Unit VETERINARY PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
- Course
- Veterinary medicine
- Study-unit Code
- 85070913
- Curriculum
- In all curricula
- Teacher
- Maria Teresa Mandara
- Teachers
-
- Maria Teresa Mandara
- Hours
- 0 ore - Maria Teresa Mandara
- CFU
- 0
- Course Regulation
- Coorte 2017
- Offered
- 2019/20
- Learning activities
- Caratterizzante
- Area
- Discipline anatomo-patologiche ed ispettive veterinarie
- Academic discipline
- VET/03
- Type of study-unit
- Obbligatorio (Required)
- Type of learning activities
- Attività formativa monodisciplinare
- Language of instruction
- Italian
- Contents
- NECROPSY PROCEDURES AND DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH -
Grossi and histological lesions associated to the main respiratory, cardiovascular, and skeletal diseases of domestic animals
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - Lesions of teeth. Malformation, circulatory changes, degenerative lesions, inflammations and tumours of the oral cavity
Anomaly of oesophagus size. Oesophagus inflammations and tumours.
Changes in ruminal content: ruminal acidosis and bloat; foreign body syndrome in cattle; inflammations of the fore stomachs.
Physiopathology of gastric digestion. Changes in gastric and abomasal size and position; circulatory changes, degenerative lesions and gastric ulcer; inflammation of stomach and abomasum; displastic, hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of stomach and abomasum.
Physiopathology of intestinal digestion and nutrient absorption. Congenital anomalies of gut and change in size. Inflammations of intestine; gut tumors.
Physiopathology of hepatic function. Liver malformations. Vascular and biliary cystic diseases; degenerative changes; liver inflammations; hyperplastic and neoplastic diseases of the liver.
Physiopathology of the exocrine pancreas. Malformations, regressive and inflammatory lesions of exocrine pancreas; nodular hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions.
THE INTEGUMENT. - Pathology of skin and appendages
- Mastitis and mammary tumour
- Phisiopahatologic mechanisms of tegumentary system disfunctions.
Genital System - Congenital defects and circulatory disturbances of male and female genital system
- Pathology of female genital system and diseases of pregnant uterus.
- Pathology of testis, epididymis, spermatic cord, accessory genital glands, penis and prepuce.
- Neoplastic diseases of the uro-genital system.
- Morphologic patterns of the main diseases of the gental sistem of domestic animals.
URINARY SYSTEM. In the first part physiopathology considerations associated to morphological changes of renal parenchyma and lower urinary tract are treated. Then anomalies of development, regressive changes, inflammatory lesions and neoplasia of kidney and lower urinary tract are discussed. Urolithiasis and hydronephrosis are also treated.
IMMUNOHEMOPOIETIC (IS). In the first a brief anatomical distribution of IS and turnover mechanisms of immunopoietic cells will be reviewed. After that, involution/regressive and reactive processes of the bone marrow and thymus will be treated.
Then the course will progress to the description of macroscopic pattern of regressive processes, vascular disorders, reactive hyperplasia, and inflammatory diseases of spleen and lymph nodes. When appropriate, inflammatory lesions of immunopoietic tissues will be included and discussed within systemic or multiorganic diseases. A session apart will be dedicated to neoplasia of immunopoietic tissueses.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. In the first part, basic lesions and histological patterns of the nervous tissue lesions will be treated. The criteria for CNS and PNS gross diagnosis will be made from them. In the second part of the course, we will proceed to illustrate histological and distribution patterns of lesions applied to different classes of neurological diseases, specifically referred to species: vascular, infectious/infective, traumatic, toxic-metabolic, neoplastic, and neurodegenerative diseases.
MUSCLE SYSTEM (MS). Basic lesions referred to scheletric muscle will be treated. The criteria for gross anatomy diagnosis will be made from them and applied to the different classes of domestic animal miopathies. Then, lesions and their phyopathological implications will be discussed for infectious/inflamamtory myopathies, metabolic/endocrine primary or secondary myopathies, ereditary myiodistrophies, and neuromuscular transmission disorders.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (ES). The most common gross anatomy patterns for hypophysis, adrenal glands, chemoreceptor organs, thyroid and parathyroids, and endocrine pancreas occurring in development disorders, regressive and progressive processes, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases will be treated in domestic animals. A wide physiopathology discussion will be related with morphological disorders of endocrine glands. - Reference texts
- - PS Marcato. Patologia Sistematica Veterinaria. Edagricole, Milano, 2008
- MD McGavin and JF Zachary. Patologia veterinaria sistematica. Ed. Italiana, Elsevier, Milano, 2007
Altri testi consigliati:
- M. Grant Maxie: Jubb, Kennedy,and Palmer’s Pathology of Domestic Animals. Elsevier, London 2016.
- MT Mandara et al. Atlante di Neuropatologia e Neuroimaging. Poletto ed., Milano, 2011. - Educational objectives
- The course gives information necessary for a morphological and pathogenetic study of lesions. Moreover, it gives a diagnostic algorithm aimed to identify the causes of diseases, including physic and biological etiology agents, referred to different organs and systems. Finally, based on physiopathologic considerations, the course indicates prognostic evaluations referred to the pathological patterns. The course is compliant with the teaching aims (SUA A4.a) and employment outlets (SUA A2.a) of the Degree Course referred to physiopathology, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of the main diseases of domestic animals, alone or in group.
The main acquired information will be:
a) usefull information to apply diagnostic procedures in pathology;
b) knowledges about the main gross and histological lesions of organs and systems.
c) knowledges of gross patterns expressed by the main diseases of domestic animals.
The main abilities include:
a) ability in comprehension of factors and mechanisms producing lesions;
- using correct methods, to performe necropsy, gross examination of organs and pathology samples, b) cytological and histological exams
c) identification, classification and interpretation of basic lesions, to perform a morphological diagnosis of I level with eziopathogenetic considerations
d) to use clear definitions and correct medical language. - Prerequisites
- To learn the treated subjects and gained the aims of the course, as well as to be able to apply the main methods described during the course, Students should have successfully passed the exam of General Pathology and Parasitology of Domestic Animals (exemption). Moreover, at the beginning of the course, students need to revise the information acquired on Anatomy of Domestic Animals to better go on learning comparative methods of analysis and topographic evaluations of lesions. Very useful is to have knowledge on infectious disease of domestic animals.
- Other information
- The access and work at the Anatomic room and histological labs are defined by special procedures which are available at UniStudium page of the Courses Pathologic Anatomy I, II and III, respectively.
The activity schedule is available at VMD http://www. - Learning verification modality
- Student assessment is performed by oral test on Veterinary Anatomic Pathology I, II and III.
The oral test consists in a discussion of about 45 min. including a question per each Module. The oral test provides two optional exemptions on the subjects treated in Module I and II, respectively. The exemption expiry date is one year. Il is of 30/30 in marks.
In case of exemptions, the final evaluation will correspond to a ponder media value addressed to the previously passed tests. A practical test is performed on fresh organs or cadavers (or on gross patterns showed by slides) after passing oral test. It is of about 20 min.
ORAL TEST
From sufficient to mediocre (18-22 marks)
Requirements:
1. To know histological models and morphological diagnosis associated to main diseases
2. To use the adequate basic medical and pathology terminology
3. To show abilities to understand and interpret teacher’s questions
From good to very good (23-27 marks)
1. To describe the lesions with histological details
2. To know pathogenesis and progression of lesions
3. To know differential diagnoses
4. To show good autonomy during presentation
5. To show ability in making relationships
6. Language properties
From really good to excellent (28-30 marks)
1. To show good autonomy in making relationships
2. To have knowledges in physiopathology and prognosis evaluations
3. To have knowledges in biomolecular pathogenesis
4. Be able to arrange a diagnostic algorithm indicating the applied technologies
PRACTICAL TEST (at Dissection Room)
Practical test is considered insufficient when the following requirement are lacking:
1. Organ recognition
2. Basic lesion recognition (general morphopathology)
3. Adequate manual skills in examining organs or in necropsy technique.
When previous requirements are demonstrated, practical test is valuated adding a mark from -1 to +1 mark to the oral test mark, as to follow:
-1. Wrong morphological diagnosis
0. Morphological diagnosis supported be teacher
+1 Autonomous morphological diagnosis and differential diagnoses
PRACTICAL TEST (on slides)
Practical test is considered insufficient when two out of three slides are incorrect for
- Organ recognition
- Basic lesion recognition (general morphopathology)
- Morphological diagnosis
In case of three correct slides:
+ 1 all of answers are complete
+ 0 two answers are complete
0 three incomplete answers
In case of two correct slides:
+ 0 two complete answers
0 both incomplete answers.
In case of failure, the examination board invites student to verify his knowledge and to ask for a learning support by teachers. - Extended program
- NECROPSY TECHNIQUE AND THANATOLOGY (3 h) - The necropsy technique, collection and submission of specimens for laboratory examinations (2 h)
Determination of the death time; post-mortem changes versus antemortem lesions. Elements of veterinary forensic pathology (1 h)
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. (19 h) - NASAL CAVITIES: Congenital defects and circulatory disturbances of nasal cavities; Inflammations and tumors of the upper respiratory tract. (2 h) AIRWAYS: congenital malformations, inflammation and tumors of upper airways (larynx, trachea and bronchi) (1 h)
LUNGS: congenital defects and circulatory disturbances of the lung (1h) Changes in pulmonary air content: enphisema and atelectasia (1 h) Anatomic patterns of pneumonia: bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia, interstitial, embolic and granulomatous pneumonia. (3 h) Patterns of viral pneumonia (1 h) Patterns of bacterial pneumonia (1 h) Patterns of parasitic pneumonia (1 h) Primary tumors of the lung (1 h) Pleural pathology (1 h) Pathology of respiratory diseases of cattle: infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR); parainfluenza and BRSV pneumonia; enzootic pneumonia in calves; Shipping fever, histophilus somni and pasteurella multocida broncopneumonia; Mycoplasmal pneumonia: contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and mycoplasma bovis pneumonia; fog fever and extrinsic allergic alveolitis ; tuberculosis (2 h) Pathology of respiratory diseases of Small ruminants: ovine oestriasis; ovine enzootic pneumonia; lentiviral pneumonia: maedi-visna and caprine arthritis-encephalitis viral pneumonia; Enzootic nasal tumors and ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (jaagsiekte); contagious caprine pleuropneumonia; lungworm pneumonia of sheep and goats. (1 h) Pathology of respiratory diseases of Equine: strangles; progressive ethmoid hematomas; EIPH (exercise induced pulmonary hemorrages); RAO (recurrent airway obstruction); equine influenza; herpesvirus; rhodococcosis; equine bacterial pneumonia and pleuropneumonia; glanders; equine fungal and parasitic pneumonias; EMPF. (1 h)
Pathology of respiratory diseases of Swine: inclusion body rhinitis; atrophic rhinitis; necrotic rhinitis (bull nose); swine influenza; PRRS (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome); porcine circovirus pneumonia; swine pleuropneumonia; enzootic pneumonia; polysierositis; swine lungworm disease. (1 h) Pathology of respiratory diseases of Dogs and cats: canine infectious tracheobronchitis; canine distemper; paraquat pneumonia; fungal and parasitic lung diseases; feline viral rhinotracheitis; feline fungal and parasitic pneumonias. Canine and feline nasal and pulmonary neoplasia. (1 h)
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (12 h) - Physiopathology of hematic and lymphatic circulations; adaptative changes of the heart (1 h) Primary Cardiomyopathies. (2 h) Cardiocirculatory malformations. (1 h) Myocardial degenerative changes and inflammation. (2 h) Endocardial degenerative and inflammatory lesions. (2 h) Pericardial diseases: pericardial effusion and inflammation (1 h) Tumors of the heart (1 h) Pathology of vascular system; vascular tumors; most common diseases targeted to circulatory system: Feline Infectious Peritonitis, equine strongylosis, Canine dirofilariosis, classic and african swine fever, horse sickness, blue tongue. (2 h)
SKELETAL SYSTEM (2 h) - Skeletal malformations. Degerative changes of bones; inflammatoty lesions of bones. Tumors of skeletal system. (1 h)
Degenerative and inflammatory changes of joints; articular tumors (1 h)
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ¿- Malformation, circulatory disturbances, degenerative lesions, inflammations and tumors of the oral cavity (2 h).¿- Anomaly of esophageal size: atresia, megaesophagus, strictures. Inflammations and tumors of the esophagus (1 h).¿- Changes in ruminal content: ruminal acidosis and bloat; foreign body syndrome in cattle; inflammations of the forestomachs. Changes in gastric and abomasal size and position; circulatory disturbancies, degenerative lesions (2 h).¿- Gastric ulcer; inflammation of stomach and abomasum; displastic, hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions of stomach and abomasum (2 h). ¿- Congenital anomalies of gut and change in size: megacolon, intestinal atresia. Inflammations of intestine; gut displacement; gut tumors (8 h).¿- Physiopathology of the liver; malformations of the liver; vascular (portosystemic shunt) and biliary cystic diseases; circulatory disturbances; degenerative changes; hepatic necrosis; liver inflammations; hyperplastic and neoplastic diseases of the liver (6 h).¿- Malformations, regressive and inflammatory lesions of exocrine pancreas; nodular hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions (1 h). ¿
MALE AND FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEMS ¿- Congenital defects and circulatory disturbances of male and female genital systems (1 h)¿- Pathology of female genital system (2 h)¿- Pathology of testis, epididymis, spermatic cord, accessory genital glands, penis and prepuce (2 h)¿- Neoplastic diseases of the male and female genital systems (2 h). ¿- Morphologic patterns of the main diseases of the male and female genital system of domestic animals (2h). ¿
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM - Pattern analysis of principal dermatitis/dermatosis in different species. Cutaneous tumors. (3 h)¿- Mastitis and mammary tumors (2 h)
URINARY SYSTEM 1. Anomalies of development and familial nephropathies (1.5h). Renal regressive processes: bilateral cortical necrosis; papillary necrosis; renal infarction; glomerulonephrosis (lipidosis, diabetes, amyloidosis); ischemic, toxic, pigmentary tubulonephrosis; nephrotoxicosis; storage tubulonephrosis; hydronephrosis (1.5). Inflammatory diseases. Glomerulonephrites, tubulointerstitial nephrites (TIN)(2h), suppurative nephrites; pyelonephritis; granulomatous and parasitic nephrites (1.5). Extrarenal lesions of renal failure and nephrosic syndrome (1h). Lesions of urinary bladder and lower urinary tract: anomalies of development; urolithiasis; acute and chronic cystitis; feline lower urinary tract disease (LUTD = Lower Urinary Tract Disease); Swine Uro-Genital Disease (SUGD)(1h). Urinary System Neoplasia; Enzootic hematuria and bovine urinary bladder tumours (1h).
IMMUNOHEMOPOIETIC SYSTEM - 1. Thymus: involution/atrophy/regressive processes, vascular changes, development diseases, hyperplastic reaction (Thymites)(2h). Blood marrow: Hypoplasia/regressive and reactive changes. Blood marrow examination. Acquired changes: involution, atrophy/aplasia, efficient/non efficient hyperplasia, myelodisplasia/myelofibrosis, necrosis. Gross pathology of acute and chronic anemia (2h). Lymph nodes: Reactive hyperplasia and lymphadenites. Small and large lymph nodes. Circulatory disturbances, lymph node emphysema, degenerative changes, phatological pigmentations, necrosis. lymph node hyperplasia: The FIV (2h). Classification and morphological patterns of lymphadenites: - Equine strangles; - Jowl abscess - Anthrax - Classical and african swine fever - lymph node tuberculosis - The Pseudotuberculosis, Tularemia, Actigranulomatoses, Rodhococcosis, Glanders, PWMWS, mycotic and parasite lymphadenites (2h). Spleen: Regressive changes and splenites. Circulatory disturbances, development anormalities. Degenerative changes and pathological pigmentations. Spleen necrosis. Classification and morphological patterns of splenites: - Anthrax - Swine erysipelas - Equine Infectious Anemia - Necrobacillosis - Feline Infectious Peritonitis (2h). Diagnostic algorithm of splenomegaly (1h) Hematopoietic Neoplasia. Classification. The Lymphoma: anatomic forms and species differences. Tumors of plasmacells; the thymoma; Mastocytosis and malignant Histiocytosis; Fibrohistiocytic nodules in canine speen (1h).
NERVOUS SYSTEM - Basic lesions and histological patterns of the neurological diseases (1h). Vascular diseases: - Stroke and global cortical ischemia; - Feline ischemic encephalopathy; - Fibrocartilagineous embolism and hemorrhagic progressive myelomalacia; - Post-anesthetic hemorrhagic poliomyelomalacia; - Neonatal maladjustment syndrome in foals; - Spontaneous hemorrhages (2h) Inflammatory diseases: Histological patterns and etiology. Direct and indirect effets of infections. Viral diseases: morphological patterns. Non suppurative inflammatory diseases in dogs: Rabies - Aujeszky's disesase; - Canine Herpes Virus, CAV-1 and parvovirus: - Distemper; - Tick-borne encephalites. Non suppurative encephalites of unknown etiology (GME, NME, NLE); - Periventricular encephalitis and eosinophilic encephalitis; - Steroid-responsive meningoarteritis (2h); - Non suppurative inflammatory diseases of cats: - Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP); - Panleucopenia; - FIV infection; - Feline Leucemia Virus infection; - Borna disease. Non suppurative inflammatory diseases of horses: - Herpetic Encephalomyelitis; - Borna disease; - Equine Infectious Anemia; - Arbovirus Encephalites. Non suppurative inflammatory diseases of ruminants: - Visna; - Caprine arthritis encephalitis siyndrom; - Sporadic bovine meningoencephalomyelitis; - Herpetic meningoencephalomyelites; - Louping ill; - Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies. Non suppurative inflammatory diseases of pigs: - Aujeszky'disease; - Suine Polioencephalomyelitis; - Encephalomyocarditis; - Vescicular disease; Post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (2h). Bacteric Inflammatory diseases: morphological patterns and etiology; - Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis; - Listeriosis; - Streptococcus meningoependymochoroiditis. Granulomatous diseases. Parasitic and mycotic diseases (2h). Trauma: Classification and etiology. Cranial trauma, Spinal trauma, Peripheral nerve trauma: pathogenesis and physiopathology(2h). Malformations: Cerebral disrhaphic defects; Spinal cord disrhaphyc defects; Dysontogenetic and Encephaloclastic defects; Cerebellar malformations; Hydrocephalus (2h). Toxic and Metabolic diseases. Metabolic diseases: - Hepatic Encephalopathy; - Renal Encephalopathy; - Hypoglicemia; Lysosomal Storage diseases; - Maple syrup urine disease. Toxic diseases: - Equine toxic encephalomyelomalacia; - Equine nigropalidal encephalomalacia; - Focal symmetrical encephalomalacia; - Lead and mercury, ethylene glycol poisoning; - Edema disease. Nutritional diseases: - Cerebrocortical Necrosis; -Swayback and enzootic ataxia; - Salt poisoning; - Focal symmetrical polyoencephalomalacia in pigs; - Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (EDM); - Equine Lower Motoneuron Disease (EMND); - Thiamine deficiency in carnivores; - Ammon's Horn necrosis in cats (2h). Neoplasms of Central and Peripheral Nervous System. Classification and morphological patterns of primary tumors (1h) Degenerative Diseases: Classification. Neuonal degeneration: - Lower motoneuron diseases; - Cerebellar cortex degenerations; - Multisytem Neuronal abiotrophies; - dysautonomia. Axonopathies. - Degenerative myelopathies; - Neuroaxonal dystrophies; - Weaver syndrome. The myelin disorders; - Leucodystrophies; - Spongiform encephalopathies (1h).
SKELETAL MUSCLE - Basic lesions of skeletal muscle. Atrophies and hypertrophies. Necrosis and regeneration. Inflammatory myopathies: Classification and etiology. - Pigeon fever and purulent myosites; - Equine streptococcical myosites; - Actinobacillosis; - Malignant edema; Syntomatic Anthrax; - Botulism. Viral Myosites. Parasitic myosites: - Eosinophylic myositis; - Sarcosporidiosis; - Trichinellosis; - Cysticercosis; - Neospora and Toxoplasma infections; Leishmaniosis. Immunomediated myopathies: - Masticatory Muscle Myositis (MMM); - Polimyositis; - Extraocular muscle myositis; - Dermatomyositis; - Immunomediated myositis in horses; - Roeckl granuloma. Paraneoplastic and drug-induced myosites (2,5h).
Non inflammatory myopathies. Endocrine myopathies. Nutritional and metabolic myopathies: Ischemic myopathies; White muscle disease; - Equine Polisaccaride Myopathy Storage (EPMS); - exercise rhabdomyolysis. Toxic and electrolyte myopathies: ionophore myopathies; - phytotoxin myopathies; - electrolyte imbalance myopathies. Congenital hereditary myopathies. Neoplastic myopathies (2,5h).
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Hypophysis: Development disorders; Circulatory disturbances and regressive changes; Inflammatory processes and neoplasms. Anatomopathological changes addressed to hypo- and hyperactivity of Hypophysis, Adrenal Gland (2h), Thyroid, Parathyroid, Endocrine pancreas (2h).