Unit PHYSICAL SCIENCES

RADIATION PHYSICS

Code	A000082
CFU	2
Teacher	Andrea Orecchini
Teachers	Andrea Orecchini
Hours	24 ore - Andrea Orecchini
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze propedeutiche
Academic discipline	FIS/07
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Electromagnetic radiations. Corpuscular radiations. Structure of the atom. Nuclides and isotopes. Radioactivity. Radiation-matter interactions. X-ray production and attenuation. Attenuation of charged particles.
Reference texts	- Faiz M. Khan, The Physics of Radiation Therapy - Joseph Selman, The Basic Physics of Radiation Therapy - Harold E. Johns and John R. Cunningham, The Physics of Radiology
Educational objectives	Ionizing radiations are the main tool the future TSRMs will work with. The aim of the course is thus to provide the basic knowledge of radiation physics, which will allow the students to understand the working principles of the instruments and devices, with which they will work during both their subsequent studies and their professional life.
Prerequisites
Teaching methods	Face-to-face lectures.
Other information
Learning verification modality	The student can choose between two alternative examination methods: a) a written exemption test, taken shortly after the end of the lectures of the radiation physics module; b) an oral examination, after the end of the semester, on the official exam dates. Given the propedeuticity of the radiation physics module, the exemption test method (a) is strongly encouraged.
Extended program	Radiations: definition and some examples. Electromagnetic radiation: basic properties, wavelength-frequency relationship, energy and photons. Spectrum of lectromagnetic waves. Corpuscular radiations. Properties of the main corpuscular radiations. Associated wavelength. Structure of the atom. Bohr atom and electronic energy levels. Periodic table of elements. Nuclides and isotopes. Nuclides stability curve. Example of radiation emission from electronic levels (keV). Nuclear shell model. Example of radiation emission from nuclear levels (MeV). Radioactivity: definition and qualitative physical origin. Exponential law of radioactive decay. Decay constant. Activity and specific activity. Mean life and half time. Radioactive equilibrium: transient equilibrium and secular equilibrium. Examples of transient and secular equilibria of relevance to medical radiology. Natural radioactive series. X-ray production processes. Conceptual diagram of an X-ray tube. Spectrum of an X-ray tube. Direct and indirect ionizing radiation. Attenuation of a monochromatic photon beam: linear attenuation coefficient and half-value layer. Energy dependence of the attenuation coefficient and filter effect on non-monochromatic beams. Mass attenuation coefficient. Main photon-matter interactions of relevance to radiology: coherent scattering, photoelectric effect, Compton effect, pair production. Energy dependence of the mass attenuation coefficient: notable examples. Charged particles interactions. Speed dependence of the ionizing power; Bragg peak.

PHYSICS

Code	50011800
CFU	1
Teacher	Andrea Orecchini
Teachers	Andrea Orecchini
Hours	12 ore - Andrea Orecchini
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze propedeutiche
Academic discipline	FIS/07
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	The experimental method. Kinematics and the second law of dynamics. Work and energy. Noteworthy forces. Potential energy and conservation of mechanical energy. Fluid dynamics. Thermology. Electrostatics. Magnetism and electromagnetic waves.
Reference texts	A. Giambattista, “Fisica generale. Principi e applicazioni.”, McGraw-Hill Education, 3ed. 2021.
Educational objectives	Learn the basics of elementary physics, which are needed to understand the main techniques employed in medical radiology.
Prerequisites	Knowledge of basic elements of mathematics is required
Teaching methods	Face-to-face lessons
Other information
Learning verification modality	Written test with open questions. For information on support services for students with disabilities and/or DSA visit the webpage http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa
Extended program	The scientific method. Physical quantities. International System and units of measurement. Dimensional equations. Trajectory, velocity, acceleration. Force, mass and the second law of dynamics. Work. Power. Kinetic energy. Fundamental and non-fundamental forces. Gravitational force and weight. Coulomb force. Nuclear force. Conservative and dissipative forces. Potential energy. Conservation of mechanical energy. Density and pressure. Continuity equation and Bernoulli equation. Temperature. Thermal expansion. Equation of state of ideal gases. Absolute temperature and kinetic theory of gases. Heat and mechanical equivalent of the calorie. Latent heat of transition. Heat capacity and specific heat. Heat transfer mechanisms. Coulomb force and electric charge. Electrons and protons. Electric field. Potential energy and electric potential. An example: the plane capacitor. Definition of electronvolt. Definition of electric current. Conductors and insulators. Ohm's law, resistance, resistivity and conductivity. Work, power, Joule effect. Direct and alternating current. Magnetic phenomena and magnetic poles. First Oersted experiment and magnetic field. Second Oersted experiment and Lorentz force. Magnetic induction. Electromagnetic waves.
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile

INFORMATICS

Code	GP003730
CFU	2
Teacher	Ivan Gerace
Teachers	Ivan Gerace
Hours	24 ore - Ivan Gerace
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze propedeutiche
Academic discipline	INF/01
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Digital representation of images. Introduction to the C programming language. Management of digital images using C programming language.
Reference texts	Gonzalez, Woods, "Digital Image Processing", Prentice Hall, Pearson Education.
Educational objectives	At the end of the course the student must be able to design and write a simple C language program for the management of digital images.
Prerequisites	No one.
Teaching methods	Frontal lesson. Guided lesson at the computer lab. Problem solving.
Other information	No one.
Learning verification modality	Computer lab test and oral exam.
Extended program	The light. RGB, CMYK, Lab representation. Blur and noise corruption of an image. Punctual, local and global operators for image reconstruction. Quantization problem. Estimation of the optical flow. Separation of components. Tomography. Demosaicing. Variables in C language. Commands for, while and if. File reading and writing. Management of a gray level image. Management and creation of color images.
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile	4

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Code	40285806
CFU	2
Teacher	Donatella Siepi
Teachers	Donatella Siepi
Hours	24 ore - Donatella Siepi
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Scienze interdisciplinari
Academic discipline	SECS-S/02
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)