Unit PHYSIOLOGY
- Course
- School of dental medicine
- Study-unit Code
- 50130509
- Curriculum
- In all curricula
- Teacher
- Alessandro Tozzi
- Teachers
-
- Alessandro Tozzi
- Hours
- 54 ore - Alessandro Tozzi
- CFU
- 9
- Course Regulation
- Coorte 2017
- Offered
- 2018/19
- Type of study-unit
- Obbligatorio (Required)
- Type of learning activities
- Attività formativa monodisciplinare
- Language of instruction
- Italian
- Reference texts
- Gayton
- Educational objectives
- Knowledge of the physiology of the organs and of the masticatory apparatus.
- Prerequisites
- In order to understand the contents of the course of Human Physiology and to achieve the expected learning objectives, the student must possess the fundamental knowledge deriving from previous subjects and in particular: Human Anatomy (in particular the somatognathic system), Physics, Biochemistry.
- Teaching methods
- Frontal lessons.
- Learning verification modality
- The level of learning achieved will be evaluated with an oral final exam consisting of an oral test aimed at ascertaining the level of knowledge reached on the theoretical contents indicated in the program related to the Physiology of the nervous system, organ and stomatognathic system. In each test the student will be asked three questions. The test is considered to be over if the student satisfactorily answers each question. The oral examination will also allow to verify the student's communication skills with the language and organization of the exposure on the topics under discussion and his reasoning ability. Written tests are carried out in itinere, whose meaning is to urge the student to study and orient the final evaluation.
The final grade will result from the average of the marks obtained in the 3 questions. - Extended program
- Cardio-circulatory system
Principles of hemodynamics. Physical factors that regulate blood flow in the circulatory system. Relationship between pressure, flow and resistance, the Hagen-Poiseuille law. Laminar motion and turbulent motion. Parameters that determine vascular resistance. Viscosity and hematocrit. Vasal compliance. Factors that determine the blood pressure and the creation of the pressure difference in the circulatory system. The meaning of the hydrostatic pressure in the circulatory system and its effects in orthostatic position. The relationship between flow and velocity of blood flow in the circulatory bed.
Excitability and cardiac automatism. Mechanisms underlying automatism and conduction of cardiac action potential. Ionic bases of action potentials. Mechanisms of atrio-ventricular delay. Identification of the electrical activation timing sequence of the various heart regions and of the conduction velocity in the different parts of the conduction system. Electrocardiogram. Physiological bases of the ECG, relationship between electrical events of cardiac excitation and ECG waves. Description of the different components of the electrocardiographic trace
Electrocardiographic derivations. Interpretation for diagnostic purposes of the ECG. The middle ventricular electrical axis.
The cardiac cycle. Cardiac mechanics: cardiac output. Electro-mechanical coupling in the heart fiber. Factors that determine the contractile force of the heart. Isometric and isotonic contraction and the length-tension relationship in cardiac fiber. The meaning of the Laplace law applied to the heart. Cardiac cycle: cardiac, arterial and venous pressure changes. Valve play. Cardiac work, oxygen consumption and yield. Measurement methods of cardiac output. Physiology of heart valves, cardiac tones. Genesis mechanisms of cardiac tones. The modalities of auscultation and evaluation of cardiac tones.
Mechanisms of regulation of cardiac activity. Mechanisms that allow the modification of cardiac output. Control of heart rate and stroke volume. The homeometric and heterometric control. Evaluation methods of cardiac contractility.
Physiology of the arterial system. Arterial compliance. Factors that determine the average arterial pressure. Pulse arterial pressure. Sphygmic wave and changes in the arterial pulse and flow velocity along the arterial tree. Measurement of arterial pressure. Flow meter, use of doppler flowmeters. Physiology of the microcirculation and lymphatic circulation. Functional properties of systemic capillaries. Mechanisms at the base of the exchanges between blood and interstitial liquid. Role of the lymphatic system in the control of the concentration of proteins, volume and pressure of the interstitial liquid. Lymphatic flow. Factors determining interstitial edema.
Blood flow control
Metabolic, humoral and nervous mechanisms that allow the regulation of blood flow in the various circulatory districts. Mechanisms of regulation of arterial pressure.
Mechanisms for regulating blood pressure in the short, medium and long term.
Reflex, baroceptive and chemoceptive mechanisms. The renin-angiotensin system.
The body's kidney-fluid system. Physiology of the venous system.
Pressure difference at the base of venous return (mean filling pressure and atrial pressure). Phlebogram.
Combined assessment of cardiac function curves and venous return.
Auxiliary factors influencing venous return and cardiac output and compensation mechanisms.
Physiology of district blood circles.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiratory Mechanics: Mechanisms of lung volume modification, air movements and pressure that determine it. Thoraco-pulmonary coupling. Intrapleural pressure. Elastic retraction of the lung and thorax. Surface tension and surfactant. Laplace law applied to the alveolus. Alveolar interdependence. Changes in intrapleural, intrapulmonary, flow and respiratory volume during the respiratory cycle.
The volume-pressure relationship under static conditions, release curves and compliance concept. Compliance changes in some restrictive pathologies.
Resistance of the airways and neurohumoral regulation. Dynamic airway compression. Dynamic compliance and volume pressure diagram during the respiratory cycle, contribution of elastic and viscous resistances.
