Unit ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF THE HUMAN BODY

ANATOMY

Code	GP001717
Location	PERUGIA
CFU	3
Teacher	Francesca Riuzzi
Teachers	Francesca Riuzzi
Hours	45 ore - Francesca Riuzzi
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Sector	BIO/16
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Muscular-skeletal system. Skin. Cardiovascular system. Lymphatic system. Respiratory apparatus. Alimentary apparatus. Urinary apparatus. Reproductive system. Endocrine system. Nervous system: sensory system, motor system, Autonomic Nervous System. Cranial nerves. Eye and ear.
Reference texts	1) Anatomia dell'Uomo, AA.VV., EdiErmes (vol. unico); 2) Atlante di anatomia umana, Netter F.H., Ed. Elsevier, Quinta ediz. - "Selezione tavole per Infermieristica"; 3) Anatomia Umana, Martini et al., Edises. There are courses, materials and/or assessment methods consistent with the needs of students with disabilities and / or SLD.
Educational objectives	At the end of the course, the student will acquire ability to: 1) describe shape and position of the human organs with appropriate terms; 2) Correlate the microscopic structurel of human organs with their function; 3)Use the knowledge of human anatomy in subsequent subjects of degree course (e.g.,Physiology and Pathology);4) Acquire a scientific and technical language useful to appropriately communicate with patients, collegues and other health care professionals.
Prerequisites	For an effective understanding of the topics of this integrated course, the basic knowledge at high school level of Physics, Chemistry and cell Biology is required. In particular, general knowledge of cell structure, organic molecules and macromolecule concepts are mandatory. Moreover, it is important that the student acquired the basic knowledge of Physics.
Teaching methods	Face-to-face theoretical lessons with the Powerpoint slides. Use of plastic models related to the topics developed at lessons. Practical laboratories organized in shifts of 25 students communicated at the beginning of the lessons. Their object are practical demonstration of the anatomy of the heart , lung , trachea , esophagus , stomach and kidney by dissection of pig organs. The education material presented during the lessons (with the exclusion of illustrations protected by copyright) will be made available to the student in electronic format (pdf files). There are courses, materials and/or assessment methods consistent with the needs of students with disabilities and / or SLD.
Other information	Frequenza: Compulsory. Orario di Ricevimento: Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday from 15:00 until 17:00, after contacting by email at francesca.riuzzi@unipg.it Sede: Dept. Experimental Medicine University of Perugia Building D, 1th Floor Piazzale Gambuli, 1
Learning verification modality	The level of learning achieved will be assessed in an examination comprising a written exam with multiple choice questions (duration about 60 minutes) designed to assess knowledge of human anatomy. The final grade will result from the weighted average of the marks obtained in each test. There are courses, materials and/or assessment methods consistent with the needs of students with disabilities and / or SLD.
Extended program	Il Corso è strutturato nelle seguenti Unità Didattiche: Generalità: Organizzazione del Corso. Dalla cellula al corpo umano: identità di esigenze. Organizzazione generale del corpo umano/Piani, sezioni, terminologia. Apparato scheletrico. Generalità sullo scheletro; Ossa lunghe, brevi, piatte; generalità sulle articolazioni. Colonna vertebrale. Scheletro delle grandi cavità corporee: gabbia toracica, bacino. Apparato muscolare: generalità sulla struttura, funzioni dei muscoli. Apparato cardiocircolatorio: aspetti generali e funzioni/caratteristiche del piccolo e del grande circolo/caratteristiche dei vasi; mediastino; miocardio di lavoro e sistema di conduzione. Principali rami arteriosi e venosi/coronarie. Pericardio. Apparato respiratorio: aspetti generali e funzioni; Alveolo polmonare; Cavità nasali; laringe; trachea, bronchi, polmoni. Pleure. Muscoli respiratori. Diaframma. Apparato digerente: cavità buccale, faringe, esofago, stomaco, intestino tenue, intestino crasso, fegato e pancreas. Anatomia microscopica. Addome: suddivisione, parete muscolare, peritoneo, canale inquinale. Apparato urinario: rene e vie urinarie. Anatomia microscopica. Pelvi maschile e femminile: limiti e contenuto. Apparato genitale maschile e femminile. Ciclo ovarico. Sistema endocrino: organizzazione generale e principali ghiandole endocrine. Generalità sul sistema nervoso, sistemi anatomici come strumenti di attività nervose; livelli gerarchici di organizzazione del sistema nervoso. Midollo spinale; tronco dell’encefalo; cervelletto; diencefalo; telencefalo. Aree corticali primarie, secondarie, associative. Principali vie della sensibilità e discendenti motorie. Nervi cranici e spinali. Sistema Nervoso Autonomo: simpatico e parasimpatico. Sistema linfatico: aspetti generali e principali stazioni linfonodali. Irrorazione e innervazione arti superiori e inferiori. Principali polsi. Occhio e orecchio: organizzazione generale.
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile	3,4,5

PHYSIOLOGY I

Code	GP001718
Location	PERUGIA
CFU	1
Teacher	Alessandro Tozzi
Teachers	Alessandro Tozzi
Hours	15 ore - Alessandro Tozzi
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Sector	BIO/09
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Principles of General Physiology: Homeostasis; homeostatic mechanisms; diffusion, osmosis, and cellular transport. General organization of the nervous system; neurons. Membrane properties of neuronal and muscle cells. Membrane potentials, receptors, and ion channels. Synaptic transmission. Key aspects of the somatosensory system physiology, with a focus on nociception. Key aspects of skeletal striated muscle cell physiology. Motor units; muscle strength and regulation mechanisms. Motor systems: general organization, reflex, rhythmic, and voluntary movements, with a focus on spinal reflexes.
Reference texts	Elementi di fisiologia Roberto Poltronieri Casa editrice EdiSES
Educational objectives	Basic Physiology Knowledge - Acquire an understanding of the basic physiological mechanisms that regulate cellular, tissue, and organ functions. - Understand the concept of homeostasis and the main control mechanisms of the human body. Nervous System Physiology - Describe the general organization of the nervous system and the functional role of neurons. - Explain the mechanisms of cellular communication, including synaptic transmission and neuronal integration. Cellular Transport and Communication - Understand the processes of diffusion, osmosis, and active and passive cellular transport. - Learn the role of cell membranes in maintaining the resting membrane potential and in cellular excitability processes. Somatosensory System - Analyze the basic principles of sensory physiology, with a particular focus on nociception and pain modulation. Muscle Physiology - Explain the mechanisms of skeletal muscle contraction, including excitation-contraction coupling and regulation of muscle strength. - Illustrate the organization and functioning of motor units. - Explain the general organization of motor systems, with a particular focus on spinal reflexes.
Prerequisites	Have a basic understanding of chemistry and cellular biology.
Teaching methods	Lectures, slideshow presentations, and discussion of educational material in the classroom. Availability for student consultations to provide further insights and clarifications.
Other information
Learning verification modality	The learning assessment consists of a written multiple-choice test covering topics in physiology, human anatomy, and histology.
Extended program	- Concept of internal environment and homeostasis. Homeostatic mechanisms (negative and positive feedback, feed-forward controls). - General organization of the nervous system. - Nervous system cells: cytology and morphology related to the specific functions of neurons and glial cells. Cellular communication. - Diffusion of molecules across a cell membrane: Fick's law; osmosis. - Cellular transport mechanisms. - Membrane properties of excitable cells. Ion channels and resting membrane potential. - Graded potentials, action potentials, and their propagation. - Synaptic transmission: electrical and chemical synapses; the neuromuscular junction. - Ionotropic and metabotropic receptors and signal transduction mechanisms. - Postsynaptic potentials. Synaptic integration: spatial and temporal summation of graded potentials. - The somatosensory system. Properties of sensory receptors. - Nociception, pain modulation, and hyperalgesia. - Skeletal muscle: excitation-contraction coupling; contraction mechanisms; simple contraction and summation phenomena; muscle tetanus. - Motor units; muscle strength and regulation mechanisms. - Motor systems: general organization, reflex, rhythmic, and voluntary movements. - Examples of spinal reflexes: phasic and tonic stretch reflex; inverse stretch reflex; flexor reflex.
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile	Promotion of health and global well-being, contributing to the improvement of healthcare systems and living conditions.

HISTOLOGY

Code	GP001716
Location	PERUGIA
CFU	1
Teacher	Francesca Mancuso
Teachers	Francesca Mancuso
Hours	15 ore - Francesca Mancuso
Learning activities	Base
Area	Scienze biomediche
Sector	BIO/17
Type of study-unit	Obbligatorio (Required)
Language of instruction	Italian
Contents	Epithelia. Exocrine and endocrine glands. Connective tissues tissue. Aponeurosis, tendons and ligaments. Adipose tissue. Types of cartilage. Bone tissue. Blood. Smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues. Nervous tissue.
Reference texts	Istologia per le lauree triennali e magistrali di Sica - Di Primio - Armato - Bani - Baroni - AAVV • 2025 Courses, materials and/or assessment methodologies consistent with the needs of students with disabilities and/or DSA are provided"
Educational objectives	The main aim of this teaching is to provide students with the bases needed to address the study of Anatomy and Physiolgy. Main Knowledge acquired will be: Knowledge of the structure and ultrastructure of cells, tissues and organs; The main competence (i.e. the ability to apply the acquired knowledge)will be:analysis of correlation between structure and function; understanding of the phisio-pathogenetic processes.
Prerequisites	In order to understand and be able to cope with the course, the student must possess the general knowledge regarding the structure of the eukaryotic cell and the function of its organelles. This basic knowledge is that acquired in the course of high school studies, in the training course organized by the University of Perugia, and necessary for the student to pass the test for access to the courses for the health professions with programmed number.
Teaching methods	Face to face with slide projections. Courses, materials and/or assessment methodologies consistent with the needs of students with disabilities and/or DSA are provided".
Other information	Attendance: compulsory, at least 70 percent of classes. Location: Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, piazzale L. Severi, 06132 Perugia. For information, elucidation and to set up a schedule for meeting, please contact via e-mail: francesca.mancuso@unipg.it
Learning verification modality	The assessment of student learning will take the form of a written examination comprising a multiple-choice test on topics in physiology, human anatomy, and histology.
Extended program	Epithelia. Exocrine and endocrine glands. Connective tissue. Extracellular matrix. The cells of the connective tissue. Adipose tissue. Types of cartilage. Bone tissue. Intramembranous bone formation. Endochondral bone formation. Blood. Smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues. Nervous tissue. Nerve fibers. Interneuronic synapses. Neuromuscular synapse
Obiettivi Agenda 2030 per lo sviluppo sostenibile	Zero poverty, health and welfare, gender equality.