Unit PHYSIOLOGY AND APPLIED BIOLOGY
- Course
- Midwifery
- Study-unit Code
- A001049
- Curriculum
- In all curricula
- CFU
- 4
- Course Regulation
- Coorte 2022
- Offered
- 2022/23
- Type of study-unit
- Type of learning activities
- Attività formativa integrata
APPLIED BIOLOGY
| Code | GP003725 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 2 |
| Teacher | Cinzia Antognelli |
| Teachers |
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| Hours |
|
| Learning activities | Base |
| Area | Scienze biomediche |
| Academic discipline | BIO/13 |
| Type of study-unit | |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Flow of genetic information within a biological system and its regulation. Cell cycle and its control. Mutations: types and causes. Reproduction of multicellular living organisms: meiosis and gametogenesis. Basic concepts of formal genetics. Basic concepts of medical genetics. Blood types. |
| Reference texts | R. Roberti, G. Alunni Bistocchi, C. Antognelli, VN Talesa - Biochimica e Biologia per le professioni sanitarie – McGrawHill P. Bonaldo, S. Suga, R. Pierantoni, P. Riva, M.G, Romanelli- Biologia e Genetica – EdiSES |
| Educational objectives | The aim of the course is the integrated study of the cell and living organisms, with emphasis on the mechanisms involved in: organelles biogenesis and cellular structures, cell-cell interactions, cell-extracellular matrix interactions, DNA duplication, transmission of the genetic information, gene expression, cell proliferation, general and human genetics. The ability to learn, relate and integrate one concept to another will be considered fundamental issues in order to facilitate the understanding of the disciplines provided in the subsequent years of the Degree Course. |
| Prerequisites | Basic elements of chemistry |
| Teaching methods | Face-to-face |
| Other information | Site of the teacher: Nuova sede dei Dipartimenti di Medicina - Edificio B, 4° piano - P.le L. Severi 1 - Sant'Andrea delle Fratte - Perugia Tel:0755858354 cinzia.antognelli@unipg.it |
| Learning verification modality | Written and oral examination |
| Extended program | Property and organization of living beings. Cell theory and theory on the evolution of the species. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes: common characteristics and differences. The size of the cell and the surface / volume ratio. Compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells. Biological membranes: structures and functions. The cytoskeleton. Nucleus and nucleolus. The nuclear envelope and the pore complex. Organization of chromatin in eucromatin and heterochromatin; the chromosomes. DNA strand structure and properties; Organization and function of histones. The smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum; The Golgi Apparatus, ribosomes and lysosomes; typology of cell digestion: heterophagia, autophagy, extracellular digestion. Protein sorting mechanisms, vesicular transport. The Peroxisomes. Lysosomal and peroxisomal diseases. Mitochondria: structure, characteristics and functions. Mitochondrial DNA, matrilineal inheritance. Clinical manifestations from mitochondrial changes. DNA duplication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; DNA mutations and repair. Genome expression: transcription and DNA translation. Maturation of the pre-mRNA. The various ANNs. Cell cycle: interphase and mitosis. the control system. Meiosis. Crossing over and independent segregation of chromosomes. The basis of genetic variability. Gametogenesis: oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Differences and stages in the production of male and female gametes. Mistakes in meiosis and clinical correlations; aneuploidies: trisomy of 21,18,13, trisomy xxx, Turner syndrome, S. of Jacobs, S. Klinefelter. Inactivation of the X chromosome. Fertilization: capacitation, oocyte-spermatozoon interaction modality; polispermia. The karyotype. Invasive and non-invasive prenatal diagnosis: fetal cells and free fetal DNA in maternal blood. Gene and Epigenetics regulation. Apoptosis. |
PHYSIOLOGY
| Code | GP003732 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 2 |
| Teacher | Bernard Fioretti |
| Teachers |
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| Hours |
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| Learning activities | Base |
| Area | Scienze biomediche |
| Academic discipline | BIO/09 |
| Type of study-unit | |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | - Neurophysiology: resting potential, action potential, graded potentials, synaptic transmission, ion channels, action potential conduction, neuromuscular synapse and muscle contraction. Sensory physiology. - Cardiovascular system: hemodynamics, vessel resistance, cardiac physiology, electrical activity of the heart, cardiac mechanics, cardiac cycle, cardiac output, blood pressure and regulation. - Physiology of the gastrointestinal system, digestion and absorption, secretions of the digestive system. - Respiratory system: respiratory mechanics, alveolar exchanges, gas transport, regulation of respiration, acid-base balance. - Urinary system: functions of the renal system, glomerular filtration, reabsorption, secretion, renal clearance, hydroelectrolytic balance, acid-base balance. -Reproductive physiology: folliculgenesis and spermatogenesis: the ovarian cycle and sex hormones |
| Reference texts | Fisiologia Umana – Elementi –editore Edi-ermes Fisiologia - molecole, cellule e sistemi - editore Edi-ermes - a cura di D'Angelo e Peres |
| Educational objectives | Knowledge of the integrated functioning of the various physiological systems aimed at maintaining homeostasis. |
| Prerequisites | For a better understanding of the content and for the achievement of the objectives of the teaching it is desirable that at the beginning of the lessons the student already possesses the basic knowledge of biochemistry |
| Teaching methods | The course is organized as follows: Lectures on all subjects of the course. Projection of movies concerning some topics that will complement the lectures. |
| Other information | |
| Learning verification modality | The exam consists in a final oral examination to evaluate the logical and exhibition abilities on the topics. |
| Extended program | Homeostasis, feedbacks and feedforward. Biological membranes and diffusion: transporters and channels. resting Membrane potential and Action Potential. Chemical and electrical synapses. The neurotransmitters. Neuromuscular transmission and excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal muscle. The smooth muscle. Autonomic nervous system: 1) Orthosympathetic system and catecholaminergic transmission and 2) the parasympathetic system and cholinergic transmission. Physiology of the cardiovascular system: relationship between pressure, flow and resistance, Poiseuille's law. Parameters that determine vascular resistances. Cardiac rhythmicity and conduction of cardiac action potential. Ionic bases of action potentials. Identification of the electrical activation time sequence of the various regions of the heart and of the conduction speed in the different parts of the conduction system: ECG. Control of heart rate and systolic output and the physiology of microcirculation and lymphatic circulation. Mechanisms underlying the exchanges between blood and interstitial fluid. Physiology of the respiratory system: mechanisms of modification of the lung volume, air movements and pressures that determine it. Laplace's law applied to the alveolus. Compliance concept. Measurement of lung volumes, spirometer. Anatomical dead space. Respiratory minute volume, pulmonary, alveolar and dead space ventilation. Alveolo-capillary gas exchange. Composition and partial pressures in atmospheric, inspired and alveolar air. Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Law of diffusion and factors affecting the diffusion rate. Transport of oxygen in the blood. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, analysis of the curve and its physiological significance. Factors affecting the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. Transport of carbon dioxide. Physiology of the renal system: the nephron and the characteristics of the glomerular filtration barrier. The renal functions of filtration, reabsorption and secretion. Definition of GFR and inulin clearance, creatinine and glucose clearance. Physiological control of glomerular filtration and renal blood flow. Reabsorption and secretion in the different tracts of the neuphrone. Osmotic control of ADH secretion. Renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone. Defenses against pH variations, buffer systems. Renal control of acid-base balance. Quantification of the acidifying capacity of the kidney: reabsorption of bicarbonate and glucose, elimination of ammonium ion. Chewing and swallowing. The motor functions of the stomach, small intestine and colon. Peristalsis and its neurobiology. Gastrointestinal reflexes, defecation and vomiting. Mechanisms of salivary, esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, biliary secretion and neuro-hormonal regulation. The enterohepatic recirculation. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Fundamental principles of gastrointestinal absorption. Endocrine system physiology: Hormone-mediated intercellular mechanisms. Mechanisms of hormone secretion and its regulation: nervous, chronotropic and feedback control. |