Unit ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF THE HUMAN BODY

ANATOMY

Code	GP001717
CFU	3
Teacher	Francesca Riuzzi
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/16
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)

Canale A

CFU

3

Teacher

Francesca Riuzzi

Teachers

• Francesca Riuzzi

Hours

• 45 ore - Francesca Riuzzi

Language of instruction

Italian

Canale B

CFU

3

Teacher

Francesca Riuzzi

Teachers

• Francesca Riuzzi

Hours

• 45 ore - Francesca Riuzzi

PHYSIOLOGY I

Code	GP001718
CFU	1
Teacher	Alessandro Tozzi
Teachers	Alessandro Tozzi
Hours	15 ore - Alessandro Tozzi
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/09
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Principles of General Physiology: Homeostasis; homeostatic mechanisms; diffusion, osmosis, and cellular transport. General organization of the nervous system; neurons. Membrane properties of neuronal and muscle cells. Membrane potentials, receptors, and ion channels. Synaptic transmission. Key aspects of the somatosensory system physiology, with a focus on nociception. Key aspects of skeletal striated muscle cell physiology. Motor units; muscle strength and regulation mechanisms. Motor systems: general organization, reflex, rhythmic, and voluntary movements, with a focus on spinal reflexes.
Reference texts	Elementi di fisiologia Roberto Poltronieri Casa editrice EdiSES
Educational objectives	Basic Physiology Knowledge - Acquire an understanding of the basic physiological mechanisms that regulate cellular, tissue, and organ functions. - Understand the concept of homeostasis and the main control mechanisms of the human body. Nervous System Physiology - Describe the general organization of the nervous system and the functional role of neurons. - Explain the mechanisms of cellular communication, including synaptic transmission and neuronal integration. Cellular Transport and Communication - Understand the processes of diffusion, osmosis, and active and passive cellular transport. - Learn the role of cell membranes in maintaining the resting membrane potential and in cellular excitability processes. Somatosensory System - Analyze the basic principles of sensory physiology, with a particular focus on nociception and pain modulation. Muscle Physiology - Explain the mechanisms of skeletal muscle contraction, including excitation-contraction coupling and regulation of muscle strength. - Illustrate the organization and functioning of motor units. - Explain the general organization of motor systems, with a particular focus on spinal reflexes.
Prerequisites	Have a basic understanding of chemistry and cellular biology.
Teaching methods	Lectures, slideshow presentations, and discussion of educational material in the classroom. Availability for student consultations to provide further insights and clarifications.
Learning verification modality	The learning assessment consists of a written multiple-choice test covering topics in physiology, human anatomy, and histology.
Extended program	- Concept of internal environment and homeostasis. Homeostatic mechanisms (negative and positive feedback, feed-forward controls). - General organization of the nervous system. - Nervous system cells: cytology and morphology related to the specific functions of neurons and glial cells. Cellular communication. - Diffusion of molecules across a cell membrane: Fick's law; osmosis. - Cellular transport mechanisms. - Membrane properties of excitable cells. Ion channels and resting membrane potential. - Graded potentials, action potentials, and their propagation. - Synaptic transmission: electrical and chemical synapses; the neuromuscular junction. - Ionotropic and metabotropic receptors and signal transduction mechanisms. - Postsynaptic potentials. Synaptic integration: spatial and temporal summation of graded potentials. - The somatosensory system. Properties of sensory receptors. - Nociception, pain modulation, and hyperalgesia. - Skeletal muscle: excitation-contraction coupling; contraction mechanisms; simple contraction and summation phenomena; muscle tetanus. - Motor units; muscle strength and regulation mechanisms. - Motor systems: general organization, reflex, rhythmic, and voluntary movements. - Examples of spinal reflexes: phasic and tonic stretch reflex; inverse stretch reflex; flexor reflex.
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile	Promotion of health and global well-being, contributing to the improvement of healthcare systems and living conditions.

HISTOLOGY

Code	GP001716
CFU	1
Teacher	Tiziano Baroni
Teachers	Tiziano Baroni
Hours	15 ore - Tiziano Baroni
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/17
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Tissue organization: structure and functions.
Reference texts	Autori vari: Citologia & Istologia umana 2^ Ed. (Idelson-Gnocchi)
Educational objectives	The main knowledge that students will acquire will be:-critical knowledge of the essential morphological features of the normal tissues related to the function that the tissues have in the body;- knowledge of the distribution and features of the tissues in the human body as introduction to anatomy. The main competence (ability to apply the acquired knowledges) will be:-ability to recognize tissues under light microscopy or by examinating histological images of tissues specimens.
Prerequisites	The course of “Basi anatomo-fisiologiche del corpo umano” is organized in 3 modules: Histology, Anatomy, and Physiology. For an effective understanding of the topics of this integrated course, the basic knowledge at high school level of Physics, Chemistry and cell Biology is required. In particular, general knowledge of cell structure, organic molecules and macromolecule concepts are mandatory. Moreover, it is important that the student acquired the basic knowledge of Physics.
Teaching methods	The course is organized as follows:-face to face lectures on all subjects of the course. During lectures, teacher uses video and slide projectons as main tools. The course is organized as follows:-face to face lectures on all subjects of the course. During lectures, teacher uses video and slide projectons as main tools. The course includes 10 hours of further didactic activity for 10 hours organized as follows: 1. seminars; 2. lections performed in a room equipped with light microscopes by which students will examine histologic specimens, in order to acquire the basic knowledge to recognize the main human tissues. The course is organized as follows:-face to face lectures on all subjects of the course.During lectures, teacher uses video and slide projectons as main tools. As further didactic activity, students will examine histologic specimens by means of light microscopy. Lections will be performed in a room equipped with light microscopes. Students should acquire the basic knowledge to recognize the main human tissues.
Other information	Mandatory attendance.
Learning verification modality	The level of learning achieved will be assessed in an examination comprising a written exam with multiple choice questions (duration about 90 minutes) designed to assess knowledge of histology, human anatomy and physiology I and oral exam consisting in an interview of about 15 minutes aiming to ascertain the knowledge level on theoretical contents as indicated on the program of histology. The oral exam will also test the student communication skills and the organization and exposure of the theoretical topics. The final grade will result from the average of the marks obtained in each test. The final grade will result from the average of the marks obtained in each test.
Extended program	Ultrastructure of the main cell organelles related to differentiated cell populations of the different tissues. Stem cell. Lining epithelium: classification and main examples. Exocrine and endocrine glands classification and examples. Connective tissues and adipose tissue. Cartilage. Bone tissue. Blood (plasma; erythrocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets). Muscular tissues: morphology of smooth and striated muscles. Molecular mechanism of contraction. Nervous tissue: general organization. Neurons and neuroglial cells. Nerve fibers, peripheral nerves. Synapses: morpho-functional organization.