Unit BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES

BIOLOGY

Code	50A00166
CFU	2
Teacher	Cinzia Antognelli
Teachers	Cinzia Antognelli
Hours	24 ore - Cinzia Antognelli
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/13
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Flow of genetic information within a biological system and its regulation. Cell cycle and its control. Mutations: types and causes. Reproduction of multicellular living organisms: meiosis and gametogenesis.
Reference texts	R. Roberti, G. Alunni Bistocchi, C: Antognelli, VN Talesa. - Biochimica e Biologia per le professioni sanitarie McGrawHill P. Bonaldo, S. Suga, R. Pierantoni, P. Riva, M.G Romanelli- Biology and Genetics – EdiSES
Educational objectives	The aim of the course is the integrated study of the cell and living organisms, with emphasis on the mechanisms involved in: organelles biogenesis and cellular structures, cell-cell interactions, cell-extracellular matrix interactions, DNA duplication, transmission of the genetic information, gene expression, cell proliferation. The ability to learn, relate and integrate one concept to another will be considered fundamental issues in order to facilitate the understanding of the disciplines provided in the subsequent years of the Degree Course.
Prerequisites	Basic elements of chemistry
Teaching methods	Face-to-face
Other information	Site of the teacher: Nuova sede dei Dipartimenti di Medicina, Edificio B, 4° piano, P.le L Severi 1, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Perugia
Learning verification modality	Written and oral examination
Extended program	The characteristics of living organisms. Biomolecules: proteins, lipids and glucids (general characteristics). Models of cellular organization: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Viruses: general characteristics. Animal eukaryotic cell. Plasma membrane: structure and functions. The main mechanisms of membrane transport and cellular communication; cytoplasm; ribosomes; rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus; lysosomes; peroxisomes; mitochondria and the energy problem; cytoskeleton (general characteristics), nucleus and nucleolus. DNA and RNA: structure and function. Organization of chromatin, chromosomes. The eukaryotic gene. Gene expression: transcription, maturation of primary transcripts, genetic code, translation. Regulation of gene expression: general characteristics. Cell cycle: interphase, DNA replication, mitosis. Cell cycle control: check-point and CdK-cyclines. Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes and tumor suppressor. Gene mutations (point mutations, missense, nonsense, neutral mutations), genomic mutations (aneuploidy and polyploidy mutations) and chromosomal mutations (deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation). Human normal and pathological karyotype. Heterochromatinization of the X chromosome. Reproduction of multicellular organisms; meiosis and its biological meaning, gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis).

PHYSIOLOGY

Code	GP003732
CFU	2
Teachers	Luigi Sforna
Hours	24 ore - Luigi Sforna
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/09
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

PHATOLOGY

Code	65011409
CFU	2
Teachers	Lucia Scaringi (Codocenza)
Hours	24 ore (Codocenza) - Lucia Scaringi
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	MED/04
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Principles of immunology. The blood: composition and hemopoiesis.Intrinsic and Extrinsic Causes of Disease. Regressive and Progressive processes. Oncology. Classification of the tumors. Carcinogenesis. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes. Invasive cancer and metastasis. Acute and Chronic inflammation
Reference texts	G.M. Pontieri - Elementi di Patologia Generale - Per i Corsi di Laurea in professioni sanitarie-(Casa Editrice Piccin, IV edizione)
Educational objectives	The course of General Pathology includes the study of the structural changes which come about in the organism and cause diseases and the changes at molecular, cellular, tissues and organs. In particular the teaching course is aimed at the comprehension by the student: a) the causes (etiology) exogenic, endogenic which result in structural and functional alterations in the organs; b) the molecular and cellular mechanisms (pathogenesis) by which the etiologic agents induce the damage; c) the processes by which the organism responds to the damage, in order to reestablish the previous integral conditions (or a new condition of equilibrium).
Prerequisites	The course named Scienze Biomorfologiche (Biomorphological Sciences) is structurated in 3 modules: Histology, Anatomy, and Pathology. For an effective understanding of the topics of this integrated course, the basic knowledge at high school level of Chemistry and cell Biology is required. In particular, general knowledge of cell structure, organic molecules and macromolecule concepts are mandatory.
Teaching methods	Lecture on subjects of the course.
Learning verification modality	Oral examination: is a discussion (of 30 minutes on average), aimed at ascertaining the level of knowledge, the property of language, the understanding reached by the student and the ability to integrate and connect the content of the course followed.
Extended program	Principles of immunology -Immune cells and organs. -Functions of immune system cells. -Ipersensitivity diseases (I, II, III, IV type). The blood -Composition. -Hemopoiesis. Intrinsic Causes of Disease (genetic pathology) Extrinsic Causes of Disease -Physical agents. Non ionizing and ionizing radiation. Low and high temperature: freezing and burn. Low and high pressure. Cellular Pathology -The cell: structure and principal functions. -Elementary injury of the cell. Pathology of nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, cytoskeleton, peroxisome, Golgi apparatus and cell membrane. Regressive processes -Physiological and pathological Atrophy. -Cell death. Necrosis. Gangrene. Outcome of necrotic process. Autolysis post-mortem. Apoptosis. Progressive processes. -Physiological and pathological hypertrophy and hyperplasia, regenerative process in labile, stable and perennial cells. Molecular Oncology -Classification of the tumors. Characteristics of normal and transformed cell. Metaplasia, Dysplasia, Anaplasia. Benignant and Malignant tumors. Histological classification and morphological features of human tumors. -"In situ" carcinoma. -Epidemiology of tumor. Carcinogenesis: chemical, physical (U.V. and ionizing radiations), viral, environmental. -Molecular basis of the transformed cell. Pathogenetic mechanisms. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes. Control of DNA replication. Mutations. Hereditary tumor diseases. Karyotype and chromosomal alteration in tumor. -Role of the apoptosis control in the tumor growth. -Molecular pathology in DNA repair. Pathology of transcription and protein translation. -Angiogenesis in cancer. -Concept of invasive cancer. Metastasis and stage of the cancer. Molecular mechanisms of the metastasis. Metastasis routes. Inflammation -General characteristic and definition of inflammation. Recognition mechanisms of pathogens. Distinctive characters between acute and chronic phlogosis. -Acute exudative phlogosis (Angiophlogosis) The inflammation phases. Plasmatic and tissutal mediators of inflammation. The exudation: different types of exudate. Acute phase proteins. Acute phase cells. The diapedesis, the chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. Different types of acute inflammation: serous, fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, hemorrhagic and allergic. -Chronic phlogosis. The cells of chronic inflammation. -Chronic inflammation: granulomatosis and interstitial. Structure of granuloma: tuberculoma, rheumatic nodule, syphiloma and foreign body granuloma. -Outcome of inflammatory process. The repair processes and granulation tissue.