Unit VETERINARY GENERAL PATHOLOGY

VETERINARY GENERAL IMMUNOPATHOLOGY

Code	85060002
CFU	2
Teacher	Luca Mechelli
Teachers	Chiara Brachelente (Codocenza)
Hours	50 ore (Codocenza) - Chiara Brachelente
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Discipline anatomo-patologiche ed ispettive veterinarie
Academic discipline	VET/03
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Natural immunity and acquired. General immunopathology. Pathological immune reactions and their etiologic and pathogenetical mechanisms. Hypersensitivity reactions. Autoimmune diseases. Immunodeficiency syndromes. LEZIONI TEORICHE: • Presentazione del corso, dei libri di testo e modalità di esecuzione della prova finale - Introduzione alla immunopatologia - Meccanismi di riconoscimento del self - Ruolo delle barriere nelle risposte immunitarie (1,5 ore) • Interazione ospite-parassita. Costituzione delle diverse barriere nei diversi apparati e sistemi (1,5 ore) • Introduzione alla ipersensibilità di I tipo. Allergeni, mediatori e cellule effettrici della ipersensibilità di I tipo e suo significato protettivo e patologico (1,5 ore) • Esempi di malattie mediate da meccanismi di ipersensibilità di I tipo: reazioni localizzate e sistemiche. Ipersensibilità di II tipo. Anticorpi e cellule effettrici. Citotossicità cellulo mediata anticorpo-dipendente e alterazioni della funzione cellulare mediate da anticorpi (1,5 ore) • Esempi di patologie mediate da ipersensibilità di II (1,5 ore) • Malattie da ipersensibilità di III tipo. Meccanismi immunopatogenetici ed esempi di patologie mediate da ipersensibilità di III tipo (1,5 ore) • Malattie da ipersensibilità di IV tipo. Meccanismi immunopatogenetici ed esempi di patologie mediate da ipersensibilità di IV tipo. Meccanismi immunopatogenetici alla base della formazione del granuloma. Ruolo della risposta cellulo-mediata nella formazione della lesione granulomatosa (1,5 ore) • Citotossicità mediata da linfociti T. Immunologia dei tumori. Meccanismi di riconoscimento antigenico delle cellule tumorali. Meccanismi di evasione del sistema immunitario da parte delle cellule tumorali (1,5 ore) • Concetto di tolleranza immunologica. Tolleranza centrale e tolleranza periferica. Meccanismi di mantenimento della tolleranza immunologica e conseguenze derivanti da una sua perdita (1,5 ore) • Malattie autoimmuni: fattori genetici e ruolo delle infezioni e del danno tissutale. Esempi di malattie autoimmuni e loro correlazione con malattie da ipersensibilità (1,5 ore) • Immunodeficienza: perdita della capacità del sistema immunitario di reagire ad uno stimolo immunogeno. Immunodeficienza primitiva (congenita) (1,5 ore) • Immunodeficienza secondaria (acquisita) (1,5 ore). LEZIONI PRATICHE: • Esercitazione sulle modalità di campionamento ed invio dei campioni biologici al laboratorio per l'effettuazione di metodiche di diagnostica collaterale (2 ore) • Colorazioni morfologiche di routine e speciali. Introduzione alla immunoistochimica. Principi e tecniche dirette ed indirette (2 ore) • Applicazioni della metodica immunoistochimica per lo studio delle malattie immunomediate: finalità diagnostiche, prognostiche e terapeutiche (2 ore) • Altri metodi di indagine per lo studio delle malattie immunomediate: ISH, PCR, ELISA, WB, Northern blot, Southern blot, Citofluorimetria, Saggio di proliferazione linfocitaria, Test di attività emolitica del complemento, Test per gli anticorpi antinucleari (ANA test), Test di Coombs, Lisi batterica mediata da linfociti (2 ore)
Reference texts	Recommended books: Pathologic basis of Veterinary Disease. James F. Zachary, M. Donald McGavin. 6th Edition, Elsevier, 2017 Suggested books: 1. Veterinary immunology. Ian R. Tizard. 9th Edition. Saunders, 2013 2. Veterinary Immunology: Principles and Practice. Michael J. Day. 2nd Edition. Manson Publishing, 2014
Educational objectives	The class begins with a summary of general immunology that students have already acquired in the previous six months and addresses issues related to the malfunction of the immune response. The main objective of this class is to let the students understand the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the immune response and the changes resulting from an immune system dysfunction, such as hypersensitivity reactions, immune deficiencies and autoimmune diseases. The main knowledge gained will be: - knowledge of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the most common immune-mediated diseases of domestic animals, - pathogenesis of type I, II, III and IV hypersensitivity and associated lesions, - pathogenetic mechanisms of immunodeficiencies - pathogenetic mechanisms of autoimmune diseases - ability to evaluate the effects of an altered immune response, and ability to identify the consequences of excessive or defective immune response. The prinicipal skills (ie applying knowledge and understanding) will be: - choose the best diagnostic technique to demonstrate the presence of an immune-mediated disease, - identify the involvement of innate and acquired components of the immune response in tissue lesions determined by an alteration of it, - recognize the fundamental histological lesions of immune-mediated diseases, and correlate the structural damage to basic pathogenic mechanisms. Exams will be carried out according to the schedule available on http://www.medvet.unipg.it/
Prerequisites	NO
Teaching methods	The class is organized as follows: - Lectures: lectures regarding the topics of the course. - Practical classes: lessons consist of an explanation of the laboratory diagnostic technique done by the teacher; or by the observation of slides through an optic microscope done by each single student; or by the demonstration of a slide with an optic microscope connected to a projector by the teacher; or by the demonstration of a picture with a macroscopic/histologic lesion on a projector screen. The laboratory exercises are conducted in a similar manner with an introduction by the teacher on the laboratory technique and subsequent demonstration/execution (partial or total, depending on the duration of the technique) of the technique.
Learning verification modality	No
Extended program	THEORETICAL LESSONS: • Presentation of the course, of the recommended textbooks and final exam evaluation mode - Introduction to immunopathology - Self-recognition mechanisms - Role of barriers in immune responses (1.5 hours) • Host-parasitic interaction. Establishment of different barriers in different systems and organs (1.5 hours) • Introduction to type I hypersensitivity. Allergens, mediators and cells of the type I hypersensitivity and protective and pathological significance of it (1.5 hours) • Examples of diseases mediated by type I hypersensitivity mechanisms: localized and systemic reactions. Type II hypersensitivity. Antibodies and effector cells. Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity and antibody-mediated cell function alterations (1.5 hours) • Examples of diseases mediated by type II hypersensitivity (1.5 hours) • Type III hypersensitivity. Immunopathogenetic mechanisms and examples of pathologies mediated by type III hypersensitivity (1.5 hours) • Type IV hypersensitivity. Immunopathogenetic mechanisms and examples of pathologies mediated by type IV hypersensitivity. Immunopathogenetic mechanisms causing granuloma formation. Role of cell-mediated response in the formation of granulomatous lesions (1.5 hours) • Cytotoxicity mediated by T lymphocytes. Immunology of tumors. Mechanisms for antigenic recognition of tumor cells. Mechanisms of immune system evasion by tumor cells (1.5 hours) • Immune tolerance. Central tolerance and peripheral tolerance. Mechanisms for maintaining immunological tolerance and consequences resulting from its loss (1.5 hours) • Autoimmune diseases: genetic factors and role of infections and tissue damage. Examples of autoimmune diseases and their correlation with hypersensitivity diseases (1.5 hours) • Immune deficiency: loss of immune system's ability to react to an immunogenic stimulus. Primitive Immunodeficiency (congenital) (1.5 hours) • Secondary (acquired) immune deficiency (1.5 hours). PRACTICAL LESSONS: • Exercise on Sampling and Sample Delivery Methods to the Diagnostic Laboratory (2 Hours) • Morphological routine and special stainings. Introduction and principles of immunohistochemistry. Direct and indirect techniques (2 hours) • Applications of the immunohistochemical method for the study of immune-mediated diseases: diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes (2 hours) • Other methods of investigation for the study of immune-mediated diseases: ISH, PCR, ELISA, WB, Northern blot, Southern blot, Fluorocytometry, Lymphocyte proliferation assay, Emolytic complement activity test, ANA test, Coombs Test, Lymphocyte-mediated lysis (2 hours)

VETERINARY GENERAL MORPHOPATHOLOGY

Code	85060102
CFU	2
Teacher	Luca Mechelli
Teachers	Leonardo Leonardi (Codocenza)
Hours	50 ore (Codocenza) - Leonardo Leonardi
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Discipline anatomo-patologiche ed ispettive veterinarie
Academic discipline	VET/03
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	The contents of the module of veterinary morphopathology are those related to the deepening of knowledge related to macroscopic and microscopic lesions caused by various causal factors and associated with the most common animal diseases.
Reference texts	J.E. Van Dijk, E. Gruys, J.M.V.M. Mouwen: Color Atlas of Veterinary Pathology, Saunders,2nd edition, 2006 McGavin M.D., Zachary J.F Patologia veterinaria sistematica, Elsevier 2010, Edizione italiana. Mandelli G. e Scanziani E.: Morfopatologia generale veterinaria. ed. Epitesto, 2005
Educational objectives	Students must acquire the ability to express a morphological description of macro and microscopic lesions in various organs and apparatus. In this course the student receives for the first time concepts relating to injury, damage and disease. This condition determines the needs and find the objective to provide the student with: 1. (a) the ability to recognize and describe the fundamental characteristics of injuries; 2. (b) the ability to infer the manner in which an etiological agent of various kinds may cause damage; (C) knowledge of the mechanisms of response to the damage caused by the complex molecular, cellular and tissue systems of a living organism.
Prerequisites	Good knowledge of the disciplines of basic veterinary medicine, such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and microbiology.
Teaching methods	Frontal lessons and practical exercises. Frontal lessons are performed through powerpoint file projections that at the end of each meeting will be placed on the Unistudium platform. During the lesson, students are urged, through questions or spontaneous interventions, to clarify concepts related to the subject with references to anatomy, biology, biochemistry, endocrinology, physiology, etc.  As for practical exercises, meetings are held with a number of students no higher than 12. Meetings are held in the classroom with projection of macroscopic and microscopic images of injuries in various organs and apparatus, to educate students to morphological description. Additionally, numerous student histories are presented and discussed in several histopathological and cytological samples at the multitesting microscope with 10 positions. In these meetings students are individually invited to a description of lesions observed in the preparations after a brief presentation of the clinical case and the macroscopic lesions present on the animal.
Other information	Students can also request to participate in routine diagnostic activities, subject to programming with the teachers and the person in charge of the course.
Learning verification modality	Practical test with photographic images and oral exam.
Extended program	Program: Morphological investigation techniques applied to the study of veterinary pathology (2 )h. Approach to morphological description of macro and microscopic lesions (2 h). Morphology of congenital abnormalities: lack or reduced development of an organ (agenesis, hypoplasia)(1,5 h); Excessive development (congenital hyperplasia); heterotopies; Congenital tumors. Morphology of injury from physical causes: traumatic, thermal, electrical, and radiation (2 h). Morphological aspects of chemical alterations (1,5 h). Morphological aspects of altered food faults (deficiencies and excesses) (1,5 h). Morphological aspects of adaptive changes in volume, number and type of cells (hyperplasia, hypertrophy, dysplasia, metaplasia) Morphological aspects of lesions related to cellular degeneration and modifications of the fundamental substance of the connective tissue (2 h). Morphological aspects of necrosis, apoptosis, ulcers and gangrene (2 h). Morphological aspects of alterations related to mineral precipitation and pathological pigmentation (1,5 h). Morphology of disorders related to disorders of blood and blood circulation (2 h). Morphology of the acute inflammatory process: i. Serous, i. Catarrale, i. Purulenta, i. Fibrinous, i. Haemorrhagic, i. Necrotizing (2 h). Morphological aspects of granulomatous lesions (1,5 h). Morphology of hypersensitivity-induced lesions (2 h). Morphological aspects of neoplasms and histological classification (1 h). Program Summary: Surveying techniques in veterinary pathology Morphology of lesions Congenital changes Outbreaks of external causes Increase and decrease of volume of organs and tissues Cell and connective cell degeneration Necrosis, apoptosis, ulcers and gangrene Circulatory disorders Acute and chronic inflammation Tumors

VETERINARY GENERAL PATHOLOGY

Code	85004004
CFU	4
Teacher	Luca Mechelli
Teachers	Luca Mechelli
Hours	100 ore - Luca Mechelli
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Discipline anatomo-patologiche ed ispettive veterinarie
Academic discipline	VET/03
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)