use the acquired theoretical knowledge for handling with methodological rigor the physical problems that arise in the biomedical fields.
Prerequisites	Necessary prerequisites: basic knowledge of algebra.
Teaching methods	Face-to-face lectures on all subjects of the course.
Other information	None.
Learning verification modality	The exam consists of a unique written test. The examination is aimed at assessing: a) the degree of knowledge and understanding; b) the ability to apply the acquired competences to the biomedical field; c) the quality of presentation (clarity, coherence, scientific accuracy, completeness, ability to synthesize). The written test has a duration of 1 hours and consist of 3 open-answer questions. For each topic, students are asked to discuss the possible biomedical applications. A score from 0 to 10 points is assigned to each answer. For information on support services for students with disabilities and/or SLD, visit the page http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa
Extended program	1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 - Physics, physical quantities, systems of units of measurement. 1.2 - Elementary vector algebra. 2 - POINT MASS AND RIGID BODY MECHANICS 2.1 - Point mass kinematics. 2.2 - Point mass dynamics. 2.3 - Work and energy. 2.4 - Mechanics of point mass systems and rigid bodies. 2.5 - Levers and anatomical levers. 2.5 - Biomechanics of the musculo-skeletal system. 3 - FLUID MECHANICS 3.1 - States of matter. Elasiticy. Fluids. 3.2 - Fluid statics. 3.3 - Fluid dynamics and blood circulation. 4 - ELASIC WAVES 4.1 - Waves in elastic media. 4.2 - Sound and human ear. 4.3 - Ultrasounds in medicine. 5 - THERMOLOGY 5.1 - Elements of calorimetry and thermodynamics. 5.2 - Thermoregulation of human body. 6 - ELECTROMAGNETISM 6.1 - Electic and magnetic interactions. 6.2 - Electromagnetic waves. 6.3 - Radiations in medicine.
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile