Unit ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF THE HUMAN BODY

HUMAN ANATOMY

Code	50A00141
CFU	3
Teacher	Tiziano Baroni
Teachers
Hours	45 ore -
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Sector	BIO/16
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Muscular-skeletal system. Skin. Cardiovascular system. Lymphatic system. Respiratory apparatus. Alimentary apparatus. Urinary apparatus. Reproductive system. Endocrine system. Nervous system: sensory system, motor system, Autonomic Nervous System. Cranial nerves. Eye and ear.
Reference texts	III edizione italiana di “Anatomia umana” di Kenneth S. Saladin (a cura del Prof. Raffaele De Caro)
Educational objectives	Basic knowledge of human anatomy
Prerequisites	For an effective understanding of the topics of this integrated course, the basic knowledge at high school level of Physics, Chemistry and cell Biology is required. In particular, general knowledge of cell structure, organic molecules and macromolecule concepts are mandatory. Moreover, it is important that the student acquired the basic knowledge of Physics.
Teaching methods	Face-to-face theoretical lessons with the Powerpoint slides. Use of plastic models related to the topics developed at lessons.
Other information	Frequenza: Compulsory. Orario di Ricevimento: Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday from 15:00 until 17:00, after contacting by email at francesca.riuzzi@unipg.it Sede: Dept. Experimental Medicine University of Perugia Building D, 1th Floor Piazzale Gambuli, 1 06132 Perugia-Italy
Learning verification modality	The examination is conducted through a written test. The written test will consist of multiple choice quizzes.
Extended program	Organization of the human body The skeletal system: the axial skeleton The skeletal system: the appendicular skeleton The skeletal system: the joints The muscular system: the axial muscles The muscular system: the appendicular muscles Regional and surface anatomy The nervous system: spinal cord and spinal nerves The nervous system: brain and cranial nerves The nervous system: sense organs Endocrine system Circulatory system: The heart Circulatory system: Blood vessels Respiratory system Digestive system Urinary system Reproductive system
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile	3,4,5

PHYSIOLOGY I

Code	GP003947
CFU	1
Teacher	Roberto Panichi
Teachers	Roberto Panichi
Hours	15 ore - Roberto Panichi
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Sector	BIO/09
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	This course introduces the fundamental principles of neurophysiology, with particular attention to the neural regulatory processes that ensure homeostasis, understood as the dynamic balance essential for life. It will cover the structural and functional organization of the central and peripheral nervous systems, analyzing the flow of afferent and efferent information, its processing at the central level, and the responses generated by muscular effectors. The course will also explore the mechanisms of sensory function and the physiological bases of motor behaviors, as well as provide an introduction to the main aspects of hormonal regulation, in order to understand how the nervous and endocrine systems cooperate to maintain the functional balance of the body.
Reference texts	L. Zocchi, “Principi di Fisiologia”, Ed. EdiSES. AAVV, “Fisiologia dell'uomo” Ed. Edi-Ermes. R. Poltronieri, “Elementi di Fisiologia”, Ed. EdiSES. S.E. Huether, K.L. McCance, “Understanding Pathophysiology” Ed. Elsevier Ed. Elsevier • Textbooks are not mandatory, but they may serve as a valuable resource to support individual study. The instructor will provide students with the teaching materials presented during lectures, which will constitute the primary reference for exam preparation.
Educational objectives	The aim of the course is to provide students with the basic knowledge needed to understand the functions and mechanisms that ensure survival, well-being, and appropriate interaction with the environment. In particular, the course is designed to develop an understanding of the neurophysiological principles underlying sensory functions, learning processes, and motor activity, while also introducing the main mechanisms of hormonal regulation and their role in the interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems in maintaining the body’s functional balance.
Prerequisites	The student is required to have basic knowledge of Physics, Chemistry, Biochemistry and Human Anatomy.
Teaching methods	Face-to-face lessons on all subjects of the program with discussion in the classroom.
Other information	During the course, meetings with students are planned for further information and clarification. For information on support services for students with disabilities or DSA, visit http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa.
Learning verification modality	Learning is assessed through a multiple-choice written test.
Extended program	Homeostasis and regulation systems. Homeostasis and disease. Regulatory mechanisms in maintaining physiological homeostasis: feedback systems negative, positive and anticipatory controls. Communicating information throughout the nervous and endocrine systems. Characteristics of the nervous and hormonal mechanisms of action. Neurophysiology: Basics of nerve excitability: resting potential and action potential, nerve impulse conduction mechanisms. Synaptic transmission. Neurotransmitters and excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. Integration of synaptic signals in neuronal level: spatial and temporal summation. Muscle physiology: structure of the sarcomere, mechanism of muscle contraction, neuromuscular synapse and excitation-contraction coupling. Types of muscle contraction: shock and tetanus, mechanical properties of skeletal muscle: isometric and isotonic contraction. Length-tension relationship. Classification of skeletal muscle fibers. Physiology of sensory systems: sensory receptors: structure and classification, the concept of adequate stimulus, the process of transduction of the stimulus and signal encoding. Concept of receptive field. Somatosensory system and pain. Physiology of motor system. Motor unit. Types of movement. Spinal reflexes. The muscle spindles and Golgi tendon corpuscles. Integrated control of the movement and control by the higher centers. Contractile properties and activation of smooth muscle. Autonomic nervous system: organization and function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Endocrine system: general mechanisms of hormonal regulation.

HISTOLOGY

Code	GP003945
CFU	1
Teacher	Tiziano Baroni
Teachers	Tiziano Baroni
Hours	15 ore - Tiziano Baroni
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Sector	BIO/17
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Tissue organization: structure and functions.
Reference texts	Autori vari: Citologia & Istologia umana 2^ Ed. (Idelson-Gnocchi)
Educational objectives	The main knowledge that students will acquire will be:-critical knowledge of the essential morphological features of the normal tissues related to the function that the tissues have in the body;- knowledge of the distribution and features of the tissues in the human body as introduction to anatomy. The main competence (ability to apply the acquired knowledges) will be:-ability to recognize tissues under light microscopy or by examinating histological images of tissues specimens.
Prerequisites	The course of “Basi anatomo-fisiologiche del corpo umano” is organized in 3 modules: Histology, Anatomy, and Physiology. For an effective understanding of the topics of this integrated course, the basic knowledge at high school level of Physics, Chemistry and cell Biology is required. In particular, general knowledge of cell structure, organic molecules and macromolecule concepts are mandatory. Moreover, it is important that the student acquired the basic knowledge of Physics.
Teaching methods	The course is organized as follows:-face to face lectures on all subjects of the course. During lectures, teacher uses video and slide projectons as main tools. The course is organized as follows:-face to face lectures on all subjects of the course. During lectures, teacher uses video and slide projectons as main tools. The course includes 10 hours of further didactic activity for 10 hours organized as follows: 1. seminars; 2. lections performed in a room equipped with light microscopes by which students will examine histologic specimens, in order to acquire the basic knowledge to recognize the main human tissues.
Other information	Mandatory attendance.
Learning verification modality	The level of learning achieved will be assessed by means of a final examination consisting of a written test with closed-ended questions (total duration approximately 25 minutes) aimed at ascertaining and evaluating the level of knowledge achieved by the student on the theoretical content indicated in the Histology programme. The oral test will also assess the student's communication skills in terms of language skills and organisation of the presentation on the same theoretical topics. The final mark will be calculated as the average of the marks obtained in each test. Translated with DeepL.com (free version) The final grade will result from the average of the marks obtained in each test.
Extended program	Ultrastructure of the main cell organelles related to differentiated cell populations of the different tissues. Stem cell. Lining epithelium: classification and main examples. Exocrine and endocrine glands classification and examples. Connective tissues and adipose tissue. Cartilage. Bone tissue. Blood (plasma; erythrocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets). Muscular tissues: morphology of smooth and striated muscles. Molecular mechanism of contraction. Nervous tissue: general organization. Neurons and neuroglial cells. Nerve fibers, peripheral nerves. Synapses: morpho-functional organization.