Unit BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 1

HUMAN ANATOMY

Code	GP005087
CFU	3
Teacher	Alessandra Pistilli
Teachers	Alessandra Pistilli
Hours	45 ore - Alessandra Pistilli
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/16
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Understanding 3 fundamental aspects of the anatomical systems: 1. systems meet specific functional requirements; 2. systems consist of various organs functionally interconnected; 3. The cardiovascular system, the nervous system and the endocrine system functionally interconnect different organs and anatomical systems. On this basis it will require understanding of the key concepts relating to: · normal macroscopic structure of the major organs and systems with particular reference to a topographic setting of the same · Histological structure correlated with the function · Functional considerations and Medical applications for the understanding of the structures
Reference texts	-ARichard L. Drake, A. Wayne Vogl, e al.: Anatomia del Gray. I fondamenti Edra -A. M. Gilroy, B. R. MacPherson: Atlante di Anatomia-Prometheus EdiSES
Educational objectives	The course in human anatomy aims to present the anatomo-clinical characterization of the human body at the macroscopic, microscopic, and ultrastructural levels, including the time dimension from embryonic development, organogenesis, somatic growth, and aging. At the end of the course, the student should know the essential morphological and biomechanical characteristics, modalities of functioning and general control mechanisms of anatomical systems, organs, tissues and cells of the human body, as well as their main morpho-functional correlates under normal conditions. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 1) Knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course, the student knows and understands the structural and functional organization of the human body; knows and understands the main anatomo-clinical applications of structural organization at each structural level of the human body. 2) Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: at the end of the course, the student possesses the ability to be able to connect the macroscopic, structural and ultrastructural organization of systems and organs with the corresponding functions. The student is able to recognize the macroscopic structure of systems and organs, knowing how to connect it to notions of surface anatomy, topographical, radiological and clinical anatomy so as to be able to identify and interpret anatomical regions and structures. He/she is also able to apply anatomical knowledge in solving problems related to understanding physiology, pathology, instrumental physical semeiotics and clinical correlates. 3) Communication skills: at the end of the course, the student will have the ability to be able to describe and explain (both in oral and written form) the normal morphology and structure of the human body also knowing how to effectively use the communicative tools proper to scientific publications and communications. 4) Learning skills: by the end of the course, the student will have acquired the cross-curricular learning skills common to the logic of scientific inquiry in the biomedical field.
Prerequisites	Basic concepts in biology, embriology and histology are required Basic concepts of learning methodology
Teaching methods	At the beginning of the course, the lecturer explains the main learning methodologies based on modern pedagogical principles for learning. Frontal lectures, clinical anatomy tutorials and practical tests are organized to set up for anatomy students, including plastic models and bone material All the didactical material (slide, videos from dissections) is available on the website Unistudium. The student can download in his/her device the slides of the daily lecture before the beginning of the lecture.
Other information	The course of Human Anatomy is topographically and clinically oriented
Learning verification modality	The final exam will be based on a multiple choice written test
Extended program	Main elements of anatomical terminology (positions, planes, axes, etc..) Cardiovascular System: Large and small circulation, the heart, the serous pericardium, conduction system, blood vessels and their structure, the main branches of the aorta and vena cava. Lymphatic system: lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thoracic duct). Hematopoietic and lymphoid organs (bone marrow, thymus, spleen Respiratory System: Nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs (pulmonary lobule structure), pleura. Muscles of respiration. Digestive System: buccal cavity, teeth, tongue, organ of taste, the major salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (intestinal villus structure), large intestine, liver (hepatic lobule structure), portal vein system, pancreas exocrine, peritoneum. Urinary System: Kidneys (structure of the nephron), urinary tract infection. Male Reproductive System: the testes, sperm ducts and glands. Female Reproductive System: ovary, fallopian tubes, uterus. Introduction to general embryology. Nervous System: Central nervous system: spinal cord, brain (bulb, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, diencephalon, telencephalon). Peripheral nervous system: origin and formation of the spinal nerves and cranial Main elements of anatomical terminology (positions, planes, axes, etc..) Cardiovascular System: Large and small circulation, the heart, the serous pericardium, conduction system, blood vessels and their structure, the main branches of the aorta and vena cava. Lymphatic system: lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thoracic duct). Hematopoietic and lymphoid organs (bone marrow, thymus, spleen Respiratory System: Nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs (pulmonary lobule structure), pleura. Muscles of respiration. Digestive System: buccal cavity, teeth, tongue, organ of taste, the major salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (intestinal villus structure), large intestine, liver (hepatic lobule structure), portal vein system, pancreas exocrine, peritoneum. Urinary System: Kidneys (structure of the nephron), urinary tract infection. Male Reproductive System: the testes, sperm ducts and glands. Female Reproductive System: ovary, fallopian tubes, uterus. Introduction to general embryology. Nervous System: Central nervous system: spinal cord, brain (bulb, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, diencephalon, telencephalon). Peripheral nervous system: origin and formation of the spinal nerves and cranial nerves, peripheral notes on their distribution. Sensory pathways and motor paths. Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic. Endocrine System: Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal gland, adrenal glands, endocrine pancreas, testis and ovary as endocrine glands.
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile	3,4,5

BIOCHEMISTRY

Code	GP003724
CFU	2
Teacher	Davide Chiasserini
Teachers	Davide Chiasserini
Hours	30 ore - Davide Chiasserini
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/10
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

APPLIED BIOLOGY

Code	GP003725
CFU	2
Teacher	Cinzia Antognelli
Teachers	Cinzia Antognelli
Hours	30 ore - Cinzia Antognelli
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/13
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Characteristics of living organisms. Biological macromolecules. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Viruses (overview). Flow of genetic information within a biological system and its regulation. Cell cycle and its control. Mutations: types and causes. Reproduction of multicellular living organisms: meiosis and gametogenesis. Basic concepts of formal genetics. Basic concepts of medical genetics. Blood types: immunological and genetic approach.
Reference texts	R. Roberti, G. Alunni Bistocchi, C. Antognelli, VN Talesa - Biochimica e Biologia per le professioni sanitarie – McGrawHill P. Bonaldo, S. Suga, R. Pierantoni, P. Riva, M.G, Romanelli- Biologia e Genetica – EdiSES The teaching materials are also available on Unistudium. Disabled students and/or with DSA are guaranteed all the compensatory and/or dispensatory measures provided for by current legislation in accordance with the University guidelines.
Educational objectives	The Applied Biology module represents one of the first preparatory courses of the Course of study in Obstetrics. As such, the main objective of teaching is to provide students with the foundations to tackle the study of both more complex basic disciplines (Histology, Anatomy, Physiology, Microbiology and Pathology) and specialist disciplines. The main knowledge acquired will concern the integrated study of the cell and living organisms, with emphasis on the: • molecular mechanisms involved in the biogenesis processes of organelles and cellular structures • interactions between cells and cells-extracellular environment • duplication, transmission and expression of genetic information • cell proliferation • basic concepts of general and human genetics.
Prerequisites	In order to understand the contents of the course it is necessary to have knowledge of the basic elements of chemistry.
Teaching methods	The course is organized in classroom lessons (face-to-face) on all course topics.
Other information	Site of the teacher: Department of Medicine and Surgery, Building B, 4th floor, P.le L Severi 1, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Perugia. Student reception: the professor is always available to receive students upon request via email (cinzia.antognelli@unipg.it).
Learning verification modality	The exam includes a final written test (multiple choice tests involving reasoning) made up of 60 questions and 5 answer options, of which only one is correct, to be carried out in 60 minutes. One point is assigned to each correct answer; 0 points are assigned to incorrect or unanswered answers. The test as a whole allows you to ascertain your ability to know and understand the contents of the discipline. Students with DSA and/or disabilities are guaranteed the compensatory and/or dispensatory measures provided for by current legislation and the relevant UNIPG University Regulations.
Extended program	The characteristics of living organisms. Biological macromolecules: proteins, lipids and glucids (general characteristics). Models of cellular organization: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Viruses: general characteristics. Animal eukaryotic cell. Plasma membrane: structure and functions. The main mechanisms of membrane transport and cellular communication; cytoplasm; ribosomes; rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus; lysosomes; peroxisomes; mitochondria and the energy problem; cytoskeleton (general characteristics), nucleus and nucleolus. DNA and RNA: structure and function. Organization of chromatin, chromosomes. The eukaryotic gene. Gene expression: transcription, maturation of primary transcripts, genetic code, translation. Regulation of gene expression: general characteristics. Cell cycle: interphase, DNA replication, mitosis. Cell cycle control: check-point and CdK-cyclines. Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes and tumor suppressor. Gene mutations (point mutations, missense, nonsense, neutral mutations), genomic mutations (aneuploidy and polyploidy mutations) and chromosomal mutations (deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation). Human normal and pathological karyotype. Heterochromatinization of the X chromosome. Reproduction of multicellular organisms; meiosis and its biological meaning, gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis). Basic concepts of formal genetics: allele, haploid and diploid organisms, genotype, phenotype, homozygous and heterozygous organisms, dominance, recessiveness, Mendel's laws and extensions to Mendelian analysis (incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles). Basic concepts of medical genetics: family trees, dominant and recessive autosomal inheritance, sex-linked inheritance (X-linked and Y-linked). Multifactorial and polygenic inheritance. Mitochondrial inheritance. Blood types.
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile	Objective 3: Health and Wellness.

HISTOLOGY

Code	GP003945
CFU	1
Teacher	Giovanni Luca
Teachers	Giovanni Luca
Hours	15 ore - Giovanni Luca
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/17
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Methods in Histology. Epithelia. Exocrine and endocrine glands. Connective tissues. Extracellular matrix. Connective tissue cells. Interstitial fluid. Adipose tissue. Blood. Hematopoiesis. Lymphoid tissue. Types of cartilage. Bone tissue. Bone formation.Muscle tissue. General aspects of striated, smooth and cardiac muscle tissues.¿Nerve tissue (neuron, nerve fiber).
Reference texts	1) Istologia per le professioni sanitarie. Autori vari. Idelson-Gnocchi Ed., 2018¿¿2) M. De Felici, C. Boitani, M. Bouché, R. Canipari, A. Dolfi, A. Filippini, A. Musarò, G. Popaccio, A. Salustri.¿Embriologia Umana Morfogenesi - Processi Molecolari - Aspetti Clinici, Eds: Piccin, Terza Edizione, 2020.
Educational objectives	To know the distribution of tissues, their main structural and functional characteristics and their cellular organization. ¿To Know the main histological techniques.¿To Know how to correlate cellular activities and the structural and ultrastructural organization of cells and tissues to their main functional activities.¿Acquire and know how to use the hystological terminology as a basis for a definition and critical interpretation of morphological knowledge.¿Demonstrate the ability to recognize tissues, based on their organization through common microscopic observation techniques.
Prerequisites	In order to be able to understand and apply the majority of the contents described within the course, the student must have acquired basic knowledge of cellular biology.
Teaching methods	The course is structured as follows:-Frontal theoretical lectures on all program topics.
Other information	The attendance is compulsory at least 70% of lessons. Piazz.le L. Severi, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, 06132, Perugia. For information, clarification and to set up a reception time, please contact via e-mail: giovanni.luca@unipg.it
Learning verification modality	The exam include an oral exam to assess logical and knowledge competence learning and the ability to interpret data. The oral test are aimed at verifying that the student is able to communicate, with method, propriety of language and of exposure.¿For information on support services for students with disabilities and/or DSA visit http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa
Extended program	HISTOLOGY¿Methods to study the tissues¿1) Definition and classification of tissues.¿2) Epithelial tissue:¿- generality;¿- Lining epithelia: structure, functions and classification; examples of anatomical distribution. Differentiations of free surfaces (cilia, microvilli, stereocilia). Notes on joining systems. Epidermis;¿- Exocrine glandular epithelia: classification and examples according to the degree of duct branching, adenomere shape, the terms of issue of the secretion, the chemical composition of the secretion;¿- Endocrine glandular epithelia: secretion mode and nature of the hormones. Notes on cytologic and histologic and functional features of the endocrine glands. Testis and ovary hystology: spermatogenesis and folliculogenesis;¿3) Connective tissue:¿- Structural organization; its own cells and the extracellular matrix components (collagen fibers, elastic and reticular substance and amorphous - proteoglycans and glycoproteins);¿- Connective tissue proper: the cell types, extracellular matrix, classification, function and anatomical distribution of different types. - Specialized connective tissues:¿a) cartilaginous tissue: cell types, the cartilaginous matrix, classification (hyaline, elastic, fibrous, and chondroid cordoide), functions and anatomical distribution of cartilage. The perichondrium.¿b) bone: macro and microscopic organization. Features and compact bone and spongy bone distribution; cell types; the bone matrix. The periosteum and endosteum.¿c) Blood: The figurative elements - erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets (morphology, function and life time ); serum and plasma. hematocrit value. Differential count.¿4) Adipose tissue: histogenesis, structure and ¿function.¿5) Nervous tissue: structure, ultrastructure, function and location. morphological characteristics of the neuron. Structure and function of the myelin sheath. The cells of the neuroglia. The white matter and gray matter. nerve fibers and peripheral nerves; epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium.¿6) Muscle tissue:¿a) the skeletal striated muscle tissue; integration with connective tissue (endomysium, perimysium and epimysium); Structural and ultrastructural characteristics of striated skeletal muscle fiber; triad; motor end plate;¿b) cardiac striated muscle tissue: ultrastructural characteristics of cardiac striated muscle fiber; intercalated discs; dyad;¿c) smooth muscle tissue: ultrastructural characters, functions and distribution of smooth muscle cells.¿d) The muscle contraction.¿EMBRIOLOGY:¿A) Medical Embryology¿1)Spermatogenesis.¿2) Folliculogenesis and oogenesis. ovarian and uterine cycle.¿3) fertilization and segmentation.¿4) The first and second week of development: segmentation system and its anomalies and bilaminar embryo.¿5) Third week of development: gastrulation and trilaminar embryo.¿6) Fourth week of development: growth, organzzazione of germ layers, defining the body of the embryo and early organogenesis.¿7) Sex Differentiation;¿8) Placenta and twins.
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile	Zero poverty, health and well-being, gender equality.