Unit PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY AND GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

Course: Biotechnology
Study-unit Code: GP004124
Curriculum: In all curricula
CFU: 12
Course Regulation: Coorte 2020
Offered: 2021/22
Type of study-unit: Obbligatorio (Required)
Type of learning activities: Attività formativa integrata

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

Code	GP004128
CFU	6
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Discipline biotecnologiche comuni
Academic discipline	BIO/09
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

Canale A

CFU

Teacher

Luigi Catacuzzeno

Teachers

Luigi Catacuzzeno

Hours

42 ore - Luigi Catacuzzeno

Language of instruction

ITALIAN

Contents

The aim of the course of General Physiology is to provide students with knowledge and information in order to achieve a level of preparation appropriate to the degree in Biotechnology. Topics covered will be a utility useful for following matters.Introduction to Physiology. Muscle Contraction. Introduction to Physiology of the Nervous System. Physiology of the Cardiovascular System. Physiology of respiratory system. Physiology of the renal system. Physiology of the gastrointestinal system. Physiology of the endocrine system.

Reference texts

Title: Fisiologia cellule molecole e sistemi
Authors: D'Angelo e Peres
Editor: Ediermes

Educational objectives

Biotechnological skills – Knowledge of structure and biological properties of animal cells and tissues

Prerequisites

In order to understand the content of the course, student should have the following preliminary knowledge:1) Principles of Anatomy2) Principles of biochemistry, with special enphasis to the protein and phospholipid structure and energetic metabolism3) Chemistry. Equilibria. Acid-base reactions, particle diffution

Teaching methods

The educational activities will be conducted through lectures.

Learning verification modality

Written partial tests and final oral exam.
Written tests are three in number, each consisting of three questions requiling a few line of text to answer. The oral exam consists of nine questions performed over all the program.

Extended program

Introduction to Physiology: Homeostasis and physiological systems. Dynamics of membrane: diffusion. Transport mediated by proteins: ion channels. Vesicular and transepithelial transports. Resting membrane potential: Nernst and Goldman equations. Action Potential. Intercellular communication: chemical and electrical synapses. Neurotransmitters: glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine and serotonin. Interaction with relative receptors.

Muscle Contraction:
Neuromuscular transmission: saltatory conduction, the endplate, the excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal and smooth muscles.

Introduction to Physiology of the Nervous System
Noradrenergic system: Catecholamines Biosynthesis and Metabolism. Agonist-receptor interaction. Classification of receptors. Locus Coeruleus: anatomic location and physiological roles.
Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic system. Subdivision, classification and physiological effects on various tissues.
EEG: Functional Significance, electroencephalographic waves, nature and analysis of the track.
Sleep physiology: physiological meaning, description of the various cycles and stages of sleep and age-related changes.

Physiology of the Cardiovascular System: blood flow regulation by physical factors. pressure, flow and resistance relationship, the law of Poiseuille. Parameters influencing the vascular resistance. Factors determine blood pressure and creation of the pressure difference in circulatory system.
Mechanisms at the basis of automatism and conduction of cardiac action potential. Ionic bases of action potentials. Identification of the temporal sequence of electrical activation in various regions of the heart and conduction velocity in different parts of the conduction system. ECG, relationship between events and cardiac electrical excitation waves.
Electro-mechanical coupling in cardiac fiber. Factors determining contractile force of the heart. Length-tension relation in cardiac fiber. Cardiac cycle: pressure changes in the heart, arterials and venous. Heart valves physiology and sounds.
Cardiac output modulation. Heart rate and systolic volume control.
Arterial system function. Arterial compliance. Factors determining mean arterial pressure. The pulse arterial pressure. Practice exercise: blood pressure measurments.
Microcirculation and lymphatic circulation physiology. Mechanisms underlying the exchanges between blood and interstitial fluid.
Metabolic, humoral and nervous systems mechanisms allowing the regulation of blood flow in different circulatory districts. Blood pressure regulation: short, medium and long term mechanisms. Baroreceptor reflex mechanisms.

Physiology of respiratory system: Mechanisms of change in lung volume, air movements and pressures. Intrapleural pressure. The elastic recoil of the lung and the chest. Surface tension and surfactant. Laplace's law applied to alveolus. Polmonary compliance. Restrictive diseases. Airway resistance and neurohumoral regulation. Dynamic compliance and pressure volume diagram during the respiratory cycle, the contribution of elastic and viscous resistance.
Measurement of lung volumes, spirometry. Anatomical dead space. Respiratory minute volume, pulmonary and alveolar ventilation. Alveolar-capillary gas exchange. Composition and partial pressures in the atmospheric, inspired and alveolar air. Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion. Law of diffusion and factors that influence the rate of diffusion.
Transport of oxygen in the blood. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, curve analysis and its physiological significance. Factors influencing the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. Transport of carbon dioxide. Organization and functioning of the respiratory center, Medulla oblongata, apneustico and pneumotassic respiratory centers. Ventilation control by the central and peripheral chemoreceptors.

Physiology of the renal system: Anatomical and functional nephron characteristics. Renal filtration, reabsorption and secretion. Characteristics of the glomerular filtration barrier. Factors determining the ultrafiltration. Definition of GFR and inulin and creatinine clearance. Physiological control of glomerular filtration and renal blood flow. Autoregulation of GFR and renal blood flow.
Concept of maximum transport. Reabsorption and secretion in different sections of the neuron. Glucose renal threshold. The body fluids and renal function, fluid intake and excretion. Renal mechanisms for urine dilution and concentration. Actions of ADH on the kidney. Osmotic control of ADH secretion. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
The responses at changes in pH, buffer systems. Acid-base balance, the renal control. Quantification of the acidifying capacity of the kidney: bicarbonate reabsorption, ammonium ion removal.

Physiology of the gastrointestinal system: Electrical activity and mechanisms of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction. Movements propulsion-peristalsis-shuffling "law of the intestine." Nervous and hormonal control of the digestive system. The properties of the submucosal and myenteric plexus. The autonomic nervous system control.
Chewing and swallowing. Motor functions of the stomach, small intestine and colon. The gastrointestinal reflexes, defecation and vomiting. Mechanisms of salivary, esophageal, gastric, pancreatic and biliary secretion, neuro-hormonal regulation. The enterohepatic recirculation. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Fundamental principles of gastrointestinal absorption.

Physiology of the endocrine system: intracellular mechanisms mediated by hormones. Mechanisms of secretion and regulation of hormones: nervous, chronotropic and feedback control. The hormones secreted by hypothalamic nuclei: the release factors. Cells and hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary. Function and regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-endocrine gland. The Higher centers that regulate hypothalamic functions.
Thyroid: Thyroid hormones: synthesis, storage, release in circulation, turnover and transport in the blood. Iodine requirement. Factors that regulate the secretion mechanisms and feedback control. Actions of TSH. Actions of thyroid hormones on basal metabolism, carbohydrates
, lipids and proteins turnover. Effects on the nervous system. Effects on cardiovascular parameters. Outline of pathophysiology.
Adrenal: The glucocorticoid (cortisol). Mechanisms regulating the secretion of cortisol: the feedback control, the rhythm of secretion, the circadian rhythm. Biological actions of ACTH. Cortisol effects on metabolism, insulin release, muscle, bone and connective tissue, actions on the nervous system, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions.
Insulin: Mechanisms of cellular transport of glucose mediated by insulin: actions on glucose transporters. Mechanisms of insulin secretion: role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and calcium channels. Nervous regulation of insulin secretion. Mechanisms of feedback regulation between insulin and nutrients. Actions of insulin on muscle tissue, adipose, liver.
Growth hormone (GH). Structure and mechanisms of regulation of GH secretion. Role of somatostatin. Rhythm of secretion, circadian rhythm, changes with age. The somatomedins or IGFs. Biological actions of GH. Outline of pathophysiology.
The Parathyroid hormone (PTH). Structure and mechanisms of regulation of the secretion of PTH. Biological actions.
Cortisol. Mechanisms of regulation of the secretion of cortisol. Biological actions.

Canale B

CFU

Teacher

Bernard Fioretti

Teachers

Bernard Fioretti

Hours

42 ore - Bernard Fioretti

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

Homeostasis. Cellular excitability. Synaptic transmission. Smooth and skeletal muscle physiology. Endocrinology and hormonal signaling. Heart and circulation. Respiratory system physiology. Digestive system. Water-saline balance. Reproductive system.

Reference texts

Fisiologia Umana Elementi- editore Edi-ermes - a cura di Bossi, Cesca et al.,
Supplementary book: Fisiologia - molecole, cellule e sistemi - editore Edi-ermes - a cura di D'Angelo e Peres

Educational objectives

Knowledge of the functioning of the digestive system and its interconnection with the nervous and endocrine systems. Ability to know how to interpret and measure the metabolism and nutrition status.

Prerequisites

Knowledge of human anatomy and biochemistry is useful

Teaching methods

Frontal lessons

Other information

Learning verification modality

Final oral examination to evaluate the logical and exhibition abilities on the topics.

Extended program

Homeostasis, feedbacks and feedforward. Biological membranes and diffusion: transporters and channels. resting Membrane potential and Action Potential. Chemical and electrical synapses. The neurotransmitters. Neuromuscular transmission and excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal muscle. The smooth muscle.

Autonomic nervous system: 1) Orthosympathetic system and catecholaminergic transmission and 2) the parasympathetic system and cholinergic transmission. Physiology of the cardiovascular system: relationship between pressure, flow and resistance, Poiseuille's law. Parameters that determine vascular resistances. Cardiac rhythmicity and conduction of cardiac action potential. Ionic bases of action potentials. Identification of the electrical activation time sequence of the various regions of the heart and of the conduction speed in the different parts of the conduction system: ECG. Control of heart rate and systolic output and the physiology of microcirculation and lymphatic circulation. Mechanisms underlying the exchanges between blood and interstitial fluid.

Physiology of the respiratory system: mechanisms of modification of the lung volume, air movements and pressures that determine it. Laplace's law applied to the alveolus. Compliance concept. Measurement of lung volumes, spirometer. Anatomical dead space. Respiratory minute volume, pulmonary, alveolar and dead space ventilation. Alveolo-capillary gas exchange. Composition and partial pressures in atmospheric, inspired and alveolar air. Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Law of diffusion and factors affecting the diffusion rate. Transport of oxygen in the blood. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, analysis of the curve and its physiological significance. Factors affecting the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. Transport of carbon dioxide.

Physiology of the renal system: the nephron and the characteristics of the glomerular filtration barrier. The renal functions of filtration, reabsorption and secretion. Definition of GFR and inulin clearance, creatinine and glucose clearance. Physiological control of glomerular filtration and renal blood flow. Reabsorption and secretion in the different tracts of the neuphrone. Osmotic control of ADH secretion. Renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone. Defenses against pH variations, buffer systems. Renal control of acid-base balance. Quantification of the acidifying capacity of the kidney: reabsorption of bicarbonate and glucose, elimination of ammonium ion. Chewing and swallowing. The motor functions of the stomach, small intestine and colon. Peristalsis and its neurobiology. Gastrointestinal reflexes, defecation and vomiting. Mechanisms of salivary, esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, biliary secretion and neuro-hormonal regulation. The enterohepatic recirculation. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Fundamental principles of gastrointestinal absorption. Endocrine system physiology: Hormone-mediated intercellular mechanisms. Mechanisms of hormone secretion and its regulation: nervous, chronotropic and feedback control. The hormones secreted by the hypothalamic nuclei: the release factors. Thyroid hormones, Cortisol and ACTH. The control of blood sugar and the role of insulin and glucagon. The reproductive system and gonadotropins. The ovarian cycle.

PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY

Code	GP004127
CFU	6
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Discipline biotecnologiche con finalità specifiche:veterinarie
Academic discipline	VET/01
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

Canale A

CFU

Teacher

Francesca Mercati

Teachers

Francesca Mercati

Hours

42 ore - Francesca Mercati

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

The course aims to provide expertise on the anatomy of human species, domestic animals and laboratory animals. In the first phase the anatomy purposes, the anatomical terminology and criteria for topographic orientation of organs and systems will be examined; these topics are necessary to acquire communication skills and to use a correct scientific language. Following, the study of the following systems will be dealt with: locomotor, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, male and female reproductive, endocrine, nervous.

Reference texts

Martini, Timmons, Tallitsh. Anatomia umana. EdiSES
AA.VV. Anatomia dell'uomo, EDIERMES.
Cozzi, Ballarin, Peruffo, Carù. Anatomia degli animali da laboratorio - Roditori e lagomorfi. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana.

Educational objectives

Biotechnology skills - Knowledge and understanding of the structure and biological properties of cells and animal and plant tissues. Ability to recognize and describe the morphology of the systems and organs that form the body of a mammal (human species, domestic animals, laboratory animals). The main skills that students will acquire are: kwonledge of the structural organization of systems and organs of the body; ability to use and appropriate anatomical nomenclature; ability to identify an organ and describe its macroscopic appearance; ability to describe the microscopic structure of an organ. The knowledge gained will provide the basis for understanding subsequent courses such as physiology and pathology.

Prerequisites

In order to understand the contents of the course, the student must have the knowledge on the structure and organization of cells and tissues. Therefore, he must have successfully passed the exam of General Biology with elements of Cytology and Histology.

Teaching methods

The course is organized as follows:- Lectures on all subjects of the course; Lectures will be carried out through Power Point slides that are available to the students through Unistudium platform.

Other information

Lessons are held at Teaching center (Polo didattico) in Via del Giochetto, Perugia.Attendance is optional but strongly recommended.The professor is available to organize summaries or insights for the students, both during and outside official reception by appointment.Lessons are available online through the Unistudium.

Learning verification modality

The final test is an oral exam and consists of an in-depth description of topics covered during the course and lasts about 30 minutes. Two or three questions are proposed relating to different apparatuses and organs. Moreover, during the interview schematic drawings and photographs of different anatomical structures that the student will have to recognize and describe can be shown. The purpose of the oral test is to assess the knowledge of the topic related above all to the microscopic description; the ability to reason and link different topics; the appropriateness and effectiveness of the oral communication of the skills acquired through the use of a correct scientific language and an adequate anatomical terminology.
The final evaluation will be agreed by the teachers of the Examining Board.

Extended program

The course aims to provide students with the theoretical and practical tools for learning the structural organization of the organs that make up the body of some mammals (human species, domestic animals, laboratory animals). Necessary introduction to their systematic and analytical study will be the acquisition of an adequate terminology. This first part will be followed by the description of the microscopic structure and macroscopic appearance of the following systems and organs. Locomotor apparatus: elements of osteology, arthrology and miology; Cardiovascular system: heart and great vessels. Lymphatic system, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus. Respiratory system: nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. Digestive system: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, exocrine pancreas. Urinary system: kidney and urinary tract. Male and female reproductive system: gonads and genital tract. Endocrine system: pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal gland. General information on the macroscopic organization of the central and peripheral nervous system: spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, telencephalon

Canale B

CFU

Teacher

Francesca Mercati

Teachers

Francesca Mercati

Hours

42 ore - Francesca Mercati

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

Reference texts

Educational objectives

Prerequisites

Teaching methods

The course is organized as follows:- Lectures on all subjects of the course; Lectures will be carried out through Power Point slides that are available to the students through Unistudium platform.

Other information

Learning verification modality

Extended program