Unit PHISIO-PATHOLOGICAL BASIS OF DISEASES

PHYSIOLOGY II

Code	GP001727
CFU	2
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/09
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

Canale A

CFU

2

Teacher

Mauro Pessia

Teachers

• Fabio Massimo Botti (Codocenza)
• Mauro Pessia

Hours

• 15 ore (Codocenza) - Fabio Massimo Botti
• 15 ore - Mauro Pessia

Canale B

CFU

2

Teacher

Mauro Pessia

Teachers

• Fabio Massimo Botti (Codocenza)
• Mauro Pessia

Hours

• 15 ore (Codocenza) - Fabio Massimo Botti
• 15 ore - Mauro Pessia

MICROBIOLOGY

Code	GP001728
CFU	2
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	MED/07
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

Canale A

CFU

2

Teacher

Elio Cenci

Teachers

• Elio Cenci

Hours

• 30 ore - Elio Cenci

Language of instruction

Italian

Educational objectives

Fornire agli Studenti del Corso di Laurea in Infermieristica le conoscenze della Microbiologia in grado di garantire abilità e competenze richieste per il raggiungimento dei livelli essenziali della prestazione professionale.

Teaching methods

Face-to-face lessons

Learning verification modality

Oral examination

Extended program

The micrororganims, procariotic/eucariotic cells.
Bacterial cell structures (Gram+ e Gram- cell wall, nucleic aid, cytoplasm, cytoplasmatic membrrane, mesosomes).
Facultative bacterial cell structures (capsule, pili, flagella, spore).
Bacterial virulence factors (toxins, capsule, adhesins, exoenzymes).
Metabolism, Nutrition. Colture mediums. Bacterial genetics.
General features of Fungi, Viruses, Protozoa.
Bacterial microbiota. Routes of transmission of infections.
Fundamental notions on the immune system (specific and aspecific response, phagocytosis, cell-mediated immunity, humoral immunity, hyprsensitivity). Vaccines, Immune sera. Antibiotics. Antibiotic susceptibility tests.
Sterilization /Disinfection.
Bacteriology: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Clostridium, Salmonella Escherichia coli, Neisseria , Pseudomonas, Legionella, Helicobacter, Mycobacterium, Treponema.
Virology: rhinovirus, poliovirus, orthomyxovirus, measles virus, rubella virus, hepatitis A, B, C, HIV, HPV, Herpesvirus.
Micology: cutaneous mycoses, opportunistic mycoses (Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus).
Parasitology: Plasmodium, Giardia, Toxoplasma.
Urinary tract infections
Sexually transmissible infections.
Cardiovascular infections.
Respiratory infections.
Infections of the central nervous system.
Eye infections.
Ear infections.
Gastrointestinal infections.
Healthcare related infections.

Canale B

CFU

2

Teacher

Roberta Spaccapelo

Teachers

• Roberta Spaccapelo

Hours

• 30 ore - Roberta Spaccapelo

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

General bacteriologyGeneral virologySpecial bacteriologySpecial VirologyMycosisParasitesDiagnosis of infectious diseasesHospital-acquired infection

Reference texts

Microbiologia Medica Murray PR, Rosenthal LS, Pfaller MA. Settima Edizione

Educational objectives

At the end of the course students will be able to:• Understand the general characteristics of the main microorganisms• Understand the characteristics of the major microorganisms responsible for human diseases• Understand the methods to prevent and counteract microbial infections

Teaching methods

Interactive lessons, exercises, laboratory, analysis of scientific articles

Learning verification modality

Oral examination

Extended program

General bacteriology: generality of microorganisms, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, bacterial cell structure, bacterial genetics, metabolism, nutrition, virulence factors.General virology: virus structure, viral replication, viral infections, antiviral drugs.Fungi: general aspectsProtozoan: general aspectsTransmission route of the infectionNotes on the immune system (innate and adaptive)Serums and vaccines: general aspectsAntibiotics and antibiogramSterilization and disinfectionSpecial bacteriology: the major pathogenic bacteria for humansUrinary tract infections: urine culturesSexually transmitted diseases: urethral and cervical swabCardiovascular infections: hemoculturesRespiratory tract infections: pharyngeal swab, expectoratedCentral nervous system infections: cefalorachiadian liquorGastrointestinal infections: coprocultureEye infections: conjunctival swabEar infections: ear padHospital-acquired infection

GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Code	GP001726
CFU	3
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	MED/04
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

Canale A

CFU

3

Teacher

Lucia Scaringi

Teachers

• Maria Agnese Della Fazia (Codocenza)
• Lucia Scaringi

Hours

• 15 ore (Codocenza) - Maria Agnese Della Fazia
• 30 ore - Lucia Scaringi

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Causes of Disease. Regressive and Progressive processes. Oncology. Classification of the tumors. Carcinogenesis. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes. Invasive cancer and metastasis. Acute and Chronic inflammation. Physiopathology of: the blood; of the heart and the blood vessel; of respiratory apparatus; of the liver; of the kidney; of endocrine system; Alteration of the thermoregulation.

