Unit MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL BASES

Course
Physiotherapy
Study-unit Code
GP003692
Curriculum
In all curricula
CFU
8
Course Regulation
Coorte 2024
Offered
2024/25
Type of study-unit
Obbligatorio (Required)
Type of learning activities
Attività formativa integrata

HUMAN ANATOMY

Code GP003704
CFU 4
Teacher Cataldo Arcuri
Teachers
  • Cataldo Arcuri
Hours
  • 48 ore - Cataldo Arcuri
Learning activities Base
Area Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline BIO/16
Type of study-unit Obbligatorio (Required)

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

Code GP003705
CFU 2
Teacher Fabio Massimo Botti
Teachers
  • Fabio Massimo Botti
Hours
  • 24 ore - Fabio Massimo Botti
Learning activities Base
Area Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline BIO/09
Type of study-unit Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction Italian language
Contents function of blood and cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal systems
Reference texts ".pdf" from the slides shown during the lessons.

Edi-Ermes Fisiologia dell'uomo. AAVV ISBN-13: 978-8870512519
Educational objectives Knowledge of the role, function and regulation of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal
Prerequisites Knowledge of physics, anatomy, chemistry and biochemistry
Teaching methods frontal lessons
Other information -
Learning verification modality progress evaluation with multiple choice questions and a final oral test
Extended program CARDIO-CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Principles of hemodynamics: Physical factors that regulate blood flow in the circulatory system. Relationship between pressure, flow and resistance, the Hagen-Poiseuille law. Laminar motion and turbulent motion. Parameters that determine vascular resistance. Viscosity and hematocrit. Vasal compliance. Factors that determine the blood pressure and the creation of the pressure difference in the circulatory system. The meaning of the hydrostatic pressure in the circulatory system and its effects in orthostatic position. The relationship between flow and velocity of blood flow in the system.
Excitability and cardiac automatism: Mechanisms underlying automatism and conduction of cardiac action potential. Ionic bases of action potentials. Mechanisms of atrio-ventricular delay. Identification of the electrical activation timing sequence of the various heart regions and of the conduction velocity in the different parts of the conduction system. Electrocardiogram. Physiological bases of the ECG, relationship between electrical events of cardiac excitation and ECG waves. Description of the different components of the electrocardiographic trace
Cardiac mechanics: Electro-mechanical coupling in cardiac fiber. Factors that determine the contractile force of the heart. Isometric and isotonic contraction and the length-tension relationship in cardiac fiber. The meaning of the Laplace law applied to the heart. Cardiac cycle: cardiac, arterial and venous pressure changes. V heart blisters and heart tones. Cardiac output. Mechanisms of regulation of cardiac activity. Mechanisms that allow the modification of cardiac output. Control of heart rate and stroke volume. The homeometric and heterometric control (Frank-Starling's law)
Physiology of the arterial system: Factors that determine the average arterial pressure. Pulse arterial pressure. Sphygmic wave and changes in the arterial pulse and flow velocity along the arterial tree. Measurement of arterial pressure. Physiology of the microcirculation and lymphatic circulation: Functional properties of the systemic capillaries. Mechanisms at the base of the exchanges between blood and interstitial liquid. Role of the lymphatic system in the control of the concentration of proteins, volume and pressure of the interstitial liquid. Lymphatic flow. Factors determining interstitial edema.
Blood flow control: Metabolic, humoral and nervous mechanisms that allow the regulation of blood flow in the various circulatory districts.
Arterial pressure regulation: Short, medium and long-term mechanisms. Reflex, baroceptive and chemoceptive mechanisms. The renin-angiotensin system. The body's kidney-fluid system.
Physiology of the venous system: pressure difference at the base of venous return (average circulatory pressure of filling and atrial pressure) Physiology of the district blood circulation: influencing factors and mechanisms that regulate the flow in the coronary, cutaneous, muscular and cerebral circulation.
Cardio-circulatory adjustments during physical activity: Mechanisms underlying the modification of cardio-circulatory parameters during exercise.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiratory Mechanics: Mechanisms of lung volume modification, air movements and pressure that determine it. Thoraco-pulmonary coupling. Intrapleural pressure. Elastic retraction of the lung and thorax. Surface tension and surfactant. Alveolar interdependence. Changes in intrapleural, intrapulmonary, flow and respiratory volume during the respiratory cycle. The volume-pressure relationship under static conditions, release curves and compliance concept. Compliance changes in some restrictive pathologies. Resistance of the airways and neurohumoral regulation. Dynamic airway compression. Dynamic compliance and volume pressure diagram during the respiratory cycle, contribution of elastic and viscous resistances. Respiratory work. Modifications in the case of restrictive or obstructive pathologies.
Volumes, capacity, pulmonary resistance and their determination. Breakdown of lung volumes. Measurement of lung volumes, spirometers and spirometry.
C residual functional capacity, residual volume and total lung capacity. Anatomical and physiological dead space. Pulmonary ventilation, alveolar and dead space. Pulmonary circulation.
Pulmonary hemodynamics. Flow, pressure and resistance. Passive and active regulation of pulmonary blood flow. Blood flow distribution and effects of gravity. The areas of West.
Gaseous alveolar-capillary exchange: Composition and partial pressures in atmospheric, inspired and alveolar air. Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Law of diffusion and factors influencing the speed of diffusion. Gaseous transfer with diffusion and limited perfusion, Measurement of pulmonary diffusion capacity. Ventilation-perfusion relationship and its regional distribution. Gaseous exchanges and partial pressures with normal and altered perfusion ventilation ratio. Compensation of ventilation-perfusion imbalances.
Transport of respiratory gases in the blood: Transport of O2. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, curve analysis and its physiological significance. Factors that influence the dissociation curve of oxyhemoglobin. Bohr effect and its physiological meaning. CO2 transport. CO2 dissociation curve. Haldane effect and its physiological meaning.
Cellular metabolism and oxygen requirements: Respiratory quotient, O2 supply to tissues and oxygen utilization in different organs. Effects of ischemia, arterial hypoxia and anemia on the contribution of O2 to tissues.
Breath neurogenesis: Organization and functioning of respiratory centers, bulbar respiratory center, apneustic and pneumotaxic. Bases of ritmogenesis. Mechanisms of chemical and other regulation of respiratory activity. Control of ventilation by central and peripheral chemoreceptors. Mechanisms that allow respiratory adaptations during exercise.


URINARY SYSTEM
Introduction to Renal Physiology: Renal functions of filtration, reabsorption and secretion. The mechanisms of urine formation: glomerular filtration. Composition of the glomerular ultrafiltrate, Characteristics of the glomerular filtration barrier. Factors that determine ultrafiltration. Definition of VFG and inulin clearance, creatinine clearance. Factors that determine renal blood flow, PAI clearance and renal plasma flow, filtration fraction. Physiological control of glomerular filtration and renal blood flow.
Self-regulation of VFG and renal blood flow. Glomerulus-tubular balance.
Resorption and tubular secretion: Measurement of resorption and tubular secretion based on renal clearance, filtered load, excreted load and resorbed or secreted load. Active and passive mechanisms, maximum transport concept. Reabsorption and secretion in the different sections of the nephron. Regulation of tubular reabsorption. Fate of the most important plasma components in the passage through the kidney: Glucose: glucose reabsorption, glucose renal threshold, glucose titration curve, glycosuria. Balance of urea, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium.
Contribution of kidney to water-salt balance: Body fluids and renal function, intake and excretion of fluids. Determination of the volumes of body water compartments. Introduction of iso, ipo or hyperosmolar liquids. The transport of water and solutes along the nephron. Renal mechanisms for dilution and concentration of urine: the countercurrent multiplication mechanism. Quantification of renal capacity to dilute and concentrate urine: free water clearance and osmolar clearance. Actions of ADH on the kidney. Osmotic and hemodynamic control of ADH secretion. Mechanism of thirst. Control of extracellular fluid volume and regulation of renal excretion of NaCl. Signals controlling renal excretion of water and NaCl: renal sympathetic nerves, renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide.
Control of sodium excretion under normal VCE conditions under conditions of expansion and volume reduction.
Acid-base equilibrium and its regulation: Defenses against pH variations, buffer systems. The Henderson-Hasselbach equation. Respiratory regulation of acid-base balance. Renal control of acid-base balance. Quantification of the acidifying capacity of the kidney: bicarbonate reabsorption, elimination of titratable acidity, ammonium ion elimination. Determination of respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis and compensation mechanisms.
Urination: Bladder filling and bladder tone. The reflection of urination. Control by the higher centers.
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

Code GP003706
CFU 2
Teacher Roberto Panichi
Teachers
  • Roberto Panichi
Hours
  • 24 ore - Roberto Panichi
Learning activities Base
Area Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline BIO/09
Type of study-unit Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction Italian
Contents The study course develops concepts regarding the functional organization of the sensory and motor systems. In addition, it addresses the problem of plastic phenomena.
Reference texts Reference book: Per Brodal “Il Sistema nervosa centrale” ed. PICCIN;
Autori vari "Fisiologia dell'uomo", ed. edi-ermes.
Books depth (optional): Mark L. Latash “ Neurophysiological Basis of Movement” ed. Human Kinetics.
Kandel Eric R. [et. Al.], "Principi di neuroscienze", ed. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana.
Educational objectives Knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie perceptual and motor responses and their functional meaning. Comprehension of the significance of plasticity functions.
Prerequisites In order to attend the class, a basic understanding of neuron physiology is recommended.
Teaching methods Face-to-face lessons on all subjects of the program with discussion in the classroom.
Other information Includes meetings with dates to be determined at the beginning of the course.
For information on support services for students with disabilities or DSA, visit http://www.unipg.it/disabilita-e-dsa.
Learning verification modality Learning is assessed through a multiple-choice written test.
Extended program Introduzione.
Sistema nervoso: organizzazione morfo-funzionale generale del sistema nervoso centrale e periferico. Cenni sul sistema nervoso autonomo.

Biofisica.

Movimento di molecole nell’organismo. Processi di diffusione. Canali ionici. Diffusione attraverso i canali ionici. Meccanismi di apertura dipendenti da ligando, potenziale, fosforilazione, variazioni meccaniche. Apertura, chiusura, blocco, inattivazione.

Fisiologia del neurone. Segnali elettrici attraverso la membrana. Registrazione dei potenziali di membrana di un neurone. Potenziali di riposo, iperpolarizzazione, depolarizzazione, potenziale d’azione. Potenziale di equilibrio per uno ione. Pompa sodio-potassio. Proprietà dei potenziali d’azione. Conduzione dei segnali elettrici lungo le membrane eccitabili: Conduzione elettrotonica. Costante di tempo e di spazio. Correlazioni tra proprietà di membrana e eccitabilità. Conduzione del potenziale d’azione. Fattori che influenzano la velocità di conduzione dei segnali elettrici. Conduzione saltatoria. Classificazione delle fibre nervosa in base al diametro e alla velocità di conduzione.

Fisiologia della Sinapsi.

Sinapsi elettrica: descrizione, meccanismi e ruolo. Sinapsi chimica: descrizione, meccanismi e ruolo. Sinapsi chimica centrale. Meccanismi presinaptici. Meccanismi postsinaptici: potenziali postsinaptici eccitatori e inibitori. Mediatori chimici e recettori. Risposte postsinaptiche rapide e lente (cenni). Funzioni sinaptiche : integrazione nervosa. Modulazione presinaptica e plasticità a lungo termine. La sinapsi neuro-muscolare: correlazioni e differenze con la sinapsi centrale.

Fisiologia del muscolo scheletrico.

Aspetti generali delle componenti muscolari. Proprietà contrattili delle cellule muscolari, interazione dei filamenti spessi con quelli sottili. Calcio e troponina. Accoppiamento elettromeccanico. Utilizzo e apporto energetico. Meccanica del movimento. Fattori che influenzano la forza di contrazione e la velocità di accorciamento. Classificazione delle fibre muscolari. Cenni sulle risposte adattative. Organizzazione dell’unità motoria. EMG (cenni).

Fisiologia sensoriale.

Caratteristiche generali dei sistemi sensoriali. Recettori e vie di trasmissione. Processo di trasduzione. Codificazione del segnale. Principi organizzativi. La sensazione e la percezione.

Sistema somestesico: tatto, propriocezione, nocicezione, termocezione, interocezione (cenno).

I sensi “speciali”: apparato visivo, acustico, vestibolare. Cenni sulla sensibilità olfattiva e gustativa.

Fisiologia dei sistemi motori.

Organizzazione gerarchica e in parallelo. Il midollo spinale. Unità motorie: Reclutamento, frequenza, sincronia. Riflessi spinali e circuiti del midollo. Riflessi condizionati e incondizionati. Riflessi profondi e superficiali. Riflesso miotatico fasico, tonico, riflesso inverso da stiramento, riflesso estensore crociato. Riflesso H. Fusi neuromuscolari e organi muscolo tendinei del Golgi, controllo di lunghezza e forza. Modulazione centrale e periferica dell’attività dei motoneuroni. Circuiti spinali e coordinazione motoria.

Postura. Equilibrio e orientamento. Tono muscolare (componente attiva e passiva). Meccanismi di stabilizzazione posturale. Ruolo dei fusi neuromuscolari e del riflesso miotatico tonico e fasico. Centri tonogeni. Short e long loop dei riflessi posturali. Risposte adattative. Risposte anticipatorie. Risposte variabili. Riflessi cervicali, vestibolari, visivi, (riflessi di raddrizzamento, arto a pilastro e magnete:cenno).

Locomozione. Fase di oscillazione, fase di appoggio. Circuiti localizzati nel midollo spinale (CGP). Influenze discendenti su ritmicità e cinematica. Modulazione da parte delle afferenze sensitive.

Movimento volontario. Movimenti di inseguimento e balistici. Controllo in feed back e in feed forward. Sequenza di attivazione delle unità motorie. Controllo gamma. Interneuroni di Renshaw, Ia e Ib. Implicazioni posturali. Codificazioni centrali motorie:corteccia motoria. Azione piramidale e extrapiramidale. Presa di precisione e di forza. Corteccia motoria primaria. Corteccia premotoria e supplementare. Via dorsale, via ventrale. Area F5: codifiche e proprietà. Neuroni canonici e neuroni specchio. Nuclei della base e cervelletto: contributo alla postura e al movimento. Effetto di lesioni. Meccanismi di controllo. Ruolo nell’apprendimento motorio. Fasi di attivazione del movimento volontario. Sistema oculomotore: riflessi optocinetici, vestibolari, movimenti saccadici e di inseguimento. EEG (cenni).
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