Unit CROPS PROTECTION I AND II
- Course
- Food science and technology
- Study-unit Code
- 80006412
- Curriculum
- Tecnologie agro-alimentari
- Teacher
- Roberto Romani
- CFU
- 12
- Course Regulation
- Coorte 2021
- Offered
- 2022/23
- Type of study-unit
- Obbligatorio (Required)
- Type of learning activities
- Attività formativa integrata
ENTOMOLOGY
| Code | 80082306 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 6 |
| Teacher | Roberto Romani |
| Teachers |
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| Hours |
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| Learning activities | Caratterizzante |
| Area | Discipline della sicurezza e della valutazione degli alimenti |
| Academic discipline | AGR/11 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | Entomology (6 CFU) Relationships between insect and man. Morphology and physiology. Reproduction and development. Systematics. Ecology, ethology and population dynamics. Economic thresholds. Integrated pest management. Identification, biology, ecology, damage and control of the key species harmful to food crops. Laboratory practicals. |
| Reference texts | Gullan P.J., Cranston P.S. 2006. Lineamenti di Entomologia. Zanichelli Colazza, Peri, Lo Bue (2018) Lineamenti di Entomologia in Agricoltura Biologica Palermo University Press Pennacchio F, 2014. Gli Insetti e il loro controllo. Liguori editore |
| Educational objectives | Knowledge 1. Basic knowledge of general and applied entomology 2. General morphological and bio-ethological features of insects 3. General morphological and bio-ethological features of mites 4. Morphology, bio-ethology and peculiar traits of arthropods harmful to food plants 5. Features of agroecosystems (herbaceous and trees) characterised by food plants 6. Damages caused by arthropods to food plants 7. Monitoring and collecting techniques of phytophagous arthropods 8. Control methods of phytophagous arthropods 9. Morphological and bio-ethological features of the natural enemies of phytophagous arthropods 10. Outlines of the active ingredients and commercial insecticides used against phytophagous arthropods Skills 1. Distinguish the main order of insects 2. Recognize the most important arthropods harmful to food plants 3. Damage evaluation 4. Evaluation of the insects associated with food plants 5. Make a choice between different control methods to be applied to the food plants 6. Design and application of IPM methods, and their implementation to food plants 7. Observation and insect dissection under a stereomicroscope |
| Prerequisites | In order to understand the contents of the units, it is necessary that students positively passed the class of "Fundamentals of Biology" and that the following knowledges are well consolidated: - general zoology, animal cell general structure, herbaceous and tree cultivated species taxonomy. |
| Teaching methods | Teaching tools and devices Video-projected slides (powerpoint), PDF distributed to the students, Video, Suggested textbooks. Learning methods Reading and self-study on reference books, Reading and self-study on material given by the teacher, Presentation of talks of small workgroups on specific topics |
| Other information | Classes will be given at the DSA3 |
| Learning verification modality | The final exam will be a 30 min. oral examinationon IPM strategy apllied to one of the agroecosystems studied. Questions on insect morphology and systematics, anatomy, physiology and ecology of the main insect groups. During the oral examination, the use of the language as well as the ability to cross-link topics within different modules will be taken into account. |
| Extended program | CLASSES Introduction to Entomology. Insect body. Insect and man, the diffusion and economic importance of insects in agriculture in pre- and post-harvesting. Insect morphology and systematic. External morphology, head and mouthparts, thorax, abdomen. Anatomy and physiology, the integumentary system, muscular system, nervous system, sensory system, the food canal, the excretory system, circolatory system, respiratory system, secretory and reproductive systems. Reproduction, post-embryonic development. Bio-ecology and control, the role of insects in agroecosystems. Ecology of phytophagous and entomophagous insects: parasitoids and predators, tri-trophic interactions and semiochemicals. Plant damages. Population dynamics. Economic damage, monitoring and economic injury level. Control stategies of phytophagous insects. The evolution of control strategies, integrated pest management. Quarantine. Agronomic and genetic control methods. Biological control methods. Biotecnical, physical and mechanical control methods. Chemical control methods. Arthropods harmful to cultivated plants. Recognition, damages and IPM strategies of the main species harmful to crops. Herbaceous agroecosystems: industrial crops, vegetables, cereals, legumes. Tree agroecosystems: olive, grape, pomaceae, stone fruits. PRACTICALS Identification of the main insect orders (phytophagous and entomophagous) External morphology and anatomy; post-embryonic development; morphological features and recognition keys of the insect orders of agricultural interest; mouthparts and insect trophic iteractions with plants; laboratory experience (insect dissection). How to rear both harmful and beneficial insects in laboratory. Control methods: biological and chemical insecticides, natural enemies, traps, sex pheromones, integration of the different control methods. Case study on a tree crop (olive). |
PLANT PATHOLOGY
| Code | 80082206 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 6 |
| Teacher | Roberto Buonaurio |
| Teachers |
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| Hours |
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| Learning activities | Caratterizzante |
| Area | Discipline della sicurezza e della valutazione degli alimenti |
| Academic discipline | AGR/12 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | Plant disease definition. Disease symptoms. Phytopathogenic viruses, prokaryotes, oomycetes and fungi. Mycotoxins. Plant disease resistance. Introduction to epidemiology. Plant disease diagnosis. Plant disease control. Symptoms, pathogen cycle, epidemiology and control of a number of plant diseases caused by viruses, phytoplasmas, bacteria, oomycetes and fungi. |
| Reference texts | Matta A., Buonaurio R., Favaron F., Scala A., Scala F. (2017). Fondamenti di Patologia Vegetale. Pàtron Editore Bologna. Download lesson slides from Unistudium https://www.unistudium.unipg.it/unistudium/ |
| Educational objectives | To know plant pathology principles and how to control plant diseases. To be able to plant a disease diagnosis |
| Prerequisites | Fundamentals of Plant Biology |
| Teaching methods | Lessons and practice. Multidisciplinary surveys on farms |
| Learning verification modality | Oral exam. 1)Recognition of symptoms from images; 2) a question on a plant disease of the program; 3) a question on general aspects |
| Extended program | GENERAL ASPECTS 1. Plant pathology 1.1. Plant pathology history 1.2 Losses Caused by Plant Diseases 1.3 Plant disease definition 1.4 Disease triangle 1.5 Relationships between organisms (ecological relationships and symbiotic relationships) 1.6 Biotrophs, hemibiotrophs, necrotrophs 1.7 Abiotic and biotic diseases 2. Disease symptoms and signs 2.1 Definition of symptoms and signs 2.2 External and internal symptoms 2.3 Local and systemic symptoms 2.4 Colour modifications 2.5 Necrosis 2.6 Detachment of plant parts 2.7 Shape and size modifications 3. Pant Viruses 3.1 General aspects of plant viruses 3.2 Genomes 3.3 Coat protein 3.4 Morphology 3.5 Replication of ssRNA+ viruses 3.6 Virus movement 3.7 Virus transmission 3.7.1 Transmission through vegetative propagation 3.7.2 Transmission through gamic propagation 3.7.3 Contact transmission 3.7.4 Sap transmission 3.7.5 Transmission through insect vectors 3.7.6 Further transmission modality 4. Phytopathogenic prokaryotes 4.1 Taxonomy of prokaryotes 4.2 Bacterial habitat 4.3 Bacterial infection process 4.3.1 Prepenetration phenomena 4.3.2 Penetration 4.3.3 Infection 4.3.4 Evasion 4.4 Survival and dissemination 4.5 Phytoplasma 4.6 Genome and transmission 4.7 Taxonomy 5. Oomycetes, plasmodiophorids and fungi 5.1 Oomycetes: general aspects 5.2 Plasmodiophorids: general aspects 5.3 Fungi: general aspects 5.4 Infection process of oomycetes and fungi 5.4.1 Prepenetration phenomena 5.4.2 Penetration 5.4.3 Infection 5.4.4 Evasion 6. Pathogenicity and virulence factors 6.1 Pathogenicity of phytopathogenic bacteria: type III and type IV secretion systems 6.2 Pathogenicity of phytopathogenic fungi: role of melanin 6.3 Virulence factor: phythotoxins 6.4 Virulence factor: enzymes that degrade cell walls 6.5 Virulence factor: exopolysaccharides 6.6 Virulence factor: phytohormons 7. Mycotoxins 7.1 Main toxigenic fungi 7.2 Aflatoxins 7.3 Ochratoxins 7.4 Fusarium-toxins: zearalenones, trichothecenes and fumonisins 8. Plant resistance 8.1 The resistance degree 8.2 Preexisting structural and chemical defenses 8.3 Induced structural and chemical defenses 8.4 Qualitative and quantitative resistance 8.5 Non host resistnce and tolerance 8.6 Induced resistance 9. Epidemiology 9.1 Definitions 9.2 Endemic, epidemic, sporadic and pandemic diseases 9.3 Environment and infectious plant diseases (temperature, humidity, light, soil pH) 9.4 Plant disease and forecasting 10. Diagnosis 10.1 Traditional and innovative analyses 10.2 Koch’s postulates 11. Control of plant diseases 11.1 Prevention and therapy 11.2 Quarantine 11.3 Use of resistant plants 11.4 Use of pathogen-free propagating material and seed 11.5 Control of vectors 11.6 Agronomic methods 11.7 Physical methods 11.8 Chemical methods 11.9 Biological methods SPECIFIC PLANT DISEASES 1. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 2. Grapevine flavescence dorée by Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis 3. Olive knot disease by Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi 4. Grapevine downy mildew by Plasmopara viticola 5. Grapevine powdery mildew by Erysiphe necator 6. Grapevine gray mold by Botrytis cinerea 7. Apple scab by Venturia inaequalis 8. Cereal rusts by Puccinia spp. 9. Cereal common bunt by Tilletia spp. 10. Cereal smut by Ustilago spp. 11. Tomato fusarium wilt by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici |