Unit GENERAL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
- Course
- Medicine and surgery
- Study-unit Code
- GP004728
- Curriculum
- In all curricula
- CFU
- 7
- Course Regulation
- Coorte 2022
- Offered
- 2022/23
- Type of study-unit
- Obbligatorio (Required)
- Type of learning activities
- Attività formativa integrata
GENERAL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS - MOD. 1
| Code | GP004753 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 6 |
| Teacher | Letizia Mezzasoma |
| Teachers |
|
| Hours |
|
| Learning activities | Base |
| Area | Discipline generali per la formazione del medico |
| Academic discipline | BIO/13 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | Cell organization of living organisms. Chemical components of the cell. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The eukaryotic cell components: cell membrane, mitochondria, endomembrane system, cytoskeleton and nucleus. Cell communication: membrane receptors and signal transduction. Cell adhesion mechanisms. DNA replication and cell cycle. Asexual and sexual reproduction. Transcription and protein synthesis. Regulation of gene expression. Tumor cells. |
| Reference texts | Biologia e genetica - G. De Leo, E. Ginelli - S. Fasano Edises Becker "IL MONDO DELLA CELLULA" Ed. Pearson – Solomon et al. "FONDAMENTI DI BIOLOGIA" Ed. EdiSES – |
| Educational objectives | The main objective of the module is the integrated study of animal cell, with particular regard to mechanisms involved in the biogenesis of organels and cell structures, of cell-cell and cell-environment interactions, bioenergetics and transmission of genetic information. Students should acquire the ability to connect different cellular processes and apply the acquired knowledge to understand the following teachings. |
| Prerequisites | To effectively follow and understand the topics covered in the course of General Biology and Genetics is necessary for the student to have a basic knowledge of Chemistry and Biology as it is normally acquired in high school. In particular, basic knowledge should be relative to cell structure, atom structure, chemical bonds, simple inorganic and organic molecules. |
| Teaching methods | Face-to-face and practical training. |
| Other information | For information on support services for students with disabilities and / or DSA visit the page http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa |
| Learning verification modality | The exam consists of an oral examination lasts not longer than 20 minutes and enables to verify the level of knowledge and understanding achieved by the student; the ability of the student to highlight the correlations between the various biological processes. In addition, the oral examination will assess the student's ability to communicate and expose with appropriate language the topics of the cell biology. The exam will be performed at the end of the course according to the exam timetable. The evaluation will be in thirtieths (minimum: 18/30; maximum: 30/30 cum laude) |
| Extended program | Introduction to the study of cellular and molecular biology. The biological organization. Characteristics of living organisms. The development of cell theory. Types of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Virus. Prions. The chemical basis of life and the molecular organization of life. Polar and non-polar molecules. The properties of water. Biological macromolecules: Proteins: structure, protein domains, active sites. Regulation of the biological activity of proteins. Biological importance of the correct proteins’ folding. Enzymes and metabolism. Structure and function of Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids. The plasma membrane: structure and function. Structure and function of integral proteins, peripheral and anchored to lipids. Lipids and membrane fluidity, membrane asymmetry. Membrane carbohydrates and the importance of glycocalyx. Dynamic nature of the membrane: mobility of lipids and proteins. Movement of substances through the membrane: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport. Membrane potentials. Cell wall and extracellular matrix: structure and function. Role of the extracellular matrix in the interaction between cells and the extracellular environment. Cellular communication: cellular signaling and signal transduction. Biological role of cell communication and characteristics of signaling systems. Types of signals: autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, neuronal, contact. Types of receptors: receptors connected to ion channels, G protein coupled receptors, receptors with enzymatic activity. G protein coupled receptors: structure, G protein families, activation and deactivation cycle. Signal transduction. Effectors coupled to G proteins (Adenylate cyclase, Phospholipase, Ion channels). Glucose mobilization. Second messengers and signal amplification. Receptor desensitization. Enzymatic activity receptors: Tyrosine kinase receptors: signal activation and transduction. The Ras-MAP-kinase pathway. Insulin Ecector Reporting. Convergence, divergence and cross-dialogue between the different signaling pathways. Role of nitrogen oxide as second messenger. The endomembrane system: The Nucleus structure and function. The nuclear envelope. The pore complex. The nucleolus. Chromatin and chromosomes. Epigenetics. The genes and genome of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Gene expression: transcription, maturation of primary transcripts, genetic code, translation. Control of gene expression at the transcriptional level (cis and trans elements), post-transcriptional (siRNA and miRNA and generics), translational (miRNA and generics), post-translational (proteasome and functional modifications). Rough endoplasmic reticulum. Structure and function. The ribosomes. Biosynthetic pathway of the cell. The secretory pathway and the cytoplasmic pathway. Protein sorting. Addressing signals and receptors. Modifications of newly synthesized proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Glycosylation and quality control. Proteasome mediated degradation. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Structure and function. Importance of detoxification from xenobiotics. Golgi complex. Structure and function. Glycosylation in the Golgi complex. The movement of materials in the Golgi complex. Vesicular transport. Types of vesicles and types of transport. Addressing of the vesicles to a specific compartment. Lysosomes. Structure and function. Heterophagia and autophagy. Peroxisomes: Structure and function. Endocytic pathway: Generalized endocytosis. Receptor mediated endocytosis. Internalization of LDL and role in the formation of atheromas. Phagocytosis. Post-translational intake of proteins by the nucleus, peroxisomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts. Mitochondria: structure and function. Mitochondrial membranes and the matrix. Cellular respiration. Synthesis of ATP. The chemotrophic energy metabolism. Cytoskeleton and cell motility: The structure and function of microtubules. Kinesin and dynein. The microtubule organization centers. Dynamism of microtubules. Intermediate filaments: types and functions. Microfilaments, actin and myosin. Muscle contractility. Cell cycle: Interphase, DNA duplication, Mitosis. Cell cycle control, role of kinases-cyclin dependent. Cell death mechanisms: apoptosis and necrosis. Reproduction of multicellular organisms: Meiosis, gametogenesis. Karyotype. Gene, chromosomal and genomic mutations. Spontaneous and induced mutations. Somatic and germline mutations. DNA repair mechanisms. Cancer: Characteristics of the neoplastic cell. Molecular basis of cancer. Etiology of tumors. The genetics of cancer: proto-oncogenes, oncogenes. |
GENERAL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS - MOD. 2
| Code | GP004754 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 1 |
| Teacher | Letizia Mezzasoma |
| Teachers |
|
| Hours |
|
| Learning activities | Base |
| Area | Discipline generali per la formazione del medico |
| Academic discipline | BIO/13 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | Principles of general and human genetics. |
| Reference texts | Biologia e genetica - G. De Leo, E. Ginelli - S. Fasano Edises Principi di genetica - R.J. Brooker - McGraw-Hill |
| Educational objectives | The main objective of the module is the integrated study of animal cell, with particular regard to transmission of genetic information, and principles of general and human genetics. Students should acquire the ability to connect different cellular processes and apply the acquired knowledge to understand the following teachings. |
| Prerequisites | Basic elements of cellular and molecular biology |
| Teaching methods | Face-to-face and practical training |
| Other information | For information on support services for students with disabilities and / or DSA visit the page http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa |
| Learning verification modality | The exam consists of an oral examination. The exam will be performed at the end of the course according to the exam timetable. The evaluation will be in thirtieths (minimum: 18/30; maximum: 30/30 cum laude) |
| Extended program | Principles of general genetics and elements of human genetics. Definitions and meaning of gene locus, allele, haploidy, diploidy, genotype, phenotype, homozygosity, heterozygosity, dominance and recessivity. Mendel's laws and their interpretation. Extensions of Mendelian analysis. Incomplete dominance, codominance, gene association, multiple alleles. Mendelian inheritance in humans. Family trees. Autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance, sex- linked inheritance. Normal and pathological human karyotype.. Mitochondrial inheritance. Pleiotropy. Epistasis. Expressivity and penetrance. Blood types genetics. |