Unit CROPS PROTECTION I AND II
- Course
- Food science and technology
- Study-unit Code
- A002054
- Curriculum
- Viticoltura e enologia
- Teacher
- Chiaraluce Moretti
- CFU
- 12
- Course Regulation
- Coorte 2021
- Offered
- 2022/23
- Type of study-unit
- Obbligatorio (Required)
- Type of learning activities
- Attività formativa integrata
ENTOMOLOGY
| Code | A002056 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 6 |
| Teacher | Gianandrea Salerno |
| Teachers |
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| Hours |
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| Learning activities | Caratterizzante |
| Area | Discipline della sicurezza e della valutazione degli alimenti |
| Academic discipline | AGR/11 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | The aim of the course is the knowledge of the characteristics of insects, pest control techniques with particular attention to biological control and IPM. The identification, biology, ecology, damage and management of the main pests of grapevine will be studied in detail. |
| Reference texts | 1. Slides provided to the students as PDF files 2. Colazza S, Peri E, Lo Bue P – Lineamenti di entomologia in agricoltura biologica – Palermo University Press 3. LUCCHI A. 2017. Note di Entomologia viticola. 3a edizione, Pisa University Press srl, PISA 4. Gullan, Cranston - LINEAMENTI DI ENTOMOLOGIA - Zanichelli editore. |
| Educational objectives | Knowledge 1. Basic knowledge of general and applied entomology 2. General morphological and bio-ethological features of insects 3. Morphology, bio-ethology and peculiar traits of arthropods harmful to grapevine 4. Features of grapevine agroecosystems 5. Damages caused by arthropods to grapevine 6. Monitoring and collecting techniques of phytophagous arthropods 7. Control methods of phytophagous arthropods 8. Morphological and bio-ethological features of the natural enemies of phytophagous arthropods 9. Outlines of the active ingredients and commercial insecticides used against phytophagous arthropods 10 Environmental and toxicological problems in pest control Skills 1. Distinguish the main order of insects 2. To recognize the most important arthropods harmful to grapevine 3. Damage evaluation 4. Evaluation of the insects associated with grapevine 5. To make a choice between different control methods to be applied to grapevine 6. Design and application of IPM methods, and their implementation to grapevine 7. Observation and insect dissection under a stereomicroscope Behaviours 1. To be focused on the environmental concerns and risks for consumer 2. Conscious of the role of the different ecological components in the context of grapevine agroecosystem |
| Prerequisites | In order to better understand the different aspects of insect morphology and physiology and the characteristics of the insect - plant interactions, the student must have passed the “Fondamenti di Biologia” Exam. |
| Teaching methods | The lectures will cover the different topics listed in detail in the program. They will take part in the classroom with the support of slides projected during lessons, teaching material distributed by the teacher and / or published on the Unistudium platform, Videos, Suggested textbooks. Practical will be carried out in the laboratory and will be aimed at providing a practical knowledge of the structure of organisms studied during the frontal lessons. Samples will be dissected to evaluate the differences in the organization of the mouthparts, legs, antennae, wings and abdominal appendages. The main anatomical features of insects will also be subject of observation. Observations will be also carried out by examining photographic material and specimens prepared and / or collected in the field and then observed using a stereomicroscope. This will enable the classification and determination of taxonomic groups of interest. |
| Other information | Attending the lectures is optional but strongly advised. The field collection of insect specimens of the most important Orders are strongly advised to improve the ability in the insect classification. |
| Learning verification modality | The exam is an oral test consisting of an interview lasting about 20 to 30 minutes to ascertain the student's level of knowledge and understanding capability acquired on the different contents indicated in the program. During the oral examination the student's communication skills will be also evaluated. The first part of the test will consist in verifying the capacity acquired in the classification of the main insect orders. |
| Extended program | The main objective of the course is to provide basic and applied knowledge on the morphology, anatomy, physiology and bio-ethology of the most important species of insects harmful to plants. The student will acquire information dealing with control strategies, with particular emphasis towards those of low environmental impact. The course aims to provide adequate knowledge in order to manage the pests of grapevine plants, through an integrated approach affecting all the different components of the grapevine agroecosystem. The different approaches have to be integrated in order to optimize the response of this peculiar agroecosystem when attacked by potentially harmful organisms. Particular attention will be paid to the study of the most important species of insects affecting grapevine, their natural enemies, monitoring, damage assessment and control methods. In particular the course includes the following topics: Insects general features: integumentary system; external morphology; anatomy and physiology; feeding habitus; reproduction and development; outlines of systematics; behaviour; population dynamics; biotic and non biotic regulating factors; relationship with man and other organisms. Damage; economic thresholds; monitoring and sampling techniques. Control tools of harmful species: biological, microbiological, mechanical, agronomical, physical, chemicals. Insecticides: outlines on the active ingredients and commercially available products. Control strategies: biological and integrated pest management. List of the most important arthropod species that can affect grapevine: Frankliniella occidentalis, Drepanothrips reuteri, Empoasca vitis, Jacobiasca lybica, Zygina rhamni, Scaphoideus titanus, Hyalesthes obsoletus, Metcalfa pruinosa, Stictocephala bisonia, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, Pulvinaria spp., Planococcus spp., Targionia vitis, Lobesia botrana, Eupoecilia ambiguella, Argyrotaenia pulchellana, Cryptoblabes gnidiella, Theresimima ampelophaga, Phyllocnistis vitegenella, Pentadon bidens, Melolontha melolontha, Byctiscus betulae, Altica ampelophaga, Anomala spp., Vesperus spp., Otiorhynchus spp, Sinoxylon spp., Janetiella oenophile, Drosophila suzuki, Panonychus ulmi, Eotetranychus carpini, Tetranychus urticae, Colomerus vitis, Calepitrimerus vitis. |
PLANT PATHOLOGY
| Code | A002055 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 6 |
| Teacher | Chiaraluce Moretti |
| Teachers |
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| Hours |
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| Learning activities | Caratterizzante |
| Area | Discipline della sicurezza e della valutazione degli alimenti |
| Academic discipline | AGR/12 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | Plant disease definition. Disease symptoms. Phytopathogenic viruses, prokaryotes, oomycetes and fungi. Mycotoxins. Plant disease resistance. Introduction to epidemiology. Plant disease diagnosis. Plant disease control. Symptoms, pathogen cycle, epidemiology and control of a number of plant diseases caused by viruses, phytoplasmas, bacteria, oomycetes and fungi. |
| Reference texts | Matta A., Buonaurio R., Favaron F., Scala A., Scala F. (2017). Fondamenti di Patologia Vegetale. Pàtron Editore Bologna. Materiale didattico scaricabile da Unistudium https://www.unistudium.unipg.it/unistudium/ |
| Educational objectives | To know plant pathology principles and how to control plant diseases. To be able to plant a disease diagnosis. |
| Prerequisites | Fondamenti di Biologia |
| Teaching methods | Lessons and practice. Multidisciplinary surveys on farms. |
| Other information | |
| Learning verification modality | Oral exam. |
| Extended program | GENERAL ASPECTS 1. Plant pathology: history. Losses Caused by Plant Diseases. Plant disease definition. Disease triangle. Relationships between organisms (ecological relationships and symbiotic relationships). Biotrophs, hemibiotrophs, necrotrophs. Abiotic and biotic diseases. 2. Disease symptoms and signs: definition of symptoms and signs. External and internal symptoms. Local and systemic symptoms. Colour modifications. Necrosis. Detachment of plant parts. Shape and size modifications 3. Pant Viruses: general aspects of plant viruses. Genomes. Coat protein. Morphology. Replication of ssRNA+ viruse. Virus movement. Virus transmission through vegetative propagation, gamic propagation, contact transmission, sap transmission, through insect vectors. Further transmission modality. 4. Phytopathogenic prokaryotes: taxonomy of prokaryotes. Bacterial habitat. Bacterial infection process. Prepenetration phenomena. Penetration. Infection. Evasion. Survival and dissemination. 5. Oomycetes and fungi. Oomycetes: general aspects. Fungi: general aspects. Infection process of oomycetes and fungi. Prepenetration phenomena. Penetration. Infection. Evasion. 6. Plant resistance. The resistance degree. Preexisting structural and chemical defences. Induced structural and chemical defences. Qualitative and quantitative resistance. Non host resistnce and tolerance. Gene for gene relationship. Induced resistance. 7. Epidemiology: definitions. Endemic, epidemic, sporadic and pandemic diseases. Environment and infectious plant diseases (temperature, humidity, light, soil pH). Plant disease and forecasting. 8. Control of plant diseases. Prevention and therapy. Quarantine. Use of resistant plants. Use of pathogen-free propagating material and seed. Control of vectors. Agronomic methods. Physical methods. Chemical methods. Biological methods SPECIFIC PLANT DISEASES 1. Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) 2. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1; GLRaV-3; GLRaV-4; GLRaV-2; GLRaV-7) 3. Grapevine virus A (GVA, GVB, GVD, GVE, GVF) 4. Grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) 5. Pierce disease by Xylella fastidiosa 6. Grapevine tumer by Rhizobium vitis 7. Grapevine flavescence dorée by Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis 8. Grapevine downy mildew by Plasmopara viticola 9. Grapevine powdery mildew by Erysiphe necator 10. Grapevine gray mold by Botrytis cinerea 11. Esca disease 12. Grapevine Phomopsis cane and leaf spot disease by Phomopsis viticola 13. Grapevine eutypa dieback by Eutypa lata |