Unit GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2
- Course
- Medicine and surgery
- Study-unit Code
- A000882
- Curriculum
- In all curricula
- CFU
- 7
- Course Regulation
- Coorte 2021
- Offered
- 2023/24
- Type of study-unit
- Obbligatorio (Required)
- Type of learning activities
- Attività formativa integrata
GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - MOD. 3
| Code | A001698 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 4 |
| Teacher | Stefano Brancorsini |
| Teachers |
|
| Hours |
|
| Learning activities | Caratterizzante |
| Area | Formazione clinica interdisciplinare e medicina basata sulle evidenze |
| Academic discipline | MED/04 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | ONCOLOGY • Metaplasia. Dysplasia. Anaplasia. Classification, graduation and staging of tumors. • Characteristics of the normal and transformed cell. Benign and malignant tumors. Histogenic classification and elements of morphology of benign and malignant human tumors. Carcinoma in situ. Elements of tumor epidemiology. • Carcinogenesis and co-carcinogenesis, mechanisms of transformation. Chemical carcinogenesis, from ultraviolet radiation, from ionizing radiation, from environmental and viral causes. • Molecular bases of cellular transformation. Pathogenetic mechanisms. Concept of oncogene and tumor suppressor. Control of DNA replication. The mutations. Hereditary familial neoplasms. Karyotype and chromosomal alterations in tumors. • Role of apoptosis control in tumors. • Molecular pathology of DNA repair. Pathology of “mismatch repair”. Lynch syndromes and hereditary colorectal cancer. Excision repair pathology. Xeroderma pigmentosum and ataxia telangiectasis. • Tumor angiogenesis. Metastasis and staging. Molecular mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of metastasis. Primary and metastatic tumors. Routes of metastasis. • Immunity and tumors. Role of the immune system in controlling the neoplastic process. Tumor-associated antigens. • Main immunological markers of tumors. Tumor markers: diagnostic and prognostic significance. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY • Fever: thermoregulation and alterations of thermogenesis. General response of the body to heat and cold. Causes of fever. Pathological changes in body temperature. Hypothermia and hyperthermia. Morphology of the thermal curve. Organic and metabolic changes in fever. • Blood pathophysiology: alterations in blood mass. Erythrocytes: Polycythemia and erythremia. Hemoglobinopathies. Anemia. White blood cells and leukocytosis. Lymphohematopoietic tumors. Acute and chronic leukemias. Lymphomas. The plasmacytoma. Platelets and the process of hemostasis and coagulation. Hemorrhages. Thrombotic and embolic processes. CID. • Plasma proteins: structure, function and study methods. Blood groups: general information, the ABO system, the Rh factor. • Pathophysiology of the heart: congenital and acquired defects. Endocarditis and valvulopathies. Ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction. Myocardiopathies. Heart failure and heart failure. • Pathophysiology of the circulation: Angiogenesis. Hypertension. Hypotension, collapse and syncope. Shock: etiopathogenesis and compensatory mechanisms. Vasculitis. Atheromatous process. Risk factors for atherosclerosis. Aneurysms. • Pathophysiology of the respiratory system: alterations of gas exchange and pulmonary perfusion. Pathogenesis of respiratory failure: Inflammatory processes. Bronchial asthma. Obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, atelectasis, pneumothorax. Acute and chronic pulmonary edema. Hypoxia, cyanosis. |
| Reference texts | "Pathological base of diseases" Robbins General Pathology and General Physiopathology" Pontieri |
| Educational objectives | Acquire knowledge of the causes of diseases in humans, providing the student with the tools to understand the fundamental pathogenetic and pathophysiological mechanisms of human diseases. The study intends to consolidate physiological and biochemical-molecular knowledge to interpret pathological processes from the cell to the fundamental human systems. The aim of the course is, therefore, to give the student basic information on the main diagnostic techniques, as well as the appropriate background for the correct clinical approach to diseases. |
| Prerequisites | Physiological and biochemical-molecular knowledge to interpret pathological processes from the cell to the fundamental human systems. |
| Teaching methods | Lectures |
| Other information | |
| Learning verification modality | Oral test lasting approximately 15 minutes divided into 2 questions, 1 of which relating to the diagnosis of infections of a system/apparatus (v programme) and 1 more technical question relating to the meaning of a diagnostic technology. A further question on the minimum necessary knowledge may be asked in the case of an unsatisfactory answer to the 2 previous questions. |
| Extended program | ONCOLOGY • Metaplasia. Dysplasia. Anaplasia. Classification, graduation and staging of tumors. • Characteristics of the normal and transformed cell. Benign and malignant tumors. Histogenic classification and elements of morphology of benign and malignant human tumors. Carcinoma in situ. Elements of tumor epidemiology. • Carcinogenesis and co-carcinogenesis, mechanisms of transformation. Chemical carcinogenesis, from ultraviolet radiation, from ionizing radiation, from environmental and viral causes. • Molecular bases of cellular transformation. Pathogenetic mechanisms. Concept of oncogene and tumor suppressor. Control of DNA replication. The mutations. Hereditary familial neoplasms. Karyotype and chromosomal alterations in tumors. • Role of apoptosis control in tumors. • Molecular pathology of DNA repair. Pathology of “mismatch repair”. Lynch syndromes and hereditary colorectal cancer. Excision repair pathology. Xeroderma pigmentosum and ataxia telangiectasis. • Tumor angiogenesis. Metastasis and staging. Molecular mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of metastasis. Primary and metastatic tumors. Routes of metastasis. • Immunity and tumors. Role of the immune system in controlling the neoplastic process. Tumor-associated antigens. • Main immunological markers of tumors. Tumor markers: diagnostic and prognostic significance. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY • Fever: thermoregulation and alterations of thermogenesis. General response of the body to heat and cold. Causes of fever. Pathological changes in body temperature. Hypothermia and hyperthermia. Morphology of the thermal curve. Organic and metabolic changes in fever. • Blood pathophysiology: alterations in blood mass. Erythrocytes: Polycythemia and erythremia. Hemoglobinopathies. Anemia. White blood cells and leukocytosis. Lymphohematopoietic tumors. Acute and chronic leukemias. Lymphomas. The plasmacytoma. Platelets and the process of hemostasis and coagulation. Hemorrhages. Thrombotic and embolic processes. CID. • Plasma proteins: structure, function and study methods. Blood groups: general information, the ABO system, the Rh factor. • Pathophysiology of the heart: congenital and acquired defects. Endocarditis and valvulopathies. Ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction. Myocardiopathies. Heart failure and heart failure. • Pathophysiology of the circulation: Angiogenesis. Hypertension. Hypotension, collapse and syncope. Shock: etiopathogenesis and compensatory mechanisms. Vasculitis. Atheromatous process. Risk factors for atherosclerosis. Aneurysms. • Pathophysiology of the respiratory system: alterations of gas exchange and pulmonary perfusion. Pathogenesis of respiratory failure: Inflammatory processes. Bronchial asthma. Obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, atelectasis, pneumothorax. Acute and chronic pulmonary edema. Hypoxia, cyanosis. |
| Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile | |
GENERAL PATHOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - MOD. 4
| Code | GP005878 |
|---|---|
| CFU | 3 |
| Teacher | Marina Maria Bellet |
| Teachers |
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| Hours |
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| Learning activities | Caratterizzante |
| Area | Formazione clinica interdisciplinare e medicina basata sulle evidenze |
| Academic discipline | MED/04 |
| Type of study-unit | Obbligatorio (Required) |
| Language of instruction | Italian |
| Contents | Acute and chronic inflammation. Granulomatous inflammation and systemic effect of inflammation. Consequences of inflammatory process and mechanisms of tissue repair. Pathophysiology of liver, kidney and endocrine system |
| Reference texts | - Kumar, Abbas, Aster "Robbins e Cotran: Le basi patologiche delle malattie" Edra, IX edizione - Pontieri, Russo, Frati "Patologia generale e Fisiopatologia Generale" Piccin, V Edizione |
| Educational objectives | This course is the first teaching in which the student acquires skills aimed at understanding the body's defensive responses following pathologies induced by intrinsic and extrinsic causes. The main objective of this module is, therefore, to provide students with knowledge on the pathogenesis of the defensive responses that are triggered following pathological events and culminate with inflammatory processes. Another main objective is the knowledge of the pathophysiological basis of the main liver, kidney and endocrine system diseases. The main knowledge acquired in this module will provide the essential foundations for the subsequent correct clinical approach to diseases and to evaluate and use the biomedical information obtained from the main diagnostic techniques. |
| Prerequisites | In order to be able to understand and apply the majority of argument described within the Course, it is necessary to have successfully passed the Physiology exam. Moreover, other topics matter of the module require deep knowledge of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Anatomy and Histology. Their knowledge represents a mandatory prerequisite for student planning to follow this course with profit. |
| Teaching methods | Face-to-face and seminar lectures with audiovisual material on all subjects of the Course |
| Other information | No additional information |
| Learning verification modality | The exam consists of an oral test as interview of about 20-30 minutes long aiming to ascertain the knowledge level and the understanding capability acquired by the student on issues proposed. The interview is focused on three important arguments (Pathology, Inflammation/Oncology and Phisiopathology) and require theoretical insights and clarification of details by members of the board of examiners. The examination, as a whole, allows to verify both the ability of knowledge and understanding, and the ability to apply the acquired skills and to develop solutions for independent judgement. |
| Extended program | INFLAMMATION • General characteristics. Definition of inflammation. Distinctive features between acute and chronic inflammation. • Acute exudative inflammation (Angiophlogosis). Phases. Plasma and tissue mediators of inflammation. Exudation: the different types of exudate. Acute phase proteins. The cells of acute inflammation. Diapedesis, chemotaxis and phagocytosis. The different types of acute inflammation: serous, serum-fibrinous, fribinous, catarrhal, purulent, hemorrhagic, necrotic-hemorrhagic and allergic. • Chronic inflammation (Histoflogosis). The cells of chronic inflammation, chronic granulomatous and interstitial inflammation. Structure of granulomas: tuberculoma, syphiloma, rheumatic nodule, leproma, foreign body granuloma. Examples of chronic inflammatory diseases. • Outcomes of inflammatory processes. Reparative processes and granulation tissue. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE LIVER Basic notions of liver anatomy and physiology, liver function tests. The jaundices. Primary pathologies of the liver. Inflammatory and degenerative processes, hepatitis, cirrhosis. Metabolic and toxic liver disease (alcoholic, drug), cholestasis. Acute and chronic liver failure. Portal hypertension. Ascites. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE KIDNEY Notes on renal anatomy and physiology. Glomerular disorders: glomerulonephritis, nephritic and nephrotic syndrome. Tubulo-interstitial disorders: acute tubular necrosis, tubulointerstitial nephritis. Obstructive nephropathy. Acute and chronic renal failure. Basics of uremic syndrome. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Classification of pathologies of the endocrine glands. Thyroid diseases: hyper and hypothyroidisms, types of goiter. Adrenal diseases: hypercortisolism and adrenal cortical insufficiency. |