Unit HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 1
- Course
- Medicine and surgery
- Study-unit Code
- GP003851
- Curriculum
- In all curricula
- CFU
- 10
- Course Regulation
- Coorte 2021
- Offered
- 2022/23
- Type of study-unit
- Obbligatorio (Required)
- Type of learning activities
- Attività formativa integrata
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - MOD. 1
| Code | GP004780 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 5 |
| Teacher | Aldo Ferraresi |
| Teachers |
|
| Hours |
|
| Learning activities | Base |
| Area | Funzioni biologiche integrate di organi, sistemi e apparati umani |
| Academic discipline | BIO/09 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | The course deals with the physiology of the nervous system starting from the neuron to get to the higher functions. In the first part of the course we will study the physical characteristics of neurons and the way they can interact. In the second part we will study the subsystems that make up our nervous system and higher functions. |
| Reference texts | Fisiologia medica - volume 1 Seconda edizione A cura di Fiorenzo Conti Editore: Edi Ermes ISBN: 9788870513462 Anno: 2010 Pagine: 944 Principi di Neuroscienze Quarta edizione Eric Kandel Nobel, James Schwartz, Thomas Jessel, Steven A. Siegelbaum, Andrew J. Hudspeth Editore: Casa Editrice Ambrosiana ISBN: 9788808184450 Anno: 2014 Pagine: 1680 |
| Educational objectives | Knowledge and understanding of the functioning of the nervous system |
| Prerequisites | Basic knowledge of chemistry and physics. Adequate knowledge of anatomy and biochemistry. |
| Teaching methods | Frontal lessons |
| Other information | None |
| Learning verification modality | Oral examination |
| Extended program | Biophysics of excitable tissues. • Diffusion and transport. Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, ionic channels, primary active transport, secondary active transport. • Cellular potentials. Ion distribution and membrane permeability, membrane potential, action potential, refractory period. • Electric models of neuron. Membrane model: membrane resistance, membrane capacity, time constant. Axonal conduction model: membrane resistance, axial cytoplasmic resistance, space constant. • Electrical and chemical synapses. Electric synapses: structure and characteristics. Chemical synapses: structure, neurotransmitter release and its inactivation, interaction of the neurotransmitter with receptors • Neurotransmitters and receptors. Types of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, main neurotransmitters, ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors. • Synaptic integration. Characteristics of the sum of EPSPs and IPSPs, inversion potentials, spatial summation, temporal summation. • Synaptic learning. Presynaptic learning: post-tetanic enhancement, habituation, sensitization. Post synaptic learning: LTP, LTD. • Biochemistry of muscle contraction. Striated muscle cell structure, thick filaments and fine filaments, control mechanism, ATP role. • Biomechanics of muscle contraction. Striated muscle: types of contraction, length / voltage curve, load / speed curve. Motor units, fiber types, simple shock and muscle tetanus, force modulation. Smooth muscle characteristics. Sensory system. • Organization of the sensitive system. Receptor concept, sensory modalities, receptor classifications, receptor potential, intensity coding, adaptation, receptive fields, lateral inhibition. Psychophysics of perception. •Vision. Eye: functional anatomy, photoreceptors and photo-transduction, networkretin, ganglion cells and optic nerve. Optical pathways: optical path decussation, SNA contingents, superior colliculus, lateral geniculate body. Cortical processing: primary visual cortex (V1), receptive fields and columnar organization. Upper barks, via dorsal, via ventrale. • Hearing. Ear: functional anatomy, cochlea and Corti organ, transduction mechanism, active amplification mechanisms and lateral inhibition. Acoustic pathways: tonotopic organization, ganglionic connections, spatial localization, auditory cortices. • Vestibular receptors. Semicircular canals: structure, transduction mechanism. Utricolo and sacculo: structure, transduction mechanism. Central connections. • Tactile sensitivity. Types of receptors and their characteristics, discrimination, metameric organization, ascending pathways, somatotopic organization. • Proprioceptive sensitivity. Neuromuscular spindles: structure, transduction mechanism, innervation, role of gamma innervation. Golgi muscle-tendon organs: localization, transduction mechanism. Ascending paths. • Thermal sensitivity. Caloceptors, frigocettori, ascending pathways. • Pain sensitivity. Types of pain, receptors, afferent pathways, referred pain, hyperalgesia, ascending pathways, peripheral and central control mechanisms. Motor system and superior functions. • Spinal cord and reflexes. Morpho-functional characteristics, basic circuits, reflex concept, modulation, deep reflexes (myotatic), surface reflexes (flexor). •Locomotion. Phillipson model, kinematics, central pattern generators, integration of afferent signals, supraspinal control. • Posture. Postural tone, vestibular, reticular and cerebellar contributions, postural stability, visual and somatosensory contributions, integration, postural reactions, strategies and postural synergies. • Voluntary movement. Organization of descending pathways, primary motor area, premotor areas, additional motor areas, reaching and grasping, neglect syndrome, mirror neurons. • Core of the base. Nuclei, basic circuitry, direct and indirect routes, hypo and hyperkinetic disorders, motor, oculomotor, cognitive and limbic circuits. •Cerebellum. Typical lesion signs, general organization, basic circuit, simple and complex potentials, recalibration, experimental lesions. • Eye motility. Types of eye movements, extrinsic muscles. Vestibular-ocular reflex: circulation, transfer function, time constants and central integrator. Optokinetic reflex: characteristics of the response, integration with the vestibular-ocular reflex |
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY - MOD. 2
| Code | GP004781 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 5 |
| Teacher | Aldo Ferraresi |
| Teachers |
|
| Hours |
|
| Learning activities | Base |
| Area | Funzioni biologiche integrate di organi, sistemi e apparati umani |
| Academic discipline | BIO/09 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | Vegetative controls. Autonomic nervous system. Hypothalamus. Basal metabolism. Temperature control. Characteristics of the endocrine system. Somatotropic hormone. Thyroid hormones. Integrated blood glucose control. Integrated control of calcemia. Integrated stress response. Digestive system Control of the digestive system. Motility and secretions of the mouth. Motility of the digestive system. Gastric secretion. Pancreatic secretions. Bile. Digestion and absorption. Alimentation control. |
| Reference texts | Fisiologia medica - volume 1 Seconda edizione A cura di Fiorenzo Conti Editore: Edi Ermes ISBN: 9788870513462 Anno: 2010 Pagine: 944 Fisiologia medica 12a edizione Di Hall J.E Editore: Edra ISBN: 9788821432293 Anno: 2012 Pagine: 1088 Berne & Levy Fisiologia Settima edizione Di Bruce M. Koeppen, Bruce A. Stanton Editore: Casa Editrice Ambrosiana ISBN: 9788808480040 Anno: 2018 Pagine: 960 |
| Educational objectives | Knowledge and understanding of the structure and functioning of vegetative life control systems |
| Prerequisites | Basic knowledge of chemistry and physics. Adequate knowledge of anatomy and biochemistry. |
| Teaching methods | Frontal lessons |
| Other information | None |
| Learning verification modality | Oral examination |
| Extended program | Vegetative controls. • Autonomic nervous system. Structure, similarities and differences of the sympathetic and parasympathetic sections, neurotransmitters and receptors. • Hypothalamus. Functions: endocrine regulation, thermoregulation, regulation of nutrition, emotional expression. • Basal metabolism. Basal metabolism concept, energy balance, basal conditions, direct calorimetry and indirect calorimetry. • Temperature control. Central and peripheral temperature, heat exchange mechanisms, neutral thermal zone, responses to cold, responses to heat, fever. • Characteristics of the endocrine system. Functions controlled by hormones, chemical nature, biosynthesis, transduction mechanisms, control of secretion. • Somatotropic hormone. Control of secretion, IGF, direct and indirect effects, interaction with other hormones, dwarfism and gigantism • Thyroid hormones. Biosynthesis, secretion control, effects on metabolism and growth, thyroid disorders. • Integrated blood glucose control. Insulin: biosynthesis, control of secretion, metabolic effects on different target tissues, effect on growth. Glucagon: secretion control, metabolic effects in various tissues, synergism with other hyperglycaemic hormones. • Integrated control of calcemia. Plasma calcium, calcium and phosphate balance, calcium absorption and reabsorption, bone metabolism, parathormone, calcitriol and calcitonin. • Integrated response to stress. Definition of stress, phases according to Selye, nervous arm and chemical arm. Adrenaline: biosynthesis, adrenergic receptors, metabolic effects. Cortisol: secretion control, metabolic effects, other effects. Digestive system • Control of the digestive system. Structure of the digestive canal (muscle layers, nerve plexuses), characteristics of smooth muscles, control of smooth muscles, organization of innervation, hormonal controls. • Motility and secretions of the mouth. teeth, masticatory muscles, swallowing, saliva, control of salivary secretion. • Motility of the digestive system. Motility of the esophagus, inferior and inferior esophageal sphincters, stomach motility, control of gastric motility, bowel motility, defecation. • Gastric secretion. Oximation glands, components of gastric secretion, HCl production mechanism, gastric mucosal barrier, control of gastric secretion. • Pancreatic secretions. Components of exocrine pancreatic secretion, bicarbonate production, control of bicarbonate secretion, control of enzymatic secretion. •Bile. Bile components, bile acids, bilirubin, cholangiocyte secretions, control of bile secretion. • Digestion and absorption. Starch digestion, digestion and absorption of oligosaccharides, protein digestion, absorption of amino acids and oligopeptides, lipid digestion, absorption of fatty acids and monoglycerides, lipid management, calcium, iron, vitamin B12. • Feeding control. Mechanisms of control of hunger and satiety, factors that alter physiological controls, control of long-term nutrition. |