Reference texts

G.M. Pontieri -Elementi di Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia generale- Per i corsi di laurea in professioni sanitarie-(Casa Editrice Piccin, IV edizione)

Educational objectives

The course of General Pathology and Physiopathology includes the study of the structural changes which come about in the organism and cause diseases and the changes at molecular, cellular, tissues and organs. In particular the teaching course is aimed at the comprehension by the student:

a) the causes (etiology) exogenic, endogenic which result in structural and functional alterations in the organs;

b) the molecular and cellular mechanisms (pathogenesis) by which the etiologic agents induce the damage;

c) the processes by which the organism responds to the damage, in order to reestablish the previous integral conditions (or a new condition of equilibrium).

Prerequisites

In order to understand and know how to apply most of the knowledge provided by the teaching it is important to have successfully defended the exams of the first year of the degree course. The student must in fact possess the knowledge of the processes that take place within the cell and within and between the various organs and body systems. Students must know the basics of the profession of nursing.

Teaching methods

Lecture on subjects of the course.

Learning verification modality

Oral examination: is a discussion (of 30 minutes on average), aimed at ascertaining the level of knowledge, the property of language, the understanding reached by the student and the ability to integrate and connect the content of the course followed.

Extended program

Principles of immunology
-Immune cells and organs.
-Functions of immune system cells.
-Ipersensitivity diseases (I, II, III, IV type).

Intrinsic causes of disease
Genetic Pathology
-Monogenic autosomic and heterochromosomic diseases.
-DNA mutation, mechanisms of DNA repair.
-Blood genetic diseases: Thalassemia, Spherocytosis, Depranocytosis, Hemophilia.
-Muscular Dystrophya.
-Chromosomal
alteration.
Numerical and structural alteration of the chromosomes (Down, Turner and Klinefelter syndromes).


Extrinsic Causes of Disease
-Physical agents.
Non ionizing and ionizing radiation. Low and high temperature: freezing and burn.
Low and high pressure.
-Chemical and Environmental agents. Environment pollution. Drugs.

Cellular Pathology
-The cell: structure and principal functions.
-Elementary injury of the cell. Pathology of nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, cytoskeleton, peroxisome, Golgi apparatus and cell membrane.

Regressive processes
-Physiological and pathological Atrophy.
-Intracellular regressive processes.Vacuolar, hydropic and turbid degenerations. Hyaline and Mucoid degenerations. Steatosis.
-Extracellular regressive processes.
Amiloidosis.
Hyaline, Fibrinoid and Mucoid and degenerations.
-Cell death. Necrosis. Gangrene. Outcome of necrotic process. Autolysis post-mortem. Apoptosis.

Progressive processes.
-Physiological and pathological hypertrophy and hyperplasia. -
- Regenerative process in labile, stable and perennial cells. Liver regeneration. Reconstitution process.

Molecular Oncology
-Classification of the tumors. Characteristics of normal and transformed cell. Metaplasia, Dysplasia, Anaplasia. Benignant and Malignant tumors. Histological classification and morphological features of human tumors.
-In "situ" carcinoma.
- Epidemiology of tumor. Carcinogenesis: chemical, physical (U.V. and ionizing radiations), viral, environmental.
-Co-carcinogenesis, mechanism of transformation.
-Molecular basis of the transformed cell. Pathogenetic mechanisms. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes. Control of DNA replication. Mutations. Hereditary tumor diseases. Karyotype and chromosomal alteration in tumor.
-Role of the apoptosis control in the tumor growth..
-Molecular pathology in DNA repair. Mismatch repair. Excision repair. Xeroderma Pigmetosum.
-Angiogenesis in cancer.
-Concept of invasive cancer. Metastasis and stage of the cancer. Molecular mechanisms of the metastasis. Metastasis routes.


Inflammation
-General characteristic and definition of inflammation. Recognition mechanisms of pathogens. Distinctive characters between acute and chronic phlogosis.
-Acute exudative phlogosis (Angiophlogosis) The inflammation phases. Plasmatic and tissutal mediators of inflammation. The exudation: different types of exudate. Acute phase proteins. Acute phase cells. The diapedesis, the chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. Different types of acute inflammation: serous, serous-fibrinous, fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, hemorrhagic, necrotic- hemorrhagic and allergic.
-Chronic phlogosis. The cells of chronic inflammation.
-Chronic inflammation: granulomatosis and interstitial. Structure of granuloma: tuberculoma, syphiloma, rheumatic nodule and foreign body granuloma.
-Outcome of inflammatory process. The repair processes and granulation tissue.

PHISIOPATHOLOGY

Physiopathology of the blood
-Blood: composition, hemopoiesis.
-Alteration of the blood mass. The erytrocytes: Polycythemia and erythremia. Hemoglobinopathy. Anaemia.
-White blood cells and leukocytosis.
-The platelet, the hemostasis and coagulation. Haemorrhage. Thrombotic and embolic processes. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Physiopathology of the heart and the blood vessel
-Congenital and acquired heart defects. Endocarditis and valvulopathy. Ischemic heart disease. Heart attack. Myocardiopathy. Heart failure.
-Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its complications.
-Shock: cause of shock, evolution and phases, compensatory mechanisms. Edema.

Physiopathology of respiratory apparatus
-Pathogenesis of respiratory failure.
-Bronchial asthma.
-Obstructive pulmonary disease.

Physiopathology of the liver
-Liver primitive pathology. Inflammatory and degenerative processes. Hepatitis, Cirrhosis.
-Jaundice.
-Liver failure.

Physiopathology of the kidney
- Renal failure.

Physiopathology of endocrine system
-Thyroid: hypo- and hyper-thyroidism. Thyroid goiter. Thyroiditis.
-Endocrine pancreas. Diabetes Mellitus: etiopathogenetic and metabolic aspects, complications.

Alteration of the thermoregulation
-Fever, Hypothermia and Hyperthermia.

Canale B

CFU

3

Teacher

Lucia Scaringi

Teachers

• Maria Agnese Della Fazia (Codocenza)
• Lucia Scaringi

Hours

• 15 ore (Codocenza) - Maria Agnese Della Fazia
• 30 ore - Lucia Scaringi

Language of instruction

Italian

Contents

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Causes of Disease. Regressive and Progressive processes. Oncology. Classification of the tumors. Carcinogenesis. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes. Invasive cancer and metastasis. Acute and Chronic inflammation. Physiopathology of: the blood; of the heart and the blood vessel; of respiratory apparatus; of the liver; of the kidney; of endocrine system; Alteration of the thermoregulation.

Reference texts

G.M. Pontieri -Elementi di Patologia Generale e Fisiopatologia generale- Per i corsi di laurea in professioni sanitarie-(Casa Editrice Piccin, IV edizione)

Educational objectives

The course of General Pathology and Physiopathology includes the study of the structural changes which come about in the organism and cause diseases and the changes at molecular, cellular, tissues and organs. In particular the teaching course is aimed at the comprehension by the student:

a) the causes (etiology) exogenic, endogenic which result in structural and functional alterations in the organs;

b) the molecular and cellular mechanisms (pathogenesis) by which the etiologic agents induce the damage;

c) the processes by which the organism responds to the damage, in order to reestablish the previous integral conditions (or a new condition of equilibrium).

Prerequisites

In order to understand and know how to apply most of the knowledge provided by the teaching it is important to have successfully defended the exams of the first year of the degree course. The student must in fact possess the knowledge of the processes that take place within the cell and within and between the various organs and body systems. Students must know the basics of the profession of nursing.

Teaching methods

Lecture on subjects of the course.

Learning verification modality

Oral examination: is a discussion (of 30 minutes on average), aimed at ascertaining the level of knowledge, the property of language, the understanding reached by the student and the ability to integrate and connect the content of the course followed.

Extended program

Principles of immunology
-Immune cells and organs.
-Functions of immune system cells.
-Ipersensitivity diseases (I, II, III, IV type).

Intrinsic causes of disease
Genetic Pathology
-Monogenic autosomic and heterochromosomic diseases.
-DNA mutation, mechanisms of DNA repair.
-Blood genetic diseases: Thalassemia, Spherocytosis, Depranocytosis, Hemophilia.
-Muscular Dystrophya.
-Chromosomal
alteration.
Numerical and structural alteration of the chromosomes (Down, Turner and Klinefelter syndromes).


Extrinsic Causes of Disease
-Physical agents.
Non ionizing and ionizing radiation. Low and high temperature: freezing and burn.
Low and high pressure.
-Chemical and Environmental agents. Environment pollution. Drugs.

Cellular Pathology
-The cell: structure and principal functions.
-Elementary injury of the cell. Pathology of nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, cytoskeleton, peroxisome, Golgi apparatus and cell membrane.

Regressive processes
-Physiological and pathological Atrophy.
-Intracellular regressive processes.Vacuolar, hydropic and turbid degenerations. Hyaline and Mucoid degenerations. Steatosis.
-Extracellular regressive processes.
Amiloidosis.
Hyaline, Fibrinoid and Mucoid degenerations.
-Cell death. Necrosis. Gangrene. Outcome of necrotic process. Autolysis post-mortem. Apoptosis.

Progressive processes.
-Physiological and pathological hypertrophy and hyperplasia. -
- Regenerative process in labile, stable and perennial cells. Liver regeneration. Reconstitution process.

Molecular Oncology
-Classification of the tumors. Characteristics of normal and transformed cell. Metaplasia, Dysplasia, Anaplasia. Benignant and Malignant tumors. Histological classification and morphological features of human tumors.
-In "situ" carcinoma.
- Epidemiology of tumor. Carcinogenesis: chemical, physical (U.V. and ionizing radiations), viral, environmental.
-Co-carcinogenesis, mechanism of transformation.
-Molecular basis of the transformed cell. Pathogenetic mechanisms. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes. Control of DNA replication. Mutations. Hereditary tumor diseases. Karyotype and chromosomal alteration in tumor.
-Role of the apoptosis control in the tumor growth..
-Molecular pathology in DNA repair. Mismatch repair. Excision repair. Xeroderma Pigmetosum.
-Angiogenesis in cancer.
-Concept of invasive cancer. Metastasis and stage of the cancer. Molecular mechanisms of the metastasis. Metastasis routes.


Inflammation
-General characteristic and definition of inflammation. Recognition mechanisms of pathogens. Distinctive characters between acute and chronic phlogosis.
-Acute exudative phlogosis (Angiophlogosis) The inflammation phases. Plasmatic and tissutal mediators of inflammation. The exudation: different types of exudate. Acute phase proteins. Acute phase cells. The diapedesis, the chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. Different types of acute inflammation: serous, serous-fibrinous, fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, hemorrhagic, necrotic- hemorrhagic and allergic.
-Chronic phlogosis. The cells of chronic inflammation.
-Chronic inflammation: granulomatosis and interstitial. Structure of granuloma: tuberculoma, syphiloma, rheumatic nodule and foreign body granuloma.
-Outcome of inflammatory process. The repair processes and granulation tissue.

PHISIOPATHOLOGY

Physiopathology of the blood
-Blood: composition, hemopoiesis.
-Alteration of the blood mass. The erytrocytes: Polycythemia and erythremia. Hemoglobinopathy. Anaemia.
-White blood cells and leukocytosis.
-The platelet, the hemostasis and coagulation. Haemorrhage. Thrombotic and embolic processes. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Physiopathology of the heart and the blood vessel
-Congenital and acquired heart defects. Endocarditis and valvulopathy. Ischemic heart disease. Heart attack. Myocardiopathy. Heart failure.
-Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its complications.
-Shock: cause of shock, evolution and phases, compensatory mechanisms. Edema.

Physiopathology of respiratory apparatus
-Pathogenesis of respiratory failure.
-Bronchial asthma.
-Obstructive pulmonary disease.

Physiopathology of the liver
-Liver primitive pathology. Inflammatory and degenerative processes. Hepatitis, Cirrhosis.
-Jaundice.
-Liver failure.

Physiopathology of the kidney
- Renal failure.

Physiopathology of endocrine system
-Thyroid: hypo- and hyper-thyroidism. Thyroid goiter. Thyroiditis.
-Endocrine pancreas. Diabetes Mellitus: etiopathogenetic and metabolic aspects, complications.

Alteration of the thermoregulation
-Fever, Hypothermia and Hyperthermia.