Unit HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
- Course
- Exercise and sport science
- Study-unit Code
- A001877
- Curriculum
- In all curricula
- CFU
- 9
- Course Regulation
- Coorte 2020
- Offered
- 2021/22
- Type of study-unit
- Obbligatorio (Required)
- Type of learning activities
- Attività formativa integrata
SYSTEMS PHYSIOLOGY
| Code | A001878 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 7 |
| Teacher | Alessandro Tozzi |
| Teachers |
|
| Hours |
|
| Learning activities | Caratterizzante |
| Area | Biologico |
| Academic discipline | BIO/09 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | -Homeostasis and homeostatic mechanisms -Biophysics of excitable tissues -Cellular electrical potentials -Nervous information transmission -Muscle contraction -Somatic and proprioceptive sensitivity -Motor systems and spinal reflexes -Autonomic nervous system -Circulatory system -Cardiac conduction system and mechanics -Regulations of cardiac output, blood pressure, blood flow -Kidney system and urine formation -Hydro-electrolyte balance and its regulation -Respiratory mechanics -Alveolar exchanges and transport of O2 and CO2. -Nervous and chemical control of ventilation -Acid-base balance and blood buffer systems |
| Reference texts | Choice of textbooks. Possible options will be discussed at the beginning of the course. Fisiologia dell'uomo. Autori vari. Editore edi-ermes. Elementi di Fisiologia. Roberto Poltronieri. Editore EdiSES; Fisiologia umana, elementi. Autori vari. Editore edi-ermes. Fisiologia. Cindy L. Stanfield. EdiSES. |
| Educational objectives | Understanding the principles of functioning and regulation of the various apparatuses of the human body. |
| Prerequisites | Excellent learning skills through textbook study. Basics of Cell Biology, Human Anatomy and Biochemistry. |
| Teaching methods | Lectures; projection of teaching material in the classroom; content viewable on the Unistudium platform of the University; on-going tests. |
| Learning verification modality | Written and oral exam |
| Extended program | Biophysics of excitable tissues. -Diffusion and transport. -Cell potentials. Ion distribution and membrane permeability, membrane potential, action potential -Electrical and chemical synapses. -Neurotransmitters and receptors. Main neurotransmitters, ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. -Synaptic integration phenomena. -Biochemistry of muscle contraction. Structure of the striated muscle cell, thick and thin filaments, control mechanism, role of ATP. -Biomechanics of muscle contraction. Striated muscle: types of contraction, length/tension curve. Motor unit, fibre types, simple shock and muscle tetanus, force modulation. Characteristics of smooth muscle. Sensory system. -Organisation of the sensory system. Receptor concept, sensory modalities, receptor classifications, receptor potential, intensity coding, adaptation, receptive fields, lateral inhibition. -Tactile sensitivity. Ascending pathways, somatotopic organisation. -Proprioceptive sensitivity. Neuromuscular spindles: structure, transduction mechanism, innervation, role of gamma innervation. Golgi muscle-tendon organs: localisation, transduction mechanism. Ascending pathways. -Thermal sensitivity. -Pain sensitivity. Pain types, receptors, afferent pathways, referred pain, hyperalgesia, ascending pathways, peripheral and central control mechanisms. Motor system. -Spinal cord and reflexes. Morpho-functional characteristics, basic circuits, reflex concept, modulability, deep reflexes (myotatic), superficial reflexes (flexor). -Voluntary movement. Organisation of descending pathways, primary motor area, premotor areas, additional motor areas. Vegetative controls. -Autonomic nervous system. Structure, similarities and differences of the sympathetic and parasympathetic sections, neurotransmitters and receptors. Cardiovascular system. -Anatomical and functional characteristics. Large and small circulation, vessel wall structure, vessel compliance. -Principles of haemodynamics. Flow equation, pressure gradient, elasticity of vessels, flow and velocity, laminar and turbulent motion, viscosity, Poisseuille's law, series and parallel resistances. -Cardiac conduction system. Functions of the nodal, conduction and working tissues, nodal tissue autorhythmicity, functions of the atrioventricular node and Purkinje network. -Cardiac mechanics. Contraction control and role of calcium, inotropic effect, isometric and isotonic contraction, cardiac cycle, differences between Dx and Sn ventricle, length-voltage relationship, preload and afterload, Frank-Starling law, pressure-volume relationships. -Cardiac output. Homeometric regulation, heart rate/output relationship. -Arterial pressure. Determinants of BP, measurement by the Riva-Rocci method, BP fluctuations. -Capillary circulation. Structure of capillaries and capillary circle, diffusion and filtration, Starling model, lymphatic circle. -Local flow regulation. Vascular, neurogenic and basal tone, role of calcium, Bayliss myogenic response, effect of local metabolites, endothelial autacoid factors, functional and reactive hyperemia. -Short-term BP regulation. Baroreceptors and baroreceptor reflex, chemoreceptors. -Medium and long term BP regulation. Relation blood pressure, endocrine mechanisms (ADH, PNA, Angiotensin, Aldosterone), pressure diuresis. -Venous return. Renal system. -Hydro-electrolyte balance. Body fluid compartments, water balance, determination of compartment volumes, osmolarity, fluid redistribution. -Glomerular filtration. Functional anatomy of the kidney, mechanisms of urine formation, filtering structure of the glomerulus, Starling model applied to the glomerulus, afferent and efferent arterioles, VFG and filtration fraction. Control of VFG. Myogenic autoregulation, tubulo-glomerular feedback (iuxta-glomerular apparatus, role of Sodium). -Tubular reabsorption. Transport mechanisms involved, reabsorption of Sodium, water, cotransports and counter transports, maximal transport, glomerulo-tubular balance. -Regulation of osmolarity. Water reabsorption, role of ADH. Respiratory system. -Respiratory mechanics. Functional anatomy of the respiratory apparatus. Lung and alveolar ventilation, role of the pleura, functional residual capacity, inspiratory and expiratory muscles. -Elastic resistance. Surface tension and surfactant, alveolar stability. -Flow resistance. -Ventilation and perfusion. -Alveolar exchanges. Dalton's law, composition of atmospheric, inspired and alveolar air, alveolar air equation, solubilisation and diffusion, Fick's law, oxygen diffusion. -O2 and CO2 transport. O2 transport modes, haemoglobin and its saturation curve, Bohr effect, CO2 transport modes, role of bicarbonate, Haldane effect. -Nervous control of ventilation. Bulbar and pontine control centres -Chemical control of ventilation. -Acid-base balance. Blood buffer systems, effects of ventilation on bicarbonate buffer. |
PHYSIOLOGY OF METABOLISM
| Code | A001879 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 2 |
| Teacher | Attilio Solinas |
| Teachers |
|
| Hours |
|
| Learning activities | Caratterizzante |
| Area | Biologico |
| Academic discipline | BIO/09 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |