Unit CROPS PROTECTION I AND II

Course
Food science and technology
Study-unit Code
80006412
Curriculum
Tecnologie agro-alimentari
Teacher
Roberto Romani
CFU
12
Course Regulation
Coorte 2021
Offered
2022/23
Type of study-unit
Obbligatorio (Required)
Type of learning activities
Attività formativa integrata

ENTOMOLOGY

Code 80082306
CFU 6
Teacher Roberto Romani
Teachers
  • Roberto Romani
Hours
  • 54 ore - Roberto Romani
Learning activities Caratterizzante
Area Discipline della sicurezza e della valutazione degli alimenti
Academic discipline AGR/11
Type of study-unit Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction Italian
Contents Entomology (6 CFU)
Relationships between insect and man. Morphology and physiology. Reproduction and development. Systematics. Ecology, ethology and population dynamics. Economic thresholds. Integrated pest management. Identification, biology, ecology, damage and control of the key species harmful to food crops. Laboratory practicals.
Reference texts Gullan P.J., Cranston P.S. 2006. Lineamenti di Entomologia. Zanichelli
Colazza, Peri, Lo Bue (2018) Lineamenti di Entomologia in Agricoltura Biologica Palermo University Press
Pennacchio F, 2014. Gli Insetti e il loro controllo. Liguori editore
Educational objectives Knowledge
1. Basic knowledge of general and applied entomology
2. General morphological and bio-ethological features of insects
3. General morphological and bio-ethological features of mites
4. Morphology, bio-ethology and peculiar traits of arthropods harmful to food plants
5. Features of agroecosystems (herbaceous and trees) characterised by food plants
6. Damages caused by arthropods to food plants
7. Monitoring and collecting techniques of phytophagous arthropods
8. Control methods of phytophagous arthropods
9. Morphological and bio-ethological features of the natural enemies of phytophagous arthropods
10. Outlines of the active ingredients and commercial insecticides used against phytophagous arthropods

Skills
1. Distinguish the main order of insects
2. Recognize the most important arthropods harmful to food plants
3. Damage evaluation
4. Evaluation of the insects associated with food plants
5. Make a choice between different control methods to be applied to the food plants
6. Design and application of IPM methods, and their implementation to food plants
7. Observation and insect dissection under a stereomicroscope
Prerequisites In order to understand the contents of the units, it is necessary that students positively passed the class of "Fundamentals of Biology" and that the following knowledges are well consolidated:
- general zoology, animal cell general structure, herbaceous and tree cultivated species taxonomy.
Teaching methods Teaching tools and devices
Video-projected slides (powerpoint), PDF distributed to the students, Video, Suggested textbooks.
Learning methods
Reading and self-study on reference books, Reading and self-study on material given by the teacher, Presentation of talks of small workgroups on specific topics
Other information Classes will be given at the DSA3
Learning verification modality The final exam will be a 30 min. oral examinationon IPM strategy apllied to one of the agroecosystems studied. Questions on insect morphology and systematics, anatomy, physiology and ecology of the main insect groups.
During the oral examination, the use of the language as well as the ability to cross-link topics within different modules will be taken into account.
Extended program CLASSES
Introduction to Entomology. Insect body. Insect and man, the diffusion and economic importance of insects in agriculture in pre- and post-harvesting.
Insect morphology and systematic.
External morphology, head and mouthparts, thorax, abdomen.
Anatomy and physiology, the integumentary system, muscular system, nervous system, sensory system, the food canal, the excretory system, circolatory system, respiratory system, secretory and reproductive systems. Reproduction, post-embryonic development.
Bio-ecology and control, the role of insects in agroecosystems. Ecology of phytophagous and entomophagous insects: parasitoids and predators, tri-trophic interactions and semiochemicals. Plant damages. Population dynamics. Economic damage, monitoring and economic injury level.
Control stategies of phytophagous insects. The evolution of control strategies, integrated pest management. Quarantine. Agronomic and genetic control methods. Biological control methods. Biotecnical, physical and mechanical control methods. Chemical control methods.
Arthropods harmful to cultivated plants. Recognition, damages and IPM strategies of the main species harmful to crops. Herbaceous agroecosystems: industrial crops, vegetables, cereals, legumes. Tree agroecosystems: olive, grape, pomaceae, stone fruits.
PRACTICALS
Identification of the main insect orders (phytophagous and entomophagous)
External morphology and anatomy; post-embryonic development; morphological features and recognition keys of the insect orders of agricultural interest; mouthparts and insect trophic iteractions with plants; laboratory experience (insect dissection).
How to rear both harmful and beneficial insects in laboratory.
Control methods: biological and chemical insecticides, natural enemies, traps, sex pheromones, integration of the different control methods. Case study on a tree crop (olive).

PLANT PATHOLOGY

Code 80082206
CFU 6
Teacher Roberto Buonaurio
Teachers
  • Roberto Buonaurio
Hours
  • 54 ore - Roberto Buonaurio
Learning activities Caratterizzante
Area Discipline della sicurezza e della valutazione degli alimenti
Academic discipline AGR/12
Type of study-unit Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction Italian
Contents Plant disease definition. Disease symptoms. Phytopathogenic viruses, prokaryotes, oomycetes and fungi. Mycotoxins. Plant disease resistance. Introduction to epidemiology. Plant disease diagnosis. Plant disease control. Symptoms, pathogen cycle, epidemiology and control of a number of plant diseases caused by viruses, phytoplasmas, bacteria, oomycetes and fungi.
Reference texts Matta A., Buonaurio R., Favaron F., Scala A., Scala F. (2017). Fondamenti di Patologia Vegetale. Pàtron Editore Bologna.
Download lesson slides from Unistudium https://www.unistudium.unipg.it/unistudium/
Educational objectives To know plant pathology principles and how to control plant diseases. To be able to plant a disease diagnosis
Prerequisites Fundamentals of Plant Biology
Teaching methods Lessons and practice. Multidisciplinary surveys on farms
Learning verification modality Oral exam. 1)Recognition of symptoms from images; 2) a question on a plant disease of the program; 3) a question on general aspects
Extended program GENERAL ASPECTS
1. Plant pathology
1.1. Plant pathology history
1.2 Losses Caused by Plant Diseases
1.3 Plant disease definition
1.4 Disease triangle
1.5 Relationships between organisms (ecological relationships and symbiotic relationships)
1.6 Biotrophs, hemibiotrophs, necrotrophs
1.7 Abiotic and biotic diseases
2. Disease symptoms and signs
2.1 Definition of symptoms and signs
2.2 External and internal symptoms
2.3 Local and systemic symptoms
2.4 Colour modifications
2.5 Necrosis
2.6 Detachment of plant parts
2.7 Shape and size modifications
3. Pant Viruses
3.1 General aspects of plant viruses
3.2 Genomes
3.3 Coat protein
3.4 Morphology
3.5 Replication of ssRNA+ viruses
3.6 Virus movement
3.7 Virus transmission
3.7.1 Transmission through vegetative propagation
3.7.2 Transmission through gamic propagation
3.7.3 Contact transmission
3.7.4 Sap transmission
3.7.5 Transmission through insect vectors
3.7.6 Further transmission modality
4. Phytopathogenic prokaryotes
4.1 Taxonomy of prokaryotes
4.2 Bacterial habitat
4.3 Bacterial infection process
4.3.1 Prepenetration phenomena
4.3.2 Penetration
4.3.3 Infection
4.3.4 Evasion
4.4 Survival and dissemination
4.5 Phytoplasma
4.6 Genome and transmission
4.7 Taxonomy
5. Oomycetes, plasmodiophorids and fungi
5.1 Oomycetes: general aspects
5.2 Plasmodiophorids: general aspects
5.3 Fungi: general aspects
5.4 Infection process of oomycetes and fungi
5.4.1 Prepenetration phenomena
5.4.2 Penetration
5.4.3 Infection
5.4.4 Evasion
6. Pathogenicity and virulence factors
6.1 Pathogenicity of phytopathogenic bacteria: type III and type IV secretion systems
6.2 Pathogenicity of phytopathogenic fungi: role of melanin
6.3 Virulence factor: phythotoxins
6.4 Virulence factor: enzymes that degrade cell walls
6.5 Virulence factor: exopolysaccharides
6.6 Virulence factor: phytohormons
7. Mycotoxins
7.1 Main toxigenic fungi
7.2 Aflatoxins
7.3 Ochratoxins
7.4 Fusarium-toxins: zearalenones, trichothecenes and fumonisins
8. Plant resistance
8.1 The resistance degree
8.2 Preexisting structural and chemical defenses
8.3 Induced structural and chemical defenses
8.4 Qualitative and quantitative resistance
8.5 Non host resistnce and tolerance
8.6 Induced resistance
9. Epidemiology
9.1 Definitions
9.2 Endemic, epidemic, sporadic and pandemic diseases
9.3 Environment and infectious plant diseases (temperature, humidity, light, soil pH)
9.4 Plant disease and forecasting
10. Diagnosis
10.1 Traditional and innovative analyses
10.2 Koch’s postulates
11. Control of plant diseases
11.1 Prevention and therapy
11.2 Quarantine
11.3 Use of resistant plants
11.4 Use of pathogen-free propagating material and seed
11.5 Control of vectors
11.6 Agronomic methods
11.7 Physical methods
11.8 Chemical methods
11.9 Biological methods

SPECIFIC PLANT DISEASES
1. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)
2. Grapevine flavescence dorée by Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis
3. Olive knot disease by Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi
4. Grapevine downy mildew by Plasmopara viticola
5. Grapevine powdery mildew by Erysiphe necator
6. Grapevine gray mold by Botrytis cinerea
7. Apple scab by Venturia inaequalis
8. Cereal rusts by Puccinia spp.
9. Cereal common bunt by Tilletia spp.
10. Cereal smut by Ustilago spp.
11. Tomato fusarium wilt by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici
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