Respiratory work. Modifications in the case of restrictive or obstructive pathologies. Lung volumes and capacities and their determination. Breakdown of lung volumes. Measurement of lung volumes, spirometers and spirometry, Techniques for measuring residual functional capacity, residual volume and total lung capacity. Anatomical and physiological dead space and measurement. Minute volume of respiratory, pulmonary, alveolar and dead space ventilation. Forced vital capacity, determination of maximum expired volume per second and restrictive and obstructive changes. Effect of gravity on alveolar ventilation.
Pulmonary circulation. Pulmonary hemodynamics. Flow, pressure and resistance. Passive and active regulation of pulmonary blood flow. Blood flow distribution and effects of gravity. The areas of West. Water balance in the lung, role of lymphatics, factors that determine pulmonary edema. Measurement of anatomical and physiological shunts.
Gaseous alveolar-capillary exchange: Composition and partial pressures in atmospheric, inspired and alveolar air. Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Law of diffusion and factors influencing the speed of diffusion. Gaseous transfer with diffusion and limited perfusion, Measurement of pulmonary diffusion capacity. Ventilation-perfusion relationship and its regional distribution. Gaseous exchanges and partial pressures with normal and altered perfusion ventilation ratio. Compensation of ventilation-perfusion imbalances. Transportation of respiratory gases in the blood: Oxygen transport. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, curve analysis and its physiological significance. Factors that influence the dissociation curve of oxyhemoglobin. Bohr effect and its physiological meaning. Transport of carbon dioxide. Dissociation curve of carbon dioxide. Haldane effect and its physiological meaning.
Cellular metabolism and oxygen requirements, Respiratory quotient, O2 supply to tissues and oxygen utilization in different organs. Effects of ischemia, arterial hypoxia and anemia on the contribution of O2 to tissues.
Breath neurogenesis: Organization and functioning of respiratory centers, bulbar respiratory center, apneustic and pneumotaxic. Bases of ritmogenesis. Mechanisms of chemical and other regulation of respiratory activity. Control of ventilation by central and peripheral chemoreceptors. High altitude respiratory effects. Role of pulmonary, bronchial and chest wall receptors in regulating respiratory activity and redistributing blood flow and ventilation. Abnormal breathing rhythms and in sleep.
Mechanisms that allow respiratory adaptations during exercise. URINARY SYSTEM
Renal functions of filtration, reabsorption and secretion. Renal clearance. The mechanisms of urine formation: glomerular filtration. Composition of the glomerular ultrafiltrate, Characteristics of the glomerular filtration barrier. Factors that determine ultrafiltration. Definition of VFG and inulin clearance, creatinine clearance. Factors that determine renal blood flow, PAI clearance and renal plasma flow, filtration fraction. Physiological control of glomerular filtration and renal blood flow. Self-regulation of VFG and renal blood flow. Glomerulus-tubular balance.
The mechanisms of urine formation: tubular reabsorption and secretion: Measurement of resorption and tubular secretion based on renal clearance, filtered load, excreted load and reabsorbed or secreted load. Active and passive mechanisms, maximum transport concept. Reabsorption and secretion in the different sections of the nephron. Regulation of tubular reabsorption. Fate of the most important components of the plasma in the passage through the kidney: Glucose: glucose reabsorption, glucose renal threshold, glucose titration curve, glycosuria. Balance of urea, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium.
Contribution of kidney to water-salt balance: Body fluids and renal function, intake and excretion of fluids. Determination of the volumes of body water compartments. Introduction of iso, ipo or hyperosmolar liquids. The transport of water and solutes along the nephron. Renal mechanisms for dilution and concentration of urine: the countercurrent multiplication mechanism. Quantification of renal capacity to dilute and concentrate urine: free water clearance and osmolar clearance. Actions of ADH on the kidney. Osmotic and hemodynamic control of ADH secretion. Mechanism of thirst. Control of extracellular fluid volume and regulation of renal excretion of NaCl. Signals controlling renal excretion of water and NaCl: renal sympathetic nerves, renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide.
Control of sodium excretion under normal VCE conditions under conditions of expansion and volume reduction.
Acid-base equilibrium and its regulation: Defenses against pH variations, buffer systems. The Henderson-Hasselbach equation. Titration curve of the bicarbonate buffer system. Respiratory regulation of acid-base balance. Renal control of acid-base balance. Quantification of the acidifying capacity of the kidney: bicarbonate reabsorption, elimination of titratable acidity, ammonium ion elimination. Determination of respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis and compensation mechanisms.
Urination: Bladder filling and bladder tone. The reflection of urination. Control by the higher centers.
Factors influencing and mechanisms that regulate the flow in the coronary, cutaneous, muscular and cerebral circulation. Nervous system: proprioceptivity, tactile, pain and thermal receptors, vestibular, acoustic, visual apparatus: threshold, transfer characteristics, discrimination, descending control. Surface and deep reflections, posture, voluntary movement, cortex, cerebellum, nuclei of the base diffuse projection networks, EEG, Evoked Potentials, Sleep, Consciousness, Language, Lateralization, Memory, Attention, Emotions
Masticatory system: sensitivity, motility, postural central controls of the jaw and chewing movement
Hormonal and digestive system in synthesis.
PHYSIOLOGY
| Code | 50130509 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 4 |
| Teacher | Alessandro Tozzi |
| Learning activities | Base |
| Area | Morfologia umana, funzioni biologiche integrate degli organi ed apparati umani |
| Academic discipline | BIO/09 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
PHYSIOLOGY
| Code | 50130509 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 5 |
| Teacher | Alessandro Tozzi |
| Learning activities | Base |
| Area | Morfologia umana, funzioni biologiche integrate degli organi ed apparati umani |
| Academic discipline | BIO/09 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |