Unit HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
- Course
- Exercise and sport science
- Study-unit Code
- A001877
- Curriculum
- In all curricula
- Teacher
- Alessandro Tozzi
- CFU
- 9
- Course Regulation
- Coorte 2022
- Offered
- 2023/24
- Type of study-unit
- Obbligatorio (Required)
- Type of learning activities
- Attività formativa integrata
SYSTEMS PHYSIOLOGY
| Code | A001878 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 7 |
| Teacher | Alessandro Tozzi |
| Teachers |
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| Hours |
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| Learning activities | Caratterizzante |
| Area | Biologico |
| Academic discipline | BIO/09 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | -Homeostasis and homeostatic mechanisms -Biophysics of excitable tissues -Cellular electrical potentials -Nerve information transmission -Muscle contraction -Somatic and proprioceptive sensitivity -Motor systems and spinal reflexes -Autonomic nervous system -Cardiovascular system -Cardiac conduction system and maccanics -Regulations of cardiac output, blood pressure, blood flow -Kidney system and urine formation -Hydro-electrolyte balance and its regulation -Respiratory mechanics -Alveolar exchanges and transport of O2 and CO2. -Nervous and chemical control of ventilation. -Acid-base balance and blood buffer systems |
| Reference texts | Textbooks chosen from a range of suggested possibilities. Options will be discussed at the beginning of the course. Fisiologia dell'uomo. Autori vari. Editore edi-ermes. Elementi di Fisiologia. Roberto Poltronieri. Editore EdiSES; Fisiologia umana, elementi. Autori vari. Editore edi-ermes. Fisiologia. Cindy L. Stanfield. EdiSES. |
| Educational objectives | Understanding of the principles of functioning and regulation of the various systems of the human body. |
| Prerequisites | Excellent learning skills through textbook study. Basics of Cell Biology, Human Anatomy and Biochemistry. |
| Teaching methods | Lectures; projection of lecture material in the classroom; content viewable on Unistudium platform of the University; on-going verifications. |
| Learning verification modality | Discussion with the lecturer; ongoing tests; written and oral final examination |
| Extended program | Biophysics of excitable tissues. -Diffusion and transport. -Cellular potentials. Ion distribution and membrane permeability, membrane potential, action potential -Electrical and chemical synapses. -Neurotransmitters and receptors. Main neurotransmitters, ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. -Synaptic integration phenomena. -Biochemistry of muscle contraction. Structure of striated muscle cell, thick and thin filaments, control mechanism, role of ATP. -Biomechanics of muscle contraction. Striated muscle: types of contraction, length/tension curve. Motor unit, fiber types, simple shock and muscle tetanus, force modulation. Characteristics of smooth muscle. Sensory system. -Organization of the sensory system. Receptor concept, sensory modalities, receptor classifications, receptor potential, intensity coding, adaptation, receptive fields, lateral inhibition. -Tactile sensibility. Ascending pathways, somatotopic organization. -Proprioceptive sensitivity. Neuromuscular spindles: structure, transduction mechanism, innervation, role of gamma innervation. Golgi musculo-tendinous organs: localization, mechanism of transduction. Ascending pathways. -Thermal sensitivity. -Pain sensitivity. Types of pain, receptors, afferent pathways, referred pain, hyperalgesia, ascending pathways, peripheral and central control mechanisms. Motor system. -Spinal cord and reflexes. Morpho-functional characteristics, basic circuits, reflex concept, modulability, proprioceptive reflexes (myotatic), superficial reflexes (flexor). -Voluntary movement. Organization of descending pathways, primary motor area, premotor areas, supplementary motor areas. Vegetative controls. -Autonomic nervous system. Structure, similarities and differences of sympathetic and parasympathetic sections, neurotransmitters and receptors. Cardiovascular system. -Anatomo-functional characteristics. Large and small circle, vessel wall structure, vessel compliance. -Principles of hemodynamics. Flow equation, pressure gradient, elasticity of vessels, flow and velocity, laminar and turbulent motion, viscosity, Poisseuille's law, series and parallel resistances. -Cardiac conduction system. Functions of nodal, conduction and working tissues, nodal tissue autorhythmicity, functions of atrioventricular node and Purkinje network. -Cardiac mechanics. Contraction control and role of calcium, inotropic effect, isometric and isotonic contraction, cardiac cycle, differences between Dx and Sn ventricle, length-voltage relationship, preload and afterload, Frank-Starling law, pressure-volume relationships. -Cardiac output. Homeometric regulation, heart rate/output relationship. -Arterial pressure. Determinants of BP, measurement by the Riva-Rocci method, fluctuations in BP. -Capillary circulation. Structure of capillaries and capillary circle, diffusion and filtration, Starling's model, lymphatic circle. -Local flow regulation. Vascular, neurogenic and basal tone, role of calcium, Bayliss myogenic response, effect of local metabolites, endothelial autacoid factors, functional and reactive hyperemia. -Short-term BP regulation. Baroreceptors and baroreceptor reflex, chemoreceptors. -Medium- and long-term PA regulation. Blood pressure-volemia relationship, endocrine mechanisms (ADH, PNA, Angiotensin, Aldosterone), pressure diuresis. -Venous return. Renal system. -Hydro-electrolyte balance. Body fluid compartments, water balance, determination of compartment volumes, osmolarity, fluid redistribution. -Glomerular filtration. Functional anatomy of the kidney, mechanisms of urine formation, filtering structure of the glomerulus, Starling model applied to the glomerulus, afferent and efferent arterioles, VFG and filtration fraction. VFG control. Myogenic autoregulation, tubulo-glomerular feedback (iuxta-glomerular apparatus, role of Sodium). -Tubular reabsorption. Transport mechanisms involved, reabsorption of Sodium, water, cotransports and counter transports, maximal transport, glomerulo-tubular balance. -Regulation of osmolarity. Water reabsorption, role of ADH. Respiratory system. -Respiratory mechanics. Functional anatomy of the respiratory system. Lung and alveolar ventilation, role of pleurae, functional residual capacity, inspiratory and expiratory muscles. -Elastic resistance. Surface tension and surfactant, alveolar stability. -Flow resistance. -Ventilation and perfusion. -Alveolar exchanges. Dalton's law, composition of atmospheric, inspired and alveolar air, alveolar air equation, solubilization and diffusion, Fick's law, oxygen diffusion. -O2 and CO2 transport. O2 transport modes, hemoglobin and its saturation curve, Bohr effect, CO2 transport modes, role of bicarbonate, Haldane effect. -Nervous control of ventilation. Bulbar and pontine control centers -Chemical control of ventilation. -Acid-base balance. Blood buffering systems, effects of ventilation on bicarbonate buffering. |
PHYSIOLOGY OF METABOLISM
| Code | A001879 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 2 |
| Teacher | Attilio Solinas |
| Teachers |
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| Hours |
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| Learning activities | Caratterizzante |
| Area | Biologico |
| Academic discipline | BIO/09 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |