Unit GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2

GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - MOD. 4

Code	GP005621
Location	PERUGIA
CFU	3
Teacher	Andrea Bartoli
Teachers	Andrea Bartoli
Hours	36 ore - Andrea Bartoli
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Formazione clinica interdisciplinare e medicina basata sulle evidenze
Academic discipline	MED/04
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Essential elements regarding: - Changes in body temperature - Pathophysiology of heart and circulation - Pathophysiology of blood -Pathophysiologyof the liver - Pathophysiology of the respiratory system - Pathophysiology of the kidney - Pathophysiology of fluid and electrolyte balance and acid-base - Pathophysiology of the endocrine system
Reference texts	Robbins & Cotran LE BASI PATOLOGICHE DELLE MALATTIE 8ø EDIZIONE. Elsevier Italia. Pontieri. Patologia e Fisiopatologia Generale. UTET
Educational objectives	The goal of this module is to ensure that the student, through the scientific skills obtained, can understand the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying human diseases The main knowledge gained in this form will be: • Essentials of pathophysiology of thermoregulation • Essentials of pathophysiology of heart • Essentials of pathophysiology of circulation • Essentials of pathophysiology of blood • Essentials of pathophysiology of liver • Essentials of pathophysiology of the respiratory system • Essentials of pathophysiology of the kidney • Essentials of pathophysiology of fluid and electrolyte and acid-base balance •Essentials ofthe endocrine system The main skill expectations will be to acquire the basic knowledge on the pathophysiology of organs and systems to provide adequate instruments for a correct clinical approach to diseases and to evaluate and use the information from the main biomedical diagnostic techniques.
Prerequisites	The acquisitionof of an in deep knowledge of main topics in the course of General Pathology, requires relevant knowledge on Biology and Genetics, Biochemistry and Physiology. The skill so btained in these disciplines are essential so that students can understand the concepts of etiopathology of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Pathophysiology of organs. The student so well prepared in teaching the course will draw a considerable profit.
Teaching methods	Lectures with discussion of the topics of the module. Discussions on current literature.
Learning verification modality	The student evaluation consists of an oral exam at the end of the course lessons. The assessment of the preparation of the student lasts an average of thirty minutes depending on the degree of knowledge of the topics covered and the presentation skills of the student. The test consists of three questions regarding the discipline studied related to: molecular and cellular pathology of the intrinsic and extrinsic causes of disease; cellular pathology and molecular oncology and inflammation; general pathophysiology of organs. The questions are administered by different teachers to ensure maximum consistency and objectivity of evaluation. The oral examination is essential for the assessment of the knowledge acquired by the students, exhibition of his skills and mastery of the subject studied with particular referenceto the ability to link between different topics.
Extended program	Fever: thermoregulation and alterations. Causes of fever. Hypothermia and hyperthermia. Morphology of the thermal curve. Organic changes in the metabolism during the fever. Pathophysiology of heart: an outline of congenital and acquired defects. Endocarditis and valvular disease. Cardiomyopathy. Ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction. Congestive heart failure. Pathophysiology of the circle: High blood pressure. Hypotension, syncope and collapse. Shock: etiology and mechanisms of compensation. Vasculitis. Atheromatous process. Risk factors for atherosclerosis. Aneurysms. Blood disorders: disorders of the blood and blood cells. Hemoglobinopathies. Anemias. White blood cells and leukocytosis. Platelets and the process of hemostasis and coagulation. Bleeding. Thrombotic and embolic processes. CID Liver functions in relation to the significance in hepatic impairment. Cirrhosis of the liver and liver failure. Hepatic impairment: pathophysiology of metabolic disorders, neurological, cardiovascular, renal, endocrine. Portal hypertension and ascites: pathophysiological mechanisms and consequences. Jaundice: pathophysiological mechanisms Pathophysiology of the respiratory system: changes ingas exchange and pulmonary perfusion. Hypoxia, cyanosis. Bronchial asthma. Obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, atelectasis, pneumothorax. Acute and chronic pulmonary edema. Pathogenesis of respiratory failure. Pathophysiology of renal damage: loss of nephrons. Acute renal failure: pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Metabolic acidosis. Chronic kidney disease: pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Nephritic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome: pathophysiology Alteration of electrolyte balanceand acid-base: dehydration-hydration. Respiratory regulation and renal acid-base balance. Alkalosis and acidosis. Pathophysiology of the endocrine system: hypopituitarism and hyperpituitarism. Thyroid: hypo- andhyper-thyroidism, goiter, thyroiditis. Endocrine pancreas: etiopathogenetic aspects of diabetes mellitus. Adrenal cortical insufficiency and ipersurrenalism. Adrenal medulla: pheochromocytoma.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - MOD. 5

Code	GP005622
Location	PERUGIA
CFU	2
Teacher	Giuseppe Servillo
Teachers	Giuseppe Servillo
Hours	24 ore - Giuseppe Servillo
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Formazione clinica interdisciplinare e medicina basata sulle evidenze
Academic discipline	MED/04
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Molecular basis of cellular transformation and oncogenesis.
Reference texts	-PONTIERI FRATI, RUSSO: - Due Volumi- Patologia Generale. Fisiopatologia Generale Ed. PICCIN -DIANZANI : Istituzioni di Patologia Generale Ed. UTET
Educational objectives	The module 5 of General Pathology is part of the teaching of General Pathology, the Degree in Medicine and Surgery, who studies the causes (etiology) and pathological phenomena at the molecular and cellular disease than the biology and physiology of cell. The course intends to acquire knowledge about the basic mechanisms underlying the most common diseases in humans and the cell response to changes in the external environment. The main objective of the course is to acquire knowledge about: • Chemical, Physical and Biological Carcinogenesis • Molecular Basis of Neoplastic Cell • Molecular and Cellular processes of tumor Invasiveness, Angiogenesis and Metastasis The oral examination and optional seminars are tools to assess the degree of learning and the ability to communicate and explain, in a simple, yet rigorous, immediate and thorough knowledge gained. The skills acquired in the study of this discipline allows the student to achieve a broad overview of the relationship between the human genome, the environment and the development of diseases and allows to obtain the means to have a clear picture of the causes of pathologies and their specific mechanism of occurrence and development and general pathophysiology of the most common diseases in order to propose behaviors and appropriate treatment as a future Medical Doctor.
Prerequisites	The acquisition of the deep knowledge of main topics in the course of General Pathology, requires relevant knowledge on Biology and Genetics, Biochemistry and Physiology. The skill so btained in these disciplines are essential so that students can understand the concepts of etiopathology of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Pathophysiology of organs. The student so well prepared in teaching the course will draw a considerable profit.
Teaching methods	To the students are given lectures. Lessons Module 5 make the part of the program of the course of study of General Pathology regarding pathogenetic basis of Diseases for Oncology, with greater reference to Molecular Causes of Diseases for Oncology, the future doctor will face in the course of his profession. Each lesson has a duration of two hours that is given to the specific topic, relating it to others already exposed, to allow the student to have a broad vision of the topics covered. Students are proposed to conduct, at its option, seminars about the arguments in class. The seminars were held in groups of two or three people. The seminars were held in groups of two or three students in the presence of the other students in the course. To this end, the teacher provides students with bibliographical material in English concerning the subject, the subject of the seminar will be presented using computer media (Power-Point and / or similar).
Learning verification modality	The student evaluation consists of an oral exam at the end of the course lessons. The assessment of the preparation of the student lasts an average of thirty minutes depending on the degree of knowledge of the topics covered and the presentation skills of the student. The test consists of three questions regarding the discipline studied related to: molecular and cellular pathology of the intrinsic and extrinsic causes of disease; cellular pathology and molecular oncology and inflammation; general pathophysiology of organs. The questions are administered by different teachers to ensure maximum consistency and objectivity of evaluation. The oral examination is essential for the assessment of the knowledge acquired by the students, exhibition of his skills and mastery of the subject studied with particular referenceto the ability to link between different topics.
Extended program	Molecular Oncology -Classification of the tumors. Characteristics of normal and transformed cell. Metaplasia, Dysplasia, Anaplasia. Benignant and Malignant tumors. Histological classification and morphological features of human tumors. -In situ carcinoma. -Carcinogenesis. Epidemiology of tumor. Carcinogenesis: chemical, physical (U.V. and ionizing radiations), viral, environmental. -Co-carcinogenesis, mechanism of transformation. -Molecular basis of the transformed cell. Pathogenetic mechanisms. Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes. Control of DNA replication. Mutations. Hereditary tumor diseases. Karyotype and chromosomal alteration in tumor. -Role of the apoptosis control in the tumor growth.. -Molecular pathology in DNA repair. Mismatch repair. Lynch syndrome and hereditary colon-recto carcinoma. Excision repair. Xeroderma Pigmetosum and Ataxia-telangiectasia. -Angiogenesis in cancer. -Concept of invasive cancer. Metastasis and stage of the cancer. Molecular mechanisms of the metastasis. Metastasis routes.

GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - MOD. 6

Code	GP005623
Location	PERUGIA
CFU	2
Teacher	Luigina Romani
Teachers	Luigina Romani
Hours	24 ore - Luigina Romani
Learning activities	Caratterizzante
Area	Formazione clinica interdisciplinare e medicina basata sulle evidenze
Academic discipline	MED/04
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	The essential elements of the course are: The inflammation Alteration of the immune system.
Reference texts	G.M. Pontieri, M.A. Russo, L. Frati - Patologia Generale - Ed. Piccin Robbins e Cotran - Le basi patologiche delle malattie - Ed. Elsevier E. Rubin - Patologia. Fondamenti clinico patologici in medicina - Ed. Ambrosiana
Educational objectives	At the end of the course students are expected to have obtained sufficient basic knowledge on molecular aspects of inflammation and oncogenesis, as well as on elements of the pathophysiology of organs and systems, with the intent to provide clinical perspectives.
Teaching methods	Frontal lessons
Learning verification modality	Oral exam
Extended program	The inflammation - General characters. Definition of inflammation. Distinguishing acute vs chronic inflammation. - Acute exudative inflammation (Angiophlogosis). The phases. The plasma and tissue mediators. The exudation: the different types of exudate. The acute phase proteins. The cells of acute inflammation. Diapedesis, chemotaxis and phagocytosis. The different types of acute inflammation: serous, sero-fibrinous, fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, hemorrhagic, necrotic and allergic. - Chronic Inflammation (Istoflogosi). The cells of chronic inflammation. - Chronic inflammation: interstitial and granulomatous. Structure of granuloma: tuberculoma, chancre, rheumatic nodule, leproma, granuloma of viral origin, foreign body granuloma. - Outcome of inflammatory process. The repair processes and the granulation tissue. Alteration of the immune system - Pathology of the monocyte-macrophage system. - Type I, II, III and IV Hypersensitivity - Diseases and major histocompatibility system. - Immunodeficiencies. Autoimmune diseases. - Transplants and the mechanism of acute and chronic rejection. - Intestinal microbiota and inflammation - New anti-inflammatory drugs - Drugs and biological therapy