| Code |
A001763 |
| CFU |
6 |
| Teacher |
Francesco Grignani |
| Teachers |
|
| Hours |
- 42 ore - Francesco Grignani
|
| Learning activities |
Caratterizzante |
| Area |
Discipline biotecnologiche comuni |
| Academic discipline |
MED/04 |
| Type of study-unit |
Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction |
English |
| Contents |
Inflammation: the responses and inflammatory mechanisms; causes; interaction with the external and internal environment: the low-grade inflammation. Causes of disease: genetic, genomic, environmental Cell and tissue responses to stress: molecular events Molecular Oncology Elements of molecular pathophysiology in organs and tissues |
| Reference texts |
- Robbins e Cotran - Le basi patologiche delle malattie Vol.1 - Pontieri - Russo - Frati - Patologia generale e fisiopatologia generale - V edizione volume primo |
| Educational objectives |
The course aims to provide knowledge of the main bases of etiology of pathological phenomena, at molecular and cellular level, as well as of the diversion from the normal biology and physiology of the cell. The course intends to provide a deep knowledge about the basic mechanisms underlying the most common diseases in humans and the response of cells and tissue to the alterations of the external and / or internal environment. The main objective of the course is to acquire knowledge about: • Immunity, cellular and molecular processes of inflammation • intrinsic molecular pathology • environmental causes of disease and molecular responses • molecular damage response in cells and tissues • carcinogenesis, molecular oncology • molecular pathophysiology of tissues and organs in humans The oral examination, performed during seminars, acting also also as a further training tool, allows the assessment of the degree of learning and the ability to communicate and explain, in a vocational projection. The main skills gained in the study of this discipline will enable students to: • reach a broad overview of the relationship between the human genome, the environment and the development of diseases. • have a clear picture of the molecular mechanisms of human disease, namely, their specific role in the onset, development and general pathophysiology of common diseases. • expand the skills of a Biotechnologist within Medical, Veterinary and Forensic knowledge for the employement. |
| Prerequisites |
The aim of the course is the contextualization of the previously acquired theoretical knowledge in a highly vocational view which allows an effective competence for an actual job employment. Therefore, according to the Academic Regulation, the cultural prerequisites necessary for the course are primarily the extensive and substantiated knowledge of the major elements of cellular and molecular biology, histology, genetics and genomics, biochemistry, anatomy and physiology. The skills obtained in these disciplines are essential so that students can understand the concepts of the molecular etiopathology of diseases. Based on these assumptions, the student will be able to draw considerable profit from the training course. |
| Teaching methods |
Students are given lectures. The lectures cover the entire program of the Course of Study, but also specialized topics that emerge from specific needs of the students are treated, all with a view to highly professionalizing training, as expected from a C.d.L.M. Each lesson lasts two hours or four hours in which a specific topic is addressed, correlating it to the others already exposed, to allow the student to have an integrated vision. Students are then required to conduct, at their own choice, in-depth seminars regarding the topics covered during the lessons or others based on personal interests. The seminars are held, in small groups, in the presence of the other students of the Course. For this purpose the teacher can provide students with bibliographic material in English relating to the topic of the seminar, which will be presented using computer media (Power-Point), and which have value of theoretical-practical teaching and evaluation activities. |
| Learning verification modality |
The evaluation of the student is performed through an oral exam at the end of the course lectures. On the basis of the vocational training of the CdLM, the oral exam consists in the preparation of an oral presentation, individually or in a small group (maximum 4-5 persons), on topics included among the molecular basis of diseases. During the presentation, which takes place in the presence of all students and that also has educational value, at the same time, is verified the acquisition of the cultural basis inherent in the course, the ability to integrate informations, to perform an in-depth analysis and the level of professionalism achieved by the learners. |
| Extended program |
EPIGENETIC, GENETIC AND CHROMOSOMIC PATHOLOGY - INSTRUMENTAL GENE ANALYSIS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF HUMAN DISEASES (NOTES) - EPIGENETICS Epigenetic regulation of gene functionality and main epigenetic modifications. Epigenetic-environment interactions. Epigenetics and human pathology. - DNA MUTATION Mutations in regulatory and coding regions and their functional consequences. - DNA REPAIR Main molecular repair mechanisms and molecular pathology of DNA repair. Pathology of "mismatch repair". Lynch syndromes and hereditary colorectal cancer. Pathology of the "excision repair". Xeroderma pigmentosum and telangiectasic ataxia. Oncological and non-oncological consequences of altering DNA repair, connection with cellular and organism senescence. - RNA PATHOLOGIES Consequences on RNA of gene mutations. Splicing changes. Non-coding RNAs and their alterations in the pathogenesis of human pathologies: basic concepts. MicroRNAs: genesis, structure and function in physiology and pathology. - COMPLEX DISEASES AND MULTIFACTORIAL AND POLYGENIC HERITAGE Genetic, epigenetic and environmental mechanisms CELL DEATH. - Classical necrosis Types of necrosis. Gangrene. The outcomes of the necrotic process. - Apoptosis: definition and morphological and cellular phenomena. Apoptosis in physiology and pathology. Stimuli activating apoptosis. Pathways of activation of apoptosis. Molecular regulation of apoptotic death, the Bcl-2 family and p53. Caspases and their molecular targets. Apoptosis and cancer. SENESCENCE AND AGING. Theories of senescence. Cellular senescence in intermitotic and post-mitotic cells. Analysis of senescence at the molecular level. Replicative and stress senescence. Aging of the organism. Pathology of aging. Classification and nomenclature of tumors. Characteristics of the transformed cell. Metaplasia. Dysplasia. Anaplasia. Benign and malignant tumors. Histological classification and morphological elements of benign and malignant human tumors. Carcinoma in situ. MOLECULAR BASIS OF CELLULAR TRANSFORMATION. Concept of oncogene. Membrane receptors and signal transduction pathways from the cell surface to the nucleus in the control of cell proliferation. Mutations, amplifications and translocations as oncogenic mechanisms. Karyotype and chromosomal alterations in tumors. The main oncogenes. Concept of tumor suppressor gene. Molecular control of the cell cycle, phases and regulatory proteins of the cycle. Cycle checkpoints. Main tumor suppressor genes. BRCA, WNT pathway. Other significant signal transduction pathways. Hereditary familial neoplasms. The main tumor suppressors. Epigenetics and cancer. Genomics and tumors: the genetic landscape of tumors and new DNA analysis technologies (notes) MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY OF THE CONTROL OF APOPTOSIS. Pro- and anti-apoptotic genes in tumor pathogenesis CARCINOGENESIS. Elements of tumor epidemiology. Chemical carcinogenesis. Ultraviolet radiation-induced carcinogenesis. Ionizing radiation-induced carcinogenesis. Viral carcinogenesis. Tumor ANGIOGENESIS. METASTATISATION AND STAGING. Molecular mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of metastasis. Primary and metastatic tumors. Pathways of metastasis. Graduation and staging of tumors. IMMUNITY AND TUMORS. Role of the immune system in controlling the neoplastic process. Tumor-associated antigens. Main immunological markers of tumors. |
| Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile |
Health and Well-being Quality Education Gender Equality |
