Unit PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY AND GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

Course
Biotechnology
Study-unit Code
GP004124
Curriculum
In all curricula
Teacher
Francesca Mercati
CFU
12
Course Regulation
Coorte 2021
Offered
2022/23
Type of study-unit
Obbligatorio (Required)
Type of learning activities
Attività formativa integrata

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

Code GP004128
CFU 6
Teacher Francesca Mercati
Learning activities Caratterizzante
Area Discipline biotecnologiche comuni
Academic discipline BIO/09
Type of study-unit Obbligatorio (Required)

Canale A

CFU
6
Teacher
Antonio Michelucci
Teachers
  • Antonio Michelucci
Hours
  • 42 ore - Antonio Michelucci
Language of instruction
Italian
Contents
The aim of the course of General Physiology is to provide students with knowledge and information in order to achieve a level of preparation appropriate to the degree in Biotechnology. Topics covered will be a utility useful for following matters. Introduction to Physiology. Muscle Contraction. Introduction to Physiology of the Nervous System. Physiology of the Cardiovascular System. Physiology of respiratory system. Physiology of the renal system. Physiology of the gastrointestinal system. Physiology of the endocrine system.
Reference texts
Title: Fisiologia cellule molecole e sistemi
Authors: D'Angelo e Peres
Editor: Ediermes
Educational objectives
Biotechnological skills – Knowledge of structure and biological properties of animal cells and tissues
Prerequisites
In order to understand the content of the course, student should have the following preliminary knowledge: 1) Principles of Anatomy 2) Principles of biochemistry, with special emphasis to the protein and phospholipid structure and energetic metabolism, 3) Chemistry. Equilibria. Acid-base reactions, particle diffusion
Teaching methods
The educational activities will be conducted through lectures.
Learning verification modality
Written partial tests and final oral exam.
Written tests are three in number, each consisting of three questions requiling a few line of text to answer. The oral exam consists of nine questions performed over all the program.
Extended program
Introduction to Physiology: Homeostasis and physiological systems. Dynamics of membrane: diffusion. Transport mediated by proteins: ion channels. Vesicular and transepithelial transports. Resting membrane potential: Nernst and Goldman equations. Action Potential. Intercellular communication: chemical and electrical synapses. Neurotransmitters: glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine and serotonin. Interaction with relative receptors.

Muscle Contraction:
Neuromuscular transmission: saltatory conduction, the endplate, the excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal and smooth muscles.

Introduction to Physiology of the Nervous System
Noradrenergic system: Catecholamines Biosynthesis and Metabolism. Agonist-receptor interaction. Classification of receptors. Locus Coeruleus: anatomic location and physiological roles.
Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic system. Subdivision, classification and physiological effects on various tissues.
EEG: Functional Significance, electroencephalographic waves, nature and analysis of the track.
Sleep physiology: physiological meaning, description of the various cycles and stages of sleep and age-related changes.

Physiology of the Cardiovascular System: blood flow regulation by physical factors. pressure, flow and resistance relationship, the law of Poiseuille. Parameters influencing the vascular resistance. Factors determine blood pressure and creation of the pressure difference in circulatory system.
Mechanisms at the basis of automatism and conduction of cardiac action potential. Ionic bases of action potentials. Identification of the temporal sequence of electrical activation in various regions of the heart and conduction velocity in different parts of the conduction system. ECG, relationship between events and cardiac electrical excitation waves.
Electro-mechanical coupling in cardiac fiber. Factors determining contractile force of the heart. Length-tension relation in cardiac fiber. Cardiac cycle: pressure changes in the heart, arterials and venous. Heart valves physiology and sounds.
Cardiac output modulation. Heart rate and systolic volume control.
Arterial system function. Arterial compliance. Factors determining mean arterial pressure. The pulse arterial pressure. Practice exercise: blood pressure measurments.
Microcirculation and lymphatic circulation physiology. Mechanisms underlying the exchanges between blood and interstitial fluid.
Metabolic, humoral and nervous systems mechanisms allowing the regulation of blood flow in different circulatory districts. Blood pressure regulation: short, medium and long term mechanisms. Baroreceptor reflex mechanisms.

