Unit BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES

BIOLOGY

Code	50A00166
CFU	2
Teacher	Cinzia Antognelli
Teachers	Cinzia Antognelli
Hours	24 ore - Cinzia Antognelli
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/13
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Living organisms characteristics. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Flow of genetic information within a biological system and its regulation. Cell cycle and its control. Mutations: types and causes. Reproduction of multicellular living organisms: meiosis and gametogenesis.
Reference texts	R. Roberti, G. Alunni Bistocchi, C: Antognelli, VN Talesa. - Biochimica e Biologia per le professioni sanitarie McGrawHill P. Bonaldo, S. Suga, R. Pierantoni, P. Riva, M.G Romanelli- Biology and Genetics – EdiSES The teaching materials are also available on Unistudium. Disabled students and/or with DSA are guaranteed all the compensatory and/or dispensatory measures provided for by current legislation in accordance with the University guidelines.
Educational objectives	The Applied Biology module represents one of the first preparatory courses of the Course of study in Obstetrics. As such, the main objective of teaching is to provide students with the foundations to tackle the study of both more complex basic disciplines (Histology, Anatomy, Physiology, Microbiology and Pathology) and specialist disciplines. The main knowledge acquired will concern the integrated study of the cell and living organisms, with emphasis on the: • molecular mechanisms involved in the biogenesis processes of organelles and cellular structures • interactions between cells and cells-extracellular environment • duplication, transmission and expression of genetic information • cell proliferation
Prerequisites	In order to understand the contents of the course it is necessary to have knowledge of the basic elements of chemistry.
Teaching methods	The course is organized in classroom lessons (face-to-face) on all course topics.
Other information	Site of the teacher: Department of Medicine and Surgery, Building B, 4th floor, P.le L Severi 1, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Perugia. Student reception: the professor is always available to receive students upon request via email (cinzia.antognelli@unipg.it).
Learning verification modality	The exam includes a final written test (multiple choice tests involving reasoning) made up of 60 questions and 5 answer options, of which only one is correct, to be carried out in 60 minutes. One point is assigned to each correct answer; 0 points are assigned to incorrect or unanswered answers. The test as a whole allows you to ascertain your ability to know and understand the contents of the discipline. Students with DSA and/or disabilities are guaranteed the compensatory and/or dispensatory measures provided for by current legislation and the relevant UNIPG University Regulations.
Extended program	The characteristics of living organisms. Biomolecules: proteins, lipids and glucids (general characteristics). Models of cellular organization: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Viruses: general characteristics. Animal eukaryotic cell. Plasma membrane: structure and functions. The main mechanisms of membrane transport and cellular communication; cytoplasm; ribosomes; rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi apparatus; lysosomes; peroxisomes; mitochondria and the energy problem; cytoskeleton (general characteristics), nucleus and nucleolus. DNA and RNA: structure and function. Organization of chromatin, chromosomes. The eukaryotic gene. Gene expression: transcription, maturation of primary transcripts, genetic code, translation. Regulation of gene expression: general characteristics. Cell cycle: interphase, DNA replication, mitosis. Cell cycle control: check-point and CdK-cyclines. Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes and tumor suppressor. Gene mutations (point mutations, missense, nonsense, neutral mutations), genomic mutations (aneuploidy and polyploidy mutations) and chromosomal mutations (deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation). Human normal and pathological karyotype. Heterochromatinization of the X chromosome. Reproduction of multicellular organisms; meiosis and its biological meaning, gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis).
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile	Objective 3: Health and Wellness

