Unit GENERAL AND SPECIAL VETERINARY PHISIOLOGY

VETERINARY ENDOCRINOLOGY

Code	GP001188
CFU	4
Teacher	Silvana Diverio
Teachers	Margherita Maranesi (Codocenza)
Hours	58 ore (Codocenza) - Margherita Maranesi
Learning activities	Base
Area	Discipline della struttura e funzione degli organismi animali
Academic discipline	VET/02
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Principles of general endocrinology. Hormones. Organization of the endocrine system. Functions, mechanisms of action and dysfunctions of the principal endocrine glands: epiphyses, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid glands, endocrine pancreas, adrenal gland, gonads, and placenta. Physiology of reproduction and lactation. Program Theoretical lessons: Lesson 1; 1.5 h General Endocrinology. Hormones as specific chemical messengers. Lessons 2 - 3; 3 h Endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine action. Hormones: chemistry, synthesis, secretion, transport, metabolism. Lesson 4; 1.5 h Target cells, receptor interaction with hormones, second messengers. Hormonal action on genes. Lesson 5; 1.5 h Organization of the endocrine system and interaction with the S.N.C. Epiphysis. Hypothalamus. Lesson 6; 1.5 h Hypothalamic pituitary connections. Adenohypophysis. Lesson 7; 1.5 h Neurohypophysis. Growth hormone and growth factors. Lesson 8; 1.5 h The thyroid. Lesson 9; 1.5 h Parathyroid glands and hormones regulating calcium and phosphate homeostasis (parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. Lessons 10 - 12; 4.5 h The endocrine pancreas. Gastrointestinal hormones. Lessons 13 - 14; 3 h The adrenal glands. Adrenal cortex. Mineralocorticoids. Renin-angiotensin system. Glucocorticoids. Lesson 15; 1.5 h The adrenal medulla. Emergency and stress. For each endocrine gland, the main hormonal dysfunctions will also be treated. Lesson 16; 1.5 h Physiology of reproduction. Gonads. Sexual differentiation. Physiology of puberty. Factors affecting puberty. Regulation of ovarian hormones secretion. Lesson 17; 1.5 h Estrous cycle: general aspects and species-specific characteristics. Seasonal reproductive activity. Hormonal control of the estrous cycle. Follicular phase: Follicular wave and ovulation. Lesson 18; 1.5 h The luteal phase: corpus luteum. Luteolysis: peculiarity of species. Lesson 19 - 20; 3 h Male reproductive system: hormonal regulation of the reproductive function. Gametogenesis, fertilization and embryo development. Lesson 21 - 22; 3 h The endocrinology of pregnancy and parturition. Placental hormones and maternal recognition of pregnancy. Postpartum. Lesson 23; 1.5 h Physiology of lactation: mammary development and growth, lactogenesis, and galactopoiesis. Milk ejection. Endocrine control of lactation. Practical lessons: Training at the Livestock Teaching Center/ clinic of reproductive physiology and endocrinology. Students will be divided into groups and will follow guided practices of 2 hours each: 1) reproductive physiology training (2 h). 2) endocrine gland dysfunctions training (2 h). 3) lab training on techniques for hormonal assays (1 h). Self-directed learning: 1) Journal club on endocrinology themes (1 h).
Reference texts	Recommended: Fisiologia degli Animali Domestici; Authors: O.V. Sjaastad, O. Sand, K. Hove, Edizione Italiana; Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Fisiologia degli Animali Domestici con Elementi di Etologia; Authors: G. Aguggini, V. Beghelli, L.F. Giulio; UTET. Optionals: Manuale di Fisiologia Veterinaria; Author: J.G. Cunnigham, Edizione Italiana; Antonio Delfino Editore. McDonald's Veterinary Endocrinology and Reproduction; Ed. Pineda & Doooley; IowaState Press (5th edition).
Educational objectives	The main knowledge acquired will provide: - the basis for understanding the organization of the endocrine system (endocrine glands and diffuse endocrine system, classification of hormones, synthesis, secretion and transport, circadian rhythms); - the basis for understanding the interactions between the endocrine system and the nervous and immune systems; - elements for understanding the main endocrine mechanisms that control the crucial animal functions, such as regulating blood sugar and metabolism, development and growth, water and mineral balance, reproduction and lactation, emergency and stressful situations; - elements for anticipating the effects of "excess" or "defect" in specific hormones. The main skills from applying the knowledge described above shall be: - critical evaluation of the endocrine functional parameters and adaptation mechanisms; - identification of the main causes that can affect the normal functioning of the endocrine system; - the basis for understanding the pathophysiology and pathology of the endocrine system and their impact on general homeostasis.
Teaching methods	Course organization: - lectures on all the main topics covered by the program; - practical activities on main techniques used for hormonal assays. Journal club on endocrinology issues. Practical activities at the Livestock teaching center/clinic for reproductive physiology and endocrinology. Students will be divided into groups and will follow tutorials of 2 hours each; - seminars on topics related to the course: methods for the assay of hormones in veterinary medicine, principal hormone dysfunctions. The official course material can be downloaded from the Unistudium platform.
Extended program	Theoretical lessons: Lesson 1; 1.5 h General Endocrinology. Hormones as specific chemical messengers. Lessons 2 - 3; 3 h Endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine action. Hormones: chemistry, synthesis, secretion, transport, metabolism. Lesson 4; 1.5 h Target cells, receptor interaction with hormones, second messengers. Hormonal action on genes. Lesson 5; 1.5 h Organization of the endocrine system and interaction with the S.N.C. Epiphysis. Hypothalamus. Lesson 6; 1.5 h Hypothalamic pituitary connections. Adenohypophysis. Lesson 7; 1.5 h Neurohypophysis. Growth hormone and growth factors. Lesson 8; 1.5 h The thyroid. Lesson 9; 1.5 h Parathyroid glands and hormones regulating calcium and phosphate homeostasis (parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. Lessons 10 - 12; 4.5 h The endocrine pancreas. Gastrointestinal hormones. Lessons 13 - 14; 3 h The adrenal glands. Adrenal cortex. Mineralocorticoids. Renin-angiotensin system. Glucocorticoids. Lesson 15; 1.5 h The adrenal medulla. Emergency and stress. For each endocrine gland, the main hormonal dysfunctions will also be treated. Lesson 16; 1.5 h Physiology of reproduction. Gonads. Sexual differentiation. Physiology of puberty. Factors affecting puberty. Regulation of ovarian hormones secretion. Lesson 17; 1.5 h Estrous cycle: general aspects and species-specific characteristics. Seasonal reproductive activity. Hormonal control of the estrous cycle. Follicular phase: Follicular wave and ovulation. Lesson 18; 1.5 h The luteal phase: corpus luteum. Luteolysis: peculiarity of species. Lesson 19 - 20; 3 h Male reproductive system: hormonal regulation of the reproductive function. Gametogenesis, fertilization and embryo development. Lesson 21 - 22; 3 h The endocrinology of pregnancy and parturition. Placental hormones and maternal recognition of pregnancy. Postpartum. Lesson 23; 1.5 h Physiology of lactation: mammary development and growth, lactogenesis, and galactopoiesis. Milk ejection. Endocrine control of lactation. Practical lessons: Training at the Livestock Teaching Center/ clinic of reproductive physiology and endocrinology. Students will be divided into groups and will follow guided practices of 2 hours each: 1) reproductive physiology training (2 h). 2) endocrine gland dysfunctions training (2 h). 3) lab training on techniques for hormonal assays (1 h). Self-directed learning: 1) Journal club on endocrinology themes (1 h).

VETERINARY PHISIOLOGY I

Code	A000603
CFU	6
Teacher	Silvana Diverio
Teachers	Silvana Diverio
Hours	84 ore - Silvana Diverio
Learning activities	Base
Area	Discipline della struttura e funzione degli organismi animali
Academic discipline	VET/02
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Sensory physiology. Nervous nervous system. Somatic nervous system: spinal cord, reflexes and muscle tone; Segmental encephalopathy and cranial nerves; cerebellum; Base ganglia, thalamus and cerebral hemispheres. Limbic system and primary and secondary cerebral cortex. Adjustment of waking and sleeping, biological rhythms. The limbic system: control of behavior and emotions. Brain bark and center control and regulation activities. Physiology of cognition and relationship. Attacking theory and animal sociality. Empathy. Learning. Overview of heart electrical activity, heart pump and its regulation.
Reference texts	Books: Fisiologia degli Animali Domestici con Elementi di Etologia; Autori: G. Aguggini, V. Beghelli, L.F. Giulio; UTET. "Neuroscienze", Purves D., Augustine G.J., Fitzpatrick D., Katz L.C., LaMantia A-S., McNamara J.O., 2000. Zanichelli, Bologna. ¿ Suggested Books: Fisiologia degli animali. Dai geni agli organismi. 2010. Sherwood L., Klandorf H. Yancey P., Zanichelli, Bologna.
Educational objectives	What to Know: The student must acquire basic knowledge on electrophysiology, the physiology of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle contraction, the functions of the nervous system and sensory perception, especially of pain, in animals, and how these functions are involved in life relationship, cognitive processes, learning and adaptation of all species, as well as the basic principles of the physiology of the cardiovascular system. What to be able to do: The main skills derived from applying the above knowledge will be: - critically evaluate the functional parameters and the adaptation mechanisms of the heart; - identify the main causes that can alter the normal functioning of the nervous system; - the basis for understanding the pathophysiology and pathology of the nervous system and muscle tissue, including the heart.
Teaching methods	Theoretical activity: The course is organized as follows: - Classroom lessons on all subjects of the course. Practical activity: - two hours guided exercises each held in the classroom and at the laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Animal Ethology and Wellness (LEBA) at the Canile Sanitario di Collestrada (PG) with the RandAgiamo project; Students will be divided into 4 groups (maximum 20 students) - Supervised lessons - expert seminars in the field of the program carried out - test tests in the classroom
Extended program	THEORETICAL LESSONS: Introduction to the course. Cell physiology: Principles of general physiology of the cell, water compartments and forces regulating the passage of substances through the membranes. (2 hours). Electrophysiology: Excitable tissues: nerve cells, striated and smooth muscle fibrocells, myocardial cells; Resting Potential and Action Potential. (2 hours). Electrophysiology: phenomena bioelectric plasma membranes. Nervous tissue, fiber excitability and pulse conduction. (2 hours). Synapse: Synaptic and junctional transmission. Neurotransmitters. (2 hours). Physiology of the excitable tissues: striated muscle tissue, neuro-muscular transmission. Electrical excitement and contractile response. Simple shock and tetanus. Genius of biomechanics. (2 hours). Physiology of the excitable tissues: smooth muscle tissue. Mechanical, electrophysiological properties, nervous and humoral control. (2 hours). Physiology of the excitable tissues: Myocardial Muscle. Cardiac innervation, conductive tissue, heart electrophysiology. (2 hours). The heart: heart cycle. The heart as a pump: the electrical conduction of the heart. Role of the pacemakers. (2 hours). Heart: Electrocardiogram (ECG). (2 hours). The heart: Mechanics associated with the heart cycle and their repercussions on the vascular system (wrist, tones). Cardiac output and control factors (nervous, hormonal) and regulation. (2 hours). The heart: Nervous heart control, afferent and efferent nervs, receptor system (bariceptors and chemoceptors), and heart regulation centres. (2 hours). The heart: Bainbridge reflex and lungs (sinus respiratory arrhythmia), regulating aspects of the nervous system. (2 hours). Sensory physiology: sense organs and receptors: classification, coding of sensory information. The role of neuromediators and their modulation in the nervous system. (2 hours). Nervous system physiology: Somatic nervous system, evolution and functional organization. The blood-brain barrier. (2 hours). Nervous system physiology: Autonomic Nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic component. Analogies and differences between vegetative and somatic reflexes. Neurochemical transmission. (2 hours). Nervous system physiology: Conduction functions of the spinal cord. Ascending pathways. (2 hours). Nervous system physiology: Conduction functions of the spinal cord. Descending pathways. (2 hours). Sensory physiology: Coding of sensory information: the perception of pain. (2 hours). Nervous system physiology: Spinal cord reflex functions. (2 hours). Nervous system physiology: Brainstem and cranial nerves, implications for neurological examination. Cerebellum and its relationships with the segmental encephalus. (2 hours). Nervous system physiology: Basal ganglia. Regulation of the balance, voluntary and involuntary movement. Thalamus and cortical hemispheres. (2 hours). Nervous system physiology: The hypothalamus as the homeostatic centre of the body. The limbic system: control of behaviour and emotions. (2 hours). Nervous system physiology: Adjustment of waking and sleeping, biological rhythms. Sensory physiology (taste, smell, hearing, balance, vision) and sensory capabilities in farm and pet animals. (2 hours). Nervous system physiology: Primary and secondary cerebral cortex. Brain control and regulation activities. Associative Areas. (2 hours). Physiology of cognition and relationship: The physiology of attachment theory and animal sociality. Empathy concept: neurophysiological substrates. (2 hours). Physiology of cognition and relationship: Learning: classical and operative conditioning, imitative learning, latent and intuitive, cognitive-relational approach. (2 hours). PRACTICAL LESSONS: Supervised lesson. Electrophysiology and muscular contraction. (2 hours). Practical activities: Drama Learning, group work. (2 hours). The reflexes in the spinal frog. Signs of deficit of the cerebellum function. (2 hours). Learning in the dog. Team work in the field. (2 hours).

VETERINARY PHYSIOLOGY II

Code	A000602
CFU	3
Teacher	Silvana Diverio
Teachers	Silvana Diverio
Hours	42 ore - Silvana Diverio
Learning activities	Base
Area	Discipline della struttura e funzione degli organismi animali
Academic discipline	VET/02
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Cardiovascular system: blood and hemostasis, hemodynamics, arterial system, microcirculation, peripheral circulation control. Respiratory system: respiratory mechanics, pulmonary circulation and ventilation and perfusion distribution, gas transport, respiratory control.
Reference texts	Books: Fisiologia degli animali. Dai geni agli organismi. 2010. Sherwood L., Klandorf H. Yancey P., Zanichelli, Bologna. Fisiologia degli Animali Domestici con Elementi di Etologia; Autori: G. Aguggini, V. Beghelli, L.F. Giulio; UTET.
Educational objectives	What to Know: The main objective of the module is to provide students with adequate knowledge of the physiology of domestic animals, with particular emphasis on general principles and control mechanisms regulating the functions of cardiovascular and respiratory systems that are integrated in the maintenance of homeostasis 'body. The main knowledge gained will provide: - the bases for understanding the operation of specific organs / systems; - the basics for understanding the mechanisms of regulation of individual organs / systems and of functional interactions between different organs / systems; - the essential elements for understanding homeostasis and the causes that alter it. What to be able to do: The main skills derived from applying the above knowledge will be: - Critically evaluate functional parameters and adaptation mechanisms; - identify the main causes that can alter the normal functioning of the cardio-circulatory and respiratory system; - the basis for understanding the pathophysiology and pathology of the cardiovascular and respiratory system.
Teaching methods	Theoretical activity: The course is organized as follows: - Classroom lessons on all subjects of the course. Practical activity: - 2 hour guided exercises each with students divided into groups in the classroom and at the Veterinary Physiology Laboratory at the Canile Sanitario di Collestrada (PG) with the RandAgiamo project; - Supervised lessons - expert seminars in the field of the program carried out - test tests in the classroom
Extended program	THEORETICAL LESSONS: Blood physiology: the blood. Plasma and corpusculous component. (2 hours). Blood physiology: hemostasis, platelet and coagulation. (2 hours). Physiology of the cardiovascular system: Pressure, volume, flow and resistance. (2 hours). Physiology of the cardiovascular system: Blood vessels. (2 hours). Physiology of the cardiovascular system: Blood pressure. (2 hours). Physiology of the cardiovascular system: Arterial resistance. (2 hours). Physiology of the cardiovascular system: The distribution of blood to the tissues. Exchange at capillary level. (2 hours). Physiology of the cardiovascular system: The lymphatic system. Blood pressure regulation. (2 hours). Cardiovascular System Physiology: Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise. Integrated cardiovascular functions. (2 hours). Respiratory physiology: The respiratory system. (2 hours). Respiratory physiology: Ventilation. Gas exchange and transport. (2 hours). Respiratory physiology: Respiratory Mechanics. (2 hours). Respiratory physiology: Mechanics: pulmonary volumes and respiratory cycle. Respiratory regulation. (2 hours). PRACTICAL LESSONS: Supervised lesson. Physiology of the cardiovascular apparatus. (2 hours). Practical activity: Heart rate monitoring and electrocardiogram (ECG in the dog). (2 hours).

VETERINARY PHYSIOLOGY

Code	A000601
CFU	3
Teacher	Silvana Diverio
Teachers	Olimpia Barbato (Codocenza)
Hours	42 ore (Codocenza) - Olimpia Barbato
Learning activities	Base
Area	Discipline della struttura e funzione degli organismi animali
Academic discipline	VET/02
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Digestive and polygastric digestive system functions. Renal System: Functional renal transport elements, solute and water along the nephron and tubular function, fluid volume control and osmolality, renal regulation of ions and acid-base.
Reference texts	Books: Fisiologia degli animali. Dai geni agli organismi. 2010. Sherwood L., Klandorf H. Yancey P., Zanichelli, Bologna. Fisiologia degli Animali Domestici con Elementi di Etologia; Autori: G. Aguggini, V. Beghelli, L.F. Giulio; UTET.
Educational objectives	What to Know: The student will have to acquire the knowledge necessary to understand the physiology of digestion in monogastric and polygastric animals in various animal species and the principles of renal physiology. What to be able to do: The main skills derived from applying the above knowledge will be: - critically evaluate the functional parameters and the mechanisms of adaptation of the digestive system and kidney; - identify the main causes that can alter the normal functioning of the digestive system and renal system .; - the basis for understanding the pathophysiology and pathology of the digestive system and the renal system.
Teaching methods	Theoretical activity: The course is organized as follows: - Classroom lessons on all subjects of the course. Practical activity: - 2 hours guided exercises each with students divided into classroom groups, at the Veterinary and Field Physiology Laboratory; - Supervised lessons - test tests in the classroom.
Extended program	THEORETICAL LESSONS Introduction to the course. Digestive physiology: digestive function, chewing, salivation (2 hours) Digestive physiology: monogastric stomach (2 hours) Digestive physiology: Liver and pancreas (2 hours) Digestive physiology: Small intestine monogastric (2 hours) Digestive physiology: Monogastric crude intestines and digestion in polygastric animals (2 hours) Digestive physiology: the ruminal environment. Saliva (2 hours) AGV, Ruminary Cycles, Rumination (2 hours) Digestive physiology: omaso, abomasum (2 hours) Kidney physiology: Fundamental renal processes, renal function (2 hours) Kidney physiology: VFC filtration and regulation (2 hours) Kidney physiology: Active and passive absorption (2 hours) Renal physiology: Angiotensin and aldosterone renin system (2 hours) Kidney physiology: Tubular secretion and clearance (2 hours) Kidney physiology: Urine and water balance (2 hours) PRACTICAL LESSONS AZD Visit to digestive activity evaluation (2 hours) Renal Supervisor Lesson (2 hours)