Physiology of respiratory system: Mechanisms of change in lung volume, air movements and pressures. Intrapleural pressure. The elastic recoil of the lung and the chest. Surface tension and surfactant. Laplace's law applied to alveolus. Polmonary compliance. Restrictive diseases. Airway resistance and neurohumoral regulation. Dynamic compliance and pressure volume diagram during the respiratory cycle, the contribution of elastic and viscous resistance.
Measurement of lung volumes, spirometry. Anatomical dead space. Respiratory minute volume, pulmonary and alveolar ventilation. Alveolar-capillary gas exchange. Composition and partial pressures in the atmospheric, inspired and alveolar air. Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion. Law of diffusion and factors that influence the rate of diffusion.
Transport of oxygen in the blood. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, curve analysis and its physiological significance. Factors influencing the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. Transport of carbon dioxide. Organization and functioning of the respiratory center, Medulla oblongata, apneustico and pneumotassic respiratory centers. Ventilation control by the central and peripheral chemoreceptors.

Physiology of the renal system: Anatomical and functional nephron characteristics. Renal filtration, reabsorption and secretion. Characteristics of the glomerular filtration barrier. Factors determining the ultrafiltration. Definition of GFR and inulin and creatinine clearance. Physiological control of glomerular filtration and renal blood flow. Autoregulation of GFR and renal blood flow.
Concept of maximum transport. Reabsorption and secretion in different sections of the neuron. Glucose renal threshold. The body fluids and renal function, fluid intake and excretion. Renal mechanisms for urine dilution and concentration. Actions of ADH on the kidney. Osmotic control of ADH secretion. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
The responses at changes in pH, buffer systems. Acid-base balance, the renal control. Quantification of the acidifying capacity of the kidney: bicarbonate reabsorption, ammonium ion removal.

Physiology of the endocrine system: intracellular mechanisms mediated by hormones. Mechanisms of secretion and regulation of hormones: nervous, chronotropic and feedback control. The hormones secreted by hypothalamic nuclei: the release factors. Cells and hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary. Function and regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-endocrine gland. The Higher centers that regulate hypothalamic functions.
Thyroid: Thyroid hormones: synthesis, storage, release in circulation, turnover and transport in the blood. Iodine requirement. Factors that regulate the secretion mechanisms and feedback control. Actions of TSH. Actions of thyroid hormones on basal metabolism, carbohydrates
, lipids and proteins turnover. Effects on the nervous system. Effects on cardiovascular parameters. Outline of pathophysiology.
Adrenal: The glucocorticoid (cortisol). Mechanisms regulating the secretion of cortisol: the feedback control, the rhythm of secretion, the circadian rhythm. Biological actions of ACTH. Cortisol effects on metabolism, insulin release, muscle, bone and connective tissue, actions on the nervous system, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions.
Insulin: Mechanisms of cellular transport of glucose mediated by insulin: actions on glucose transporters. Mechanisms of insulin secretion: role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and calcium channels. Nervous regulation of insulin secretion. Mechanisms of feedback regulation between insulin and nutrients. Actions of insulin on muscle tissue, adipose, liver.
Growth hormone (GH). Structure and mechanisms of regulation of GH secretion. Role of somatostatin. Rhythm of secretion, circadian rhythm, changes with age. The somatomedins or IGFs. Biological actions of GH. Outline of pathophysiology.
The Parathyroid hormone (PTH). Structure and mechanisms of regulation of the secretion of PTH. Biological actions.
Cortisol. Mechanisms of regulation of the secretion of cortisol. Biological actions.

Canale B

CFU
6
Teacher
Bernard Fioretti
Teachers
  • Bernard Fioretti
Hours
  • 42 ore - Bernard Fioretti
Language of instruction
Italian
Contents
Homeostasis. Cellular excitability. Synaptic transmission. Smooth and skeletal muscle physiology. Endocrinology and hormonal signaling. Heart and circulation. Respiratory system physiology. Digestive system. Water-saline balance. Reproductive system.
Reference texts
Fisiologia Umana Elementi- editore Edi-ermes - a cura di Bossi, Cesca et al., 
Supplementary book: Fisiologia -  molecole, cellule e sistemi - editore Edi-ermes - a cura di D'Angelo e Peres
Educational objectives
Knowledge of the functioning of the digestive system and its interconnection with the nervous and endocrine systems. Ability to know how to interpret and measure the metabolism and nutrition status.
Prerequisites
Knowledge of human anatomy and biochemistry is useful
Teaching methods
Frontal lessons
Other information
ND
Learning verification modality
Final oral examination to evaluate the logical and exhibition abilities on the topics.
Extended program
Homeostasis, feedbacks and feedforward. Biological membranes and diffusion: transporters and channels. resting Membrane potential and Action Potential. Chemical and electrical synapses. The neurotransmitters. Neuromuscular transmission and excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal muscle. The smooth muscle.

Autonomic nervous system: 1) Orthosympathetic system and catecholaminergic transmission and 2) the parasympathetic system and cholinergic transmission. Physiology of the cardiovascular system: relationship between pressure, flow and resistance, Poiseuille's law. Parameters that determine vascular resistances. Cardiac rhythmicity and conduction of cardiac action potential. Ionic bases of action potentials. Identification of the electrical activation time sequence of the various regions of the heart and of the conduction speed in the different parts of the conduction system: ECG. Control of heart rate and systolic output and the physiology of microcirculation and lymphatic circulation. Mechanisms underlying the exchanges between blood and interstitial fluid.


Physiology of the respiratory system: mechanisms of modification of the lung volume, air movements and pressures that determine it. Laplace's law applied to the alveolus. Compliance concept. Measurement of lung volumes, spirometer. Anatomical dead space. Respiratory minute volume, pulmonary, alveolar and dead space ventilation. Alveolo-capillary gas exchange. Composition and partial pressures in atmospheric, inspired and alveolar air. Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Law of diffusion and factors affecting the diffusion rate. Transport of oxygen in the blood. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, analysis of the curve and its physiological significance. Factors affecting the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. Transport of carbon dioxide.


Physiology of the renal system: the nephron and the characteristics of the glomerular filtration barrier. The renal functions of filtration, reabsorption and secretion. Definition of GFR and inulin clearance, creatinine and glucose clearance. Physiological control of glomerular filtration and renal blood flow. Reabsorption and secretion in the different tracts of the neuphrone. Osmotic control of ADH secretion. Renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone. Defenses against pH variations, buffer systems. Renal control of acid-base balance. Quantification of the acidifying capacity of the kidney: reabsorption of bicarbonate and glucose, elimination of ammonium ion. Chewing and swallowing. The motor functions of the stomach, small intestine and colon. Peristalsis and its neurobiology. Gastrointestinal reflexes, defecation and vomiting. Mechanisms of salivary, esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, biliary secretion and neuro-hormonal regulation. The enterohepatic recirculation. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Fundamental principles of gastrointestinal absorption. Endocrine system physiology: Hormone-mediated intercellular mechanisms. Mechanisms of hormone secretion and its regulation: nervous, chronotropic and feedback control. The hormones secreted by the hypothalamic nuclei: the release factors. Thyroid hormones, Cortisol and ACTH. The control of blood sugar and the role of insulin and glucagon. The reproductive system and gonadotropins. The ovarian cycle.

PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY

Code GP004127
CFU 6
Teacher Francesca Mercati
Learning activities Caratterizzante
Area Discipline biotecnologiche con finalità specifiche:veterinarie
Academic discipline VET/01
Type of study-unit Obbligatorio (Required)

Canale A

CFU
6
Teacher
Gabriele Di Sante
Teachers
  • Gabriele Di Sante
Hours
  • 42 ore - Gabriele Di Sante
Language of instruction
English Version
Contents
The course aims to provide skills in anatomy. In the first phase of the course, the aims of anatomy, anatomical terminology and criteria for the topographical orientation of organs and systems will be examined. These notions are fundamental to acquiring adequate communication skills and using correct scientific language. Following this, the study of the following systems will be addressed: locomotor, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, male and female reproductive, endocrine, and nervous systems.
Reference texts
Recommended:
Drake, Vogl and Mitchell - Anatomy of Gray, The Fundamentals. Edra.

Martini, Timmons, Tallitsh. Human Anatomy. EdiSES

Optional:
AA.VV. Anatomy of Man, EDIERMES.

Cozzi, Ballarin, Peruffo, Carù. Anatomy of laboratory animals - Rodents and lagomorphs. Ambrosiana Publishing House

Anne M. Gilroy, Anatomy in the Pocket EdiSES
Educational objectives
Biotechnology skills - Knowledge and understanding of the structure and biological properties of animal cells and tissues. The course provides the student with the necessary knowledge to recognise and describe the macroscopic, microscopic and topographical appearance of organs and anatomical systems. The student will therefore acquire knowledge of the structural organisation of the systems that make up the human body and of the individual organs within each system. The student will acquire the ability to describe the macroscopic appearance of an organ through the use of appropriate anatomical terminology; he/she will also be able to recognise and describe the microscopic structure of the various organs. The knowledge acquired will provide the basis for understanding the content of subsequent disciplines such as physiology and pathology.

Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
Prerequisites
In order to understand the course content, the student must possess the necessary knowledge of cell structure and organisation and the principles of histology. Therefore, he/she must have successfully passed the General Biology examination with elements of Cytology and Histology.
Teaching methods
The course includes classroom lectures on all topics covered in the syllabus. Lectures are conducted with the aid of Power Point presentations that are made available to students via the Unistudium platform.
Other information
Lessons are held at the teaching centre in Via del Giochetto and at the ADISU facility. Class attendance is optional but strongly recommended. At the request of students, the lecturer is available to organise group or individual meetings for summaries or in-depth study of the programme, both during and outside official office hours, by appointment. Teaching material is available via the Unistudium platform.
Learning verification modality
Students will be assessed by an examination consisting of a succession of:
- Two written in-progress tests will be delivered remotely. Each written test will consist of 33 multiple-choice questions with one correct answer out of the five provided. The questions will cover all the topics covered in the frontal lectures of Anatomy Principles of the first month (first in itinere test) and the second month (second in itinere test). The modulation of the questions will be carried out in such a way as to assess how well the student has been able to understand and apply the knowledge and skills provided by the Course.
The mark given to each test will be expressed in thirtieths. Each correct answer will be given a mark of 1; each unanswered question will be given a mark of zero. The score attained by the sum of the correct answers subtracted from the wrong answers will be given a corresponding score in thirtieths. Only if a pass mark is reached (18/30) will the student have passed the examination. A student who does not achieve a pass mark or who decides not to accept the result will have the opportunity to make up the test in the final oral examination. Scores above 31 in the written test will lead to a mark of 30/30 with honours.
- The final examination will be oral and will cover the last part of the course for the student who has passed the previous two examinations. For the student who has failed one or both of the in itinere examinations or decides to repeat them, the topics of these will be covered in the final oral examination. The final examination will be based on at least three questions relating to the programmes covered in the lectures. In this part of the examination, the grade will be determined on the basis of how the student answers the questions asked (non-answer, wrong answer or superficial answer or in-depth and discussed from several points of view) and on the basis of how he/she demonstrates that:
o having clearly acquired the knowledge and skills provided by the Course according to the objectives specified above;
o being able to cross-organise the knowledge acquired by topics during the course;
o be able to express themselves clearly and using the correct terminology;
o have acquired knowledge not only by referring to material taken from lectures or provided by the lecturer in class (lecture notes, slides or handouts).
Having passed the written in-progress tests will not guarantee a pass in the final examination as it will be possible to be rejected in the oral examination in any case that the lecturer deems appropriate. It will in no way be possible to retain the marks achieved in the in itinere tests of an appeal for subsequent examination sessions, except for exceptions that the teacher deems appropriate.
Specifically, knowledge and comprehension skills will be tested and measured in both written and oral examinations in all the areas listed above as course objectives. In oral examinations only, applied comprehension skills will be verified through measurements of the student's ability to apply the knowledge described above and the comprehension skills indicated. In addition, autonomy of will be measured in the oral examination by testing mastery of the subject matter, the ability to reason and make connections and the acquisition of autonomy in judgement. The oral examination will also be used to assess communication skills in terms of appropriateness of language and understanding of terminology specific to the subject and general to the scientific field of the student's course of study. Finally, in particular during the written examination and partially during the oral examination, the ability to learn will be measured by confronting the student with questions whose resolution involves knowledge, reasoning and judgement skills. The fulfilment of all these aspects will guarantee the student a maximum score.
The mark will be obtained from the average of the two in-progress tests and the final oral examination, will be expressed in thirtieths and an examination with a mark lower than 18/30 will not be passed. The mark of 30 cum laude will be obtained by the student who answers all the questions exhaustively with particular distinction in the level of thoroughness and competence without any oversight or imperfection.
Should the Covid-19 emergency and distancing rules persist, it may be necessary to adopt a form of remote examination also for the second exam using the Microsoft Teams platform.

For information on support services for students with disabilities and/or DSA visit http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa
Extended program
The course aims to provide students with the theoretical-practical tools for learning the structural organisation of the systems that make up the mammalian organism. Necessary premise to the systematic and analytical study of the various systems will be the acquisition of an adequate anatomical terminology that will allow to describe structure, topography and reciprocal relationships of the organs under study. This first part will be followed by a description of the microscopic structure with notes on the macroscopic appearance of the following systems and organs.

Canale B

CFU
6
Teacher
Francesca Mercati
Teachers
  • Francesca Mercati
Hours
  • 42 ore - Francesca Mercati
Language of instruction
Italian
Contents
The course aims to provide expertise on the anatomy. In the first phase the anatomy purposes, the anatomical terminology and criteria for topographic orientation of organs and systems will be examined; these topics are necessary to acquire communication skills and to use a correct scientific language. Following, the study of the following systems will be dealt with: locomotor, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, male and female reproductive, endocrine, nervous.
Reference texts
Martini, Timmons, Tallitsh. Anatomia umana. EdiSES
AA.VV. Anatomia dell'uomo, EDIERMES. 
Cozzi, Ballarin, Peruffo, Carù. Anatomia degli animali da laboratorio - Roditori e lagomorfi. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana.
Educational objectives
Biotechnology skills - Knowledge and understanding of the structure and biological properties of cells and animal and plant tissues. Ability to recognize and describe the morphology of the systems and organs that form the body of a mammal. The main skills that students will acquire are: kwonledge of the structural organization of systems and organs of the body; ability to use and appropriate anatomical nomenclature; ability to identify an organ and describe its macroscopic appearance; ability to describe the microscopic structure of an organ. The knowledge gained will provide the basis for understanding subsequent courses such as physiology and pathology.
Prerequisites
In order to understand the contents of the course, the student must have the knowledge on the structure and organization of cells and tissues. Therefore, he must have successfully passed the exam of General Biology with elements of Cytology and Histology.
Teaching methods
The course is organized as follows:- Lectures on all subjects of the course; Lectures will be carried out through Power Point slides that are available to the students through Unistudium platform.
Other information
Lessons are held at Teaching center (Polo didattico) in Via del Giochetto, Perugia.Attendance is optional but strongly recommended.The professor is available to organize summaries or insights for the students, both during and outside official reception by appointment.Lessons are available online through the Unistudium.
Learning verification modality
The exam, carried out as an oral test, consists of an in-depth description of the topics covered during the course and lasts about 30 minutes. Three questions are proposed relating to different systems and organs. Furthermore, schematic drawings and photographs of different anatomical structures that the student will have to recognize and describe may be shown during the interview. The purpose of the oral exam is to evaluate the knowledge of the subject relating above all to the microscopic aspect; the ability to reason and link different topics; the appropriateness and effectiveness of oral communication of the skills acquired through the use of correct scientific language and adequate anatomical terminology. The judgment will be defined based on how the student will answer the questions asked (no answer, wrong answer or superficial answer or in-depth and discussed from several points of view) and based on how he demonstrates:
o have clearly acquired the knowledge and skills provided by the Course according to the objectives specified above;
o be able to organize in a transversal way the knowledge acquired by topics during the course;
o know how to express oneself clearly and using the correct terminology;
The teachers of the Examination Commission will agree on the final evaluation.

During the lessons, two tests are proposed for the student's self-assessment. The ongoing tests are written and held on the Libreeol platform; they consist of 30 questions, some of which have a single answer (several answers, one of which is correct), others have a text (short open answer) and some images to be recognized and described. The score given for each test will be expressed out of thirty. A score of 1 will be assigned to each correct answer; a score equal to zero is assigned to each wrong or not given answer. The ongoing test is passed with a minimum score of 18/30. The student who has not reached the sufficiency or who decides not to accept the result achieved will have the opportunity to retrieve the test during the final exam. The modulation of the proposed questions will be carried out in such a way as to allow for evaluating how well the student was able to understand and apply the knowledge and skills provided by the Course.

For information on support services for students with disabilities and SLD, visit the page http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa.
Extended program
The course aims to provide students with the theoretical and practical tools for learning the structural organization of the organs that make up the body of some mammals. Necessary introduction to their systematic and analytical study will be the acquisition of an adequate terminology. This first part will be followed by the description of the microscopic structure and macroscopic appearance of the following systems and organs. Locomotor apparatus: elements of osteology, arthrology and miology; Cardiovascular system: heart and great vessels. Lymphatic system, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus. Respiratory system: nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. Digestive system: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, exocrine pancreas. Urinary system: kidney and urinary tract. Male and female reproductive system: gonads and genital tract. Endocrine system: pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal gland. General information on the macroscopic organization of the  central and peripheral nervous system: spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, telencephalon
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