PHYSIOLOGY

Code	GP003732
CFU	2
Teacher	Aldo Ferraresi
Teachers	Aldo Ferraresi
Hours	24 ore - Aldo Ferraresi
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	BIO/09
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Physiology of the cardiovascular system. Physiology of the respiratory system.
Reference texts	Fisiologia dell'uomo di Autori Vari Editore: Edi. Ermes Anno di Pubblicazione: 2002 ISBN: 8870512517 Pagine: XVI-600
Educational objectives	Knowledge and understanding of the functioning of the heart, the vascular system and the respiratory system
Prerequisites	Basic knowledge of physics and chemistry, adequate knowledge of anatomy.
Teaching methods	Frontal lessons
Other information	None
Learning verification modality	Oral examination
Extended program	Biophysics of muscle tissue. • Diffusion and transport. Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, ionic channels, primary active transport, secondary active transport. • Cellular potentials. Ion distribution and membrane permeability, membrane potential, action potential, refractory period. • Biochemistry of muscle contraction. Striated muscle cell structure, thick filaments and fine filaments, control mechanism, ATP role. • Biomechanics of muscle contraction. Striated muscle: types of contraction, length / voltage curve, load / speed curve. Motor units, fiber types, simple shock and muscle tetanus, force modulation. Smooth muscle characteristics. Cardiovascular system. • Anatomical and functional characteristics. Large and small circle, vessel wall structure, vessel compliance. • Principles of hemodynamics. Flow equation, pressure gradient, vessel elasticity, flow and velocity, Bernulli's principle, laminar and turbulent motion, viscosity, Poisseuille's law, series and parallel resistances, Laplace's law, effects of gravity. • Cardiac conduction system. Functions of nodal, conduction and working tissues, nodal tissue self-regression, functions of the atrioventricular node and Purkinje network, refractory period and re-entry. • Cardiac mechanics. Control of contraction and the role of calcium, inotropic effect, isometric and isotonic contraction, cardiac cycle, length-tension, preload and post-load relationship, Frank-Starling law. • Cardiac output. Determinants of GC, prepared heart-lung, homeometric regulation, heart rate / range relationship. • Blood pressure. Determinants of BP, dicrote wave, time constant, sphygmic wave, pulse pressure and flow pulse, measurement with the Riva-Rocci method. • Capillary circle. Capillary and capillary circulation structure, diffusion and filtration, Starling model, lymphatic circulation. • Local flow regulation. Vessel tone, role of calcium, Bayliss myogenic response, effect of local metabolites. • Regulation of short-term PA. organization of regulatory mechanisms, baroreceptors and baroceptive reflex, voloceptors and Bainbridge reflex, chemoreceptors, central ischemic response. • Regulation of the PA in the medium and long term. Relationship volemia pressure, endocrine mechanisms (ADH, PNA, Angiotensin, Aldosterone), pressure diuresis. • Venous return. Pressures and resistance in venous return, venous return curve, venous compliance, venous return and cardiac function curves, muscle pump, thoraco-abdominal pump, valve plane mechanism. Respiratory system. • Respiratory mechanics. Events involved in respiration, functional anatomy of the respiratory system, lung volumes and capacities, anatomical and functional dead space, pulmonary and alveolar ventilation, role of pleurae, residual functional capacity, inspiratory and expiratory muscles. • Elastic resistances. Thoraco-pulmonary, pulmonary and thoracic relaxation (compliance) curve, surface tension and surfactant, alveolar stability. • Flow resistance. Resistance distribution, lung strength / volume relationship, resistance to forced expiration, flow-volume diagram and FEV1, restrictive and obstructive pathologies, pressure-volume relationship and respiratory work. • Ventilation and perfusion. Characteristics of the pulmonary circulation, vessel-alveoli ratios, effects of the variation of pressure in the pulmonary vessels, Starling model, hypoxic vasoconstriction, areas of the West, ventilation-perfusion ratio. • Honeycomb exchanges. Dalton's law, composition of atmospheric, inspired and alveolar air, alveolar air equation, solubilization and diffusion, Fick's law, diffusion of oxygen in particular conditions. • O2 and CO2 transport. O2 transport mode, hemoglobin and relative saturation curve, Bohr effect, CO2 transport mode, role of bicarbonate, Haldane effect. • Ventilation control. Bulbar and pontine control centers, discharge characteristics of respiratory neurons, pulmonary receptors, anticipatory responses. Central chemoreceptors, peripheral chemoreceptors, sensitivity to O2 and CO2. and pH, adaptation to altitude. • Acid-base balance. Blood buffer systems, effects of ventilation on bicarbonate swab, renal bicarbonate reabsorption, elimination of H + ions, urinary swabs.

PHATOLOGY

Code	65011409
CFU	2
Teachers
Hours	24 ore -
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Academic discipline	MED/